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Neruo Lab test 3
info after test 2. Final is comprehensive though!
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/01/2012

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Term
Preembryonic stages
Definition
1) fertilization
2) cell division
3) blastocyst formation
Term
How long does each of the 3 developmental stages last?
Definition
1) pre-embryonic (conception to 2 weeks)
2) embryonic (2-8 weeks)
3) fetal (9 weeks-birth)
Term
3 layers of blastocytes
Definition
- begins in embryonic stage
- outer layer: ectoderm (gives rise to NS)
- middle layer: mesoderm (gives rise to muscles, skeleton, excretory & circulatory systems, and dermis)
- inner layer: endoderm (develops into visceral organs like liver, pancreas, and respiratory system)
Term
What occurs during the fetal stage of development?
Definition
Brain and cellular level development continue til birth to divide into a systematic nervous system and also in neo natal stages
Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Neural tube formation
Definition
1) longitudinal thickening of the ectoderm = neural plate
2) folding of the edges of the plate = neural groove
3) folds touch = neural tubes
4) ends of tube = neuropores
5) adjacent and other ectodermal cell form = neural crest
Term
Superior vs. inferior neuropore
Definition
Superior = brain development
Inferior = Spinal cord development
Term
What part of the nervous system does the neurotube create?
Definition
CNS
Term
Neural tube differentiates into what layers
Definition
1) marginal layer
2) mantle layer
Term
Marginal layer
Definition
- outer wall
- contains processes of cell bodies present in mantle layer
- becomes white matter in fetal stage (contains axons and glial cells)
Term
Mantle layer
Definition
- inner wall
- becomes gray matter in fetal stage (contains cell bodies)
- cells proliferate for form grooves on each side of the tube separating it into the ventral and dorsal sections
Term
Somites
Definition
- spherical cell clusters from the division of the mesoderm
- created as the inferior neuropore closes
Term
Divisions of the mantle layer
Definition
- ventral and dorsal
- ventral (motor plate/basal plate, gray matter derived from basal plate become ventral horns) (motor)
- dorsal (association plate/alar plate, gray matter derived from association is called the dorsal horn) (sensory)
Term
cell differentiation
Definition
neurons differentiate after migrating to their final location
Term
Cell migration
Definition
- neurons send a process to the brain surface to lift themselves
- climbing along radical glia
Term
outgrowth of axons and guidance of growth cone
Definition
- samples the environment contacting cells and chemical cues
Term
generation of synapses
Definition
- once the growth cone contacts its target cell then synaptic vesicles soon form
Term
Lifelong changes in synapses
Definition
- the development of neurons is partially dependent on activities
Term
3 parts of neural tube
Definition
1) hindbrain: includes cerebellum, pon, and medulla
2) midbrain: meseocencephalon (associated with vision, hearing, motor control, temp regulation). Composed of tectum, tegmentum, and cerebral peduncle
3) forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system
Term
Neural tube defects
Definition
cranial part of the neural tube fail to develop
-anencephaly
-arnold-chiari malformation
Term
Anencephaly
Definition
-Formation of brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres
-occurs when the cranial end of the tube remains open and the forebrain does not develop
-skull doesn't form or it is an incomplete brain leaving a malformed brainstem and the meninges exposed
Term
Arnold-Chiari Malformation
Definition
-developmental deformity of the hindbrain
-type I: not associated with defect of lower neural tubes both medulla and pons are small and deformed
-type II: consist of malformation of brainstem and cerebellum leading to extension of medulla and cerebellum through the foramen magnum
Term
Neural tube defects of SC
Definition
-caused by incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube
-spinabfida occulta
-spinabfida meningoceole
-spinabfida meningomyelceole
-spinabfida myeloschisis
Term
Spinabfida occulta
Definition
-mildest form of spinabfida
-neural tissue does not protrube the bone
-spinal function is normal
-often asymptomatic
Term
Spinabfida meningoceole
Definition
-protrusion of meninges through bony defect
-may be asymptomatic
-spinal cord function is impaired
Term
Spinabfida meningomyeloceole
Definition
-meninges protrude outside of the body
-results in abnormal growth of the spinal cord and some degree if lower extremity dysfunction
-often bowel and bladder control is impaired
Term
Spinabfida myeloschisis
Definition
-most severe defect
-consists of malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body
-occurs when neural folds fail to close
Term
Disorders in fetal stage
Definition
-forebrain malformation
-mental retardation
-neuronal migration
-cerebral palsy
Term
Cranial nerves
Definition
12
Term
1st nerve
Definition
-olfactory
-sensory nerve
-location: inferior frontal lobe
-function: smell
-related disorders: lesion, inability to smell (anosmis)
Term
2nd nerve
Definition
-optic
-sensory nerve
-location: diencephalon
-function: vision
-related disorders: blindness and loss of pupillary reflex
Term
3rd nerve
Definition
-oculomotor
-mixed nerve
-location: anterior midbrain
-function: control of eyelid muscles and eyeball rectus muscles
-related disorders: lesion, inability to smell (anosmis)
Term
4th nerve
Definition
-trochlear
-motor nerve
-location: posterior midbrain
-function: activation and control of superior oblique muscle of eyeball
-related disorders: no control on function if damaged
Term
5th nerve
Definition
-trigeminal
-mixed nerve
-location: lateral pons
-function: innervates muscles of mastigation, sensory on ipsilateral side
-related disorders: sensory on ipsilateral side will be lost, problems in lower jaw movement
Term
6th nerve
Definition
-abducens
-motor nerve
-location: between pons and medulla
-function: control of lateral rectus muscles (eyes)
-related disorders: paralysis of lateral rectal muscles (won't move and stays in one place)
Term
7th nerve
Definition
-facial
-mixed nerve
-location: between pons and medulla
-function: innervates ipsilateral facial muscles and sensory to anterior 2/3rd of tongue (sweet sensation)
-related disorders: Bell's palsy
Term
8th nerve
Definition
-vestibulocholclear
-sensory nerve
-location: between pons and medulla
-function: gaze fixation to carry information of head movement and position to the brain, hearing information translation
-related disorders: differences in head movement and gave fixation, balance, hearing (can lead to deafness)
Term
9th nerve
Definition
-glossopharyngeal
-mixed nerve
-location: medulla
-function: sensory to posterior 1/3rd of tongue (bitter) and gag reflex, innervates pharyngeal muscles
-related disorders: swallowing difficulty, saliva decreased
Term
10th nerve
Definition
-vagus
-mixed nerve
-location: medulla
-function: motor to gag reflex and speech production and sensory to parasympathetic control
-related disorders: difficulty speaking/swallowing
Term
11th nerve
Definition
-spinal accessory
-mixed nerve
-location: medulla and spinal cord
-function: innervates sternocleidomastoid muscles and trapezius muscles
-related disorders: paralyzes sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Term
12th nerve
Definition
-hypoglossal
-mixed nerve
-location: medulla
-function: innervates tongue muscles
-related disorders: dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)
Term
Reflex action
Definition
rapid involuntary motor responses to an environmental stimulus detected by sensory receptors
Term
reflex arc pathway
Definition
includes sensory receptor sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron and effector cell
Term
vertebral artery
Definition
-two vertebral arteries enter the brain from the caudal region in the medulla
-supply blood to medulla and inferior cerebellum
-branches into anterior and posterior spinal arteries and posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Term
basilar artery
Definition
-the vertebral arteries join near pontomedullary junction to form basilar artery
-supply blood to the pons and most of cerebellum and medulla
-branches into anterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior cerebral artery
Term
interal carotid artery
Definition
-enters the skull through the temporal bones
-supplies blood to the cerebrum along with the poterior cerebral artery
-branches into anterior and posterior communicating arteries, anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Term
Circle of Willis
Definition
consists of:
-1 anterior communicating artery
-2 anterior cerebral arteries
-2 internal carotids
-2 posterior communicating
-2 posterior cerebral arteries
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