Term
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Definition
1) fertilization
2) cell division
3) blastocyst formation |
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Term
| How long does each of the 3 developmental stages last? |
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Definition
1) pre-embryonic (conception to 2 weeks)
2) embryonic (2-8 weeks)
3) fetal (9 weeks-birth) |
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Term
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Definition
- begins in embryonic stage
- outer layer: ectoderm (gives rise to NS)
- middle layer: mesoderm (gives rise to muscles, skeleton, excretory & circulatory systems, and dermis)
- inner layer: endoderm (develops into visceral organs like liver, pancreas, and respiratory system) |
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Term
| What occurs during the fetal stage of development? |
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Definition
| Brain and cellular level development continue til birth to divide into a systematic nervous system and also in neo natal stages |
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Definition
1) longitudinal thickening of the ectoderm = neural plate
2) folding of the edges of the plate = neural groove
3) folds touch = neural tubes
4) ends of tube = neuropores
5) adjacent and other ectodermal cell form = neural crest |
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Term
| Superior vs. inferior neuropore |
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Definition
Superior = brain development
Inferior = Spinal cord development |
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Term
| What part of the nervous system does the neurotube create? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neural tube differentiates into what layers |
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Definition
1) marginal layer
2) mantle layer |
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Term
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Definition
- outer wall
- contains processes of cell bodies present in mantle layer
- becomes white matter in fetal stage (contains axons and glial cells) |
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Definition
- inner wall
- becomes gray matter in fetal stage (contains cell bodies)
- cells proliferate for form grooves on each side of the tube separating it into the ventral and dorsal sections |
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Term
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Definition
- spherical cell clusters from the division of the mesoderm
- created as the inferior neuropore closes |
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Term
| Divisions of the mantle layer |
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Definition
- ventral and dorsal
- ventral (motor plate/basal plate, gray matter derived from basal plate become ventral horns) (motor)
- dorsal (association plate/alar plate, gray matter derived from association is called the dorsal horn) (sensory) |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons differentiate after migrating to their final location |
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Term
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Definition
- neurons send a process to the brain surface to lift themselves
- climbing along radical glia |
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Term
| outgrowth of axons and guidance of growth cone |
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Definition
| - samples the environment contacting cells and chemical cues |
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Term
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Definition
| - once the growth cone contacts its target cell then synaptic vesicles soon form |
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Term
| Lifelong changes in synapses |
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Definition
| - the development of neurons is partially dependent on activities |
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Term
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Definition
1) hindbrain: includes cerebellum, pon, and medulla
2) midbrain: meseocencephalon (associated with vision, hearing, motor control, temp regulation). Composed of tectum, tegmentum, and cerebral peduncle
3) forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system |
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Term
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Definition
cranial part of the neural tube fail to develop
-anencephaly
-arnold-chiari malformation |
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Term
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Definition
-Formation of brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres
-occurs when the cranial end of the tube remains open and the forebrain does not develop
-skull doesn't form or it is an incomplete brain leaving a malformed brainstem and the meninges exposed |
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Term
| Arnold-Chiari Malformation |
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Definition
-developmental deformity of the hindbrain
-type I: not associated with defect of lower neural tubes both medulla and pons are small and deformed
-type II: consist of malformation of brainstem and cerebellum leading to extension of medulla and cerebellum through the foramen magnum |
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Term
| Neural tube defects of SC |
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Definition
-caused by incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube
-spinabfida occulta
-spinabfida meningoceole
-spinabfida meningomyelceole
-spinabfida myeloschisis |
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Term
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Definition
-mildest form of spinabfida
-neural tissue does not protrube the bone
-spinal function is normal
-often asymptomatic |
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Term
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Definition
-protrusion of meninges through bony defect
-may be asymptomatic
-spinal cord function is impaired |
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Term
| Spinabfida meningomyeloceole |
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Definition
-meninges protrude outside of the body
-results in abnormal growth of the spinal cord and some degree if lower extremity dysfunction
-often bowel and bladder control is impaired |
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Term
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Definition
-most severe defect
-consists of malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body
-occurs when neural folds fail to close |
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Definition
-forebrain malformation
-mental retardation
-neuronal migration
-cerebral palsy |
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Definition
-olfactory
-sensory nerve
-location: inferior frontal lobe
-function: smell
-related disorders: lesion, inability to smell (anosmis) |
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Definition
-optic
-sensory nerve
-location: diencephalon
-function: vision
-related disorders: blindness and loss of pupillary reflex |
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Definition
-oculomotor
-mixed nerve
-location: anterior midbrain
-function: control of eyelid muscles and eyeball rectus muscles
-related disorders: lesion, inability to smell (anosmis) |
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Definition
-trochlear
-motor nerve
-location: posterior midbrain
-function: activation and control of superior oblique muscle of eyeball
-related disorders: no control on function if damaged |
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Term
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Definition
-trigeminal
-mixed nerve
-location: lateral pons
-function: innervates muscles of mastigation, sensory on ipsilateral side
-related disorders: sensory on ipsilateral side will be lost, problems in lower jaw movement |
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Term
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Definition
-abducens
-motor nerve
-location: between pons and medulla
-function: control of lateral rectus muscles (eyes)
-related disorders: paralysis of lateral rectal muscles (won't move and stays in one place) |
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Term
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Definition
-facial
-mixed nerve
-location: between pons and medulla
-function: innervates ipsilateral facial muscles and sensory to anterior 2/3rd of tongue (sweet sensation)
-related disorders: Bell's palsy |
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Term
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Definition
-vestibulocholclear
-sensory nerve
-location: between pons and medulla
-function: gaze fixation to carry information of head movement and position to the brain, hearing information translation
-related disorders: differences in head movement and gave fixation, balance, hearing (can lead to deafness) |
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Term
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Definition
-glossopharyngeal
-mixed nerve
-location: medulla
-function: sensory to posterior 1/3rd of tongue (bitter) and gag reflex, innervates pharyngeal muscles
-related disorders: swallowing difficulty, saliva decreased |
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Term
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Definition
-vagus
-mixed nerve
-location: medulla
-function: motor to gag reflex and speech production and sensory to parasympathetic control
-related disorders: difficulty speaking/swallowing |
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Definition
-spinal accessory
-mixed nerve
-location: medulla and spinal cord
-function: innervates sternocleidomastoid muscles and trapezius muscles
-related disorders: paralyzes sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles |
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Definition
-hypoglossal
-mixed nerve
-location: medulla
-function: innervates tongue muscles
-related disorders: dysphasia (difficulty swallowing) |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid involuntary motor responses to an environmental stimulus detected by sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| includes sensory receptor sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron and effector cell |
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Term
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Definition
-two vertebral arteries enter the brain from the caudal region in the medulla
-supply blood to medulla and inferior cerebellum
-branches into anterior and posterior spinal arteries and posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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Term
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Definition
-the vertebral arteries join near pontomedullary junction to form basilar artery
-supply blood to the pons and most of cerebellum and medulla
-branches into anterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior cerebral artery |
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Term
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Definition
-enters the skull through the temporal bones
-supplies blood to the cerebrum along with the poterior cerebral artery
-branches into anterior and posterior communicating arteries, anterior and middle cerebral arteries |
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Term
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Definition
consists of:
-1 anterior communicating artery
-2 anterior cerebral arteries
-2 internal carotids
-2 posterior communicating
-2 posterior cerebral arteries |
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