Term
| What is Cutaneous plasmacytosis? |
|
Definition
Syndrome of multiple cutaneous plasma cell tumors, in the absence of multiple myeloma
Boostrom et al. J Vet Intern Med 2017[image] |
|
|
Term
| True/False Plasma cell tumors are uncommon in dogs |
|
Definition
True Of soft tissue plasma cell tumors, termed extramedullary plasmacytomas, 86% are cutaneous, 9% appear in the oral cavity or lips, and 4% in the rectum or colon.
Boostrom et al. J Vet Intern Med 2017 |
|
|
Term
| How is Cutaneous plasmacytosis distinguished from systemic plasmacytosis? |
|
Definition
By the absence of disseminated disease in the bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Boostrom et al. J Vet Intern Med 2017 |
|
|
Term
| Name the plasma cell- specific immunohistochemical markers (for specific diagnosis): |
|
Definition
Lambda Ig light chains, MUM1 (plasma cell), thioflavin T.14 and CD79a (pan B cell) markers.
Boostrom et al. J Vet Intern Med 2017 |
|
|
Term
| Canine epitheliotrophic lymphoma is typically a tumour of T lymphocytes, what phenotypes are typically expressed? |
|
Definition
CD3 + and CD4-/CD8+ phenotype
Chan et al. Vet Derm 2017 |
|
|
Term
| Name treatments for canine ETL |
|
Definition
Linoleic acid, lomustine (CCNU), masitinib, PEGylated l-asparaginase, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, retinoids and VDC-1101
Chan et al. Vet Derm 2017 |
|
|
Term
| What is a Pautrier’s microabscess? |
|
Definition
Collection of neoplastic lymphocytes around cutaneous dendritic cells
Chan et al. Vet Derm 2017 |
|
|
Term
| What immunohistochemical markers are used to confirm dx of melanomas? |
|
Definition
Melan A (picture), S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and vimentin
Meyrer et al. Vet Derm 2016
[image] |
|
|
Term
| A rare congenital subtype of melanomas is described what species? |
|
Definition
Equines, swine, bovids and humans (recently 1 case in a dog)
Meyrer et al. Vet Derm 2016
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Melanocytic tumours have been identified by selective breeding to be heritable in what species? Name some breeds. |
|
Definition
Miniature swine breeds Sinclair, Hormel, Munich Troll and MeLiM
Meyrer et al. Vet Derm 2016 |
|
|
Term
| Melanocytic tumours in haired areas are considered benign and referred to as what? |
|
Definition
Melanocytomas
Meyrer et al. Vet Derm 2016 |
|
|
Term
| A common neoplasm derived from Langerhans cells found in young dogs |
|
Definition
Cutaneous histiocytoma
Faller et al. JSAP 2016 57, 548–552 |
|
|
Term
| Histiocytes are ___ stem cell-derived cells, which undergo differentiation into antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cell lineage) or phagocytes (monocyte/macrophage lineages) |
|
Definition
CD34+
Faller et al. JSAP 2016 57, 548–552 |
|
|
Term
| Regression of cutaneous histiocytomas is thought to be mediated by? |
|
Definition
CD8+ T-cells
Faller et al. JSAP 2016 57, 548–552 |
|
|
Term
| What are the predilection sites for histiocytic sarcoma? |
|
Definition
Lungs, spleen, liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow
Faller et al. JSAP 2016 57, 548–552 |
|
|
Term
| True/False Reactive histiocytosis is a non-neoplastic group of diseases |
|
Definition
True They can be subdivided into cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis
Faller et al. JSAP 2016 57, 548–552 |
|
|
Term
What is the marker for Langerhans cells? |
|
Definition
E-cadherin
Faller et al. JSAP 2016 57, 548–552 |
|
|
Term
| CD18 is expressed on all _____ |
|
Definition
All leukocytes
Faller et al. JSAP 2016 57, 548–552 |
|
|
Term
| In canine ETL, there are 2 clinical forms of Pagetoid reticulosis: |
|
Definition
A localized form (Woringer–Kolopp type) and a generalized form (Ketron–Goodman type)
Fontaine et al, Vet Derm 2010, 21, 267–275. |
|
|
Term
| What disease is characterized by cutaneous infiltration of neoplastic lymphocytes showing a variable degree of epitheliotropism that may involve the epidermis and adnexa? |
|
Definition
CETL
Fontaine et al, Vet Derm 2010, 21, 267–275. |
|
|
Term
| Recently, Santoro et al. suggested a possible association between what condition and CETL in dogs. |
|
Definition
Atopic dermatitis In that study, the odds of developing CETL were 12 times higher in dogs with AD than in dogs without AD
Fontaine et al, Vet Derm 2010, 21, 267–275. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most characteristic lesion, common to all forms of CETL? |
|
Definition
The tropism of neoplastic cells for epithelium
Fontaine et al, Vet Derm 2010, 21, 267–275.[image] |
|
|
Term
| The lymphocytes show cytoplasmic labelling with what T-cellmarker? (CETL)[image] |
|
Definition
CD3
(The use of the pan-T-cell marker CD3 facilitates the analysis of lymphoid infiltration but does not help in the differentiation between neoplastic and reactive cells)
Fontaine et al, Vet Derm 2010, 21, 267–275. |
|
|
Term
| What is SCC in situ (also called Bowenoid carcinoma in situ or Bowen’s disease)? |
|
Definition
Confined to the epidermal and follicular epithelium without invasion of the dermis
Layne et al. JFMS 2016 |
|
|
Term
| True/False SCC in situ is UV light-induced |
|
Definition
False SCC in situ is non-UV light-induced
Layne et al. JFMS 2016 |
|
|
Term
| What have been reported in association with SCC, specifically Bowenoid carcinoma in situ? |
|
Definition
FIV and FeLV infections, and recently feline papillomavirus (Felis catus papillomavirus - FcaPV)
Layne et al. JFMS 2016 |
|
|
Term
| What am I? Lesions start with erythema and scale, crusted erosions, that progress to severe ulcerations or proliferative plaques and nodules. Affect sparsely haired non-pigmented skin of the pinnae, eyelids and nasal planum in older cats (mean age 12 years). |
|
Definition
SCC - accounts for 10–15% of all skin tumors in cats
Layne et al. JFMS 2016 |
|
|
Term
| Where do Mast cell tumors most commonly metastasize to? |
|
Definition
Regional LN, spleen, and liver
Mutz et al. JAVMA 2017, 251 (4): 421-428 |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the 3 tier MCT grading scheme? |
|
Definition
Patnaik grading scheme
Mutz et al. JAVMA 2017, 251 (4): 421-428 |
|
|
Term
| What are the Patnaik grading scheme grades? |
|
Definition
Grade 1 - confined to the dermis and contain well-differentiated mast cells that lack mitotic activity Grade 2 - infiltrate or replace the lower dermal, subcutaneous, or skeletal tissues and contain mast cells that vary moderately in cell or nuclear size or shape (pleomorphic). Mitotic cells are rare. Grade 3 - replace the subcutaneous and deeper tissues and contain highly pleomorphic mast cells. Mitotic cells are common
Mutz et al. JAVMA 2017, 251 (4): 421-428 |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the 2 tier MCT grading scheme? |
|
Definition
Kiupel grading scheme
Mutz et al. JAVMA 2017, 251 (4): 421-428 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 most prevalent neoplastic lesions induced by ultraviolet irradiation in dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
Cutaneous SCC, and cutaneous hemangiosarcoma
Spugnini et al. J Vet Intern Med 2015 |
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous carcinomas originate from epidermal stem cells that have the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation; where are these cells located? |
|
Definition
In the hair follicle bulge and the basal layer of the inter- follicular epidermis
Spugnini et al. J Vet Intern Med 2015 |
|
|
Term
| Where are Merkel cells found? |
|
Definition
The basal layer of the epidermis and mucosa of vertebrates
Dohata et al. Vet Path 2015, 52(6) 1012-1018 |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Merkel cells? |
|
Definition
Mechanoreceptor of tactile sensation
Dohata et al. Vet Path 2015, 52(6) 1012-1018 |
|
|
Term
| Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare cutaneous tumor showing what types of cell differentiation? |
|
Definition
Both epithelial and neuroendocrine
Dohata et al. Vet Path 2015, 52(6) 1012-1018 |
|
|
Term
| The immunohistochemical staining patterns of feline Merkel cell carcinoma cells for ? |
|
Definition
CK20, CK18, NSE, synaptophysin, and PGP9.5
Dohata et al. Vet Path 2015, 52(6) 1012-1018 |
|
|
Term
| Feline paraneoplastic alopecia (FPA) is a rare condition, which can occur in association with what neoplasias?[image] |
|
Definition
Pancreatic carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic intestinal carcinoma
Caporali et al. Vet Derm 2016; 27: 508–e137 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Feline neoplastic alopecia Mild epidermal hyperplasia, a few perivascular inflammatory cells (upper centre), miniaturized follicle bulbs (right side) and normal sebaceous glands (left side)
Caporali et al. Vet Derm 2016; 27: 508–e137 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Feline paraneoplastic alopeciaIntracorneal mites, marked epidermal hyperplasia and spongiosis, miniaturized follicle bulbs and hyperplastic sebaceous glands
Caporali et al. Vet Derm 2016; 27: 508–e137 |
|
|
Term
| What are the main histopath findings in feline paraneoplastic alopecia ? |
|
Definition
Atrophy of hair follicles, telogenisation, miniaturisation of the hair bulb and orthokeratotic and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis.
Grandt et al. JFMS 2015, 1(2):
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Canine cutaneous histiocytoma originates from Langerhans cells indicated by expression of what markers? |
|
Definition
| CD1a, CD11c/CD18, and E-cadherin |
|
|
Term
| Feline pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis has been recognized as a cause of respiratory failure due to diffuse pulmonary infiltration by histiocytes, which express what? |
|
Definition
| CD18 and E-cadherin and contain Birbeck’s granules |
|
|
Term
| Melanomas are tumours derived from what cells? |
|
Definition
| Melanocytes or their precursors, melanoblasts |
|
|
Term
| Which marker is considered sensitive for melanocytic neoplasms but with low specificity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False Amelanotic melanomas in dogs have a poorer prognosis |
|
Definition
True
Chamel et al. JFMS 2017, 19 (4) 351–357 |
|
|
Term
| Where are non-ocular melanomas mainly located in cats? |
|
Definition
Head, pinnae and in the oral cavity
Chamel et al. JFMS 2017, 19 (4) 351–357 |
|
|
Term
| True/False Most feline non-ocular melanomas are malignant |
|
Definition
True
Chamel et al. JFMS 2017, 19 (4) 351–357 |
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended treatment for canine melanomas? |
|
Definition
Radiation therapy after surgery
Chamel et al. JFMS 2017, 19 (4) 351–357 |
|
|
Term
| What does the Oncept vaccine contain? |
|
Definition
Plasmid DNA-targeting tyrosinase, a glycoprotein essential for melanin synthesis and demonstrated to be overexpressed in melanomas
Verganti et al. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2017, 58, 10–16 |
|
|
Term
| Melanoma is the most common malignant tumour of the oral cavity in dogs, where does it metastasise to? |
|
Definition
Regional lymph nodes and lungs (Verganti et al. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2017, 58, 10–16)
Via lymphatics or blood vessels to regional lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain and kidney (Zuleger et al. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2017, 3, pp. 134–145) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the self-antigen, that catalyses the biosynthesis of melanin and is expressed in many human and canine melanomas |
|
Definition
Tyrosinase
Zuleger et al. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2017, 3, pp. 134–145 |
|
|
Term
| How is Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2) thought to cause neoplasia? |
|
Definition
By E7 protein-mediated degradation of the retinoblastoma protein. Loss of retinoblastoma protein function within a cell subsequently increases p16 and the increased p16 can be detected by immunohistochemistry
Munday et al. Vet Derm 2016 |
|
|
Term
| Most evidence currently suggests that the majority of feline Bowenoid in situ carcinoma are caused by what? |
|
Definition
Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2)
Munday et al. Vet Derm 2016 |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA of Toceranib phosphate (Palladia)? |
|
Definition
Blocking the function of several receptors on the surface of tumour cells, as well as on the surface of new blood vessels through inhibition of KIT, vascular endothelial growth factor 2 and plaelet-derived growth factor receptor-2.
Cavalcanti et al. Vet Derm 2017. |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of toceranib phosphate (Palladia) in canine patients? |
|
Definition
Gastrointestinal upset, bone marrow suppression and liver toxicity
Cavalcanti et al. Vet Derm 2017. |
|
|
Term
| In mammalian melanocytes, what is primarily responsible for transmission of pro-migration signals? |
|
Definition
Activation of the c-Kit
Cavalcanti et al. Vet Derm 2017. |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most commonly mutated genes described in literature in neoplastic mast cell? |
|
Definition
KIT The encoded protein KIT is a tyrosine kinase receptor, which activates various downstream targets including the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and plays a major role in MC growth
Keller et al. Vet Comp Oncol. 2017;1–15. |
|
|
Term
| What stain can definitively diagnose a SCC when the cells look crazy? |
|
Definition
| Cytokeratin staining (for CK5/6) will stain all types of SCC. |
|
|
Term
| What color cat is 13x more likely to develop SCC on its head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of dogs are predisposed to subungual SCC (including multiple subungual SCC)? |
|
Definition
| Large breed, often black dogs, such as schnauzers, poodles, rotties, labs, gordon setter, scottie |
|
|
Term
| What oncogene mutation has been identified in some dog and cat SCC? |
|
Definition
| P53 tumor suppressor gene, with overexpression of p53 protein. |
|
|
Term
| Which topical ointment that works by increasing macrophage expression of IFN alpha and TNF alpha has shown good success in treating Bowen SCC in situ? |
|
Definition
| Imiquimod- can have pretty robust local side effects |
|
|
Term
| The expression of which cell marker in canine epitheliotropic lymphoma was associated with a worse prognosis? |
|
Definition
Expression of CD20 (usually a B cell marker) in addition to CD3.
Azuma et al 2021 |
|
|
Term
| What class of drug is Palladia? |
|
Definition
| It is receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Which chemotherapeutic agent is most likely to cause hair loss in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hair loss occurs from doxorubicin administration? |
|
Definition
| Anagen effluvium- doxo targets anagen matrix cells |
|
|
Term
| How can a chemotherapeutic agent cause telogen effluvium? (most chemo causes anagen effluvium, this seems like a nit-picky difference) |
|
Definition
Most chemotherapy has anti-mitotic action in rapidly dividing cells, like growing anagen hair follicles.
Admin of chemo will cause rapid cessation of anagen hair growth, leading to abrupt synchronization of affected hair follicles through catagen into telogen- then all the telogen hairs fall out in 3-4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Why do hairs fall out in anagen effluvium from chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
| The apoptosis of the anagen matrix cells leads to an abrupt narrowing of the hair follicle and fragility of the hair, which is broken and shed when it reaches the surface of the skin. |
|
|
Term
| What primary type of cell do regressing canine cutaneous histiocytomas express? |
|
Definition
| -Prominent lymphocyte (CD8+ T cells) infiltrates begin at the base of the tumor and are seen at power on histopath (over time, these lymphocytes will extend to infiltrate the entire mass) |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate canine cutaneous histiocytoma vs. epitheliotropic lymphoma? |
|
Definition
-When epitheliotropism is present, need to rule out epitheliotropic lymphoma
-IHC needed to differentiate
-E cadherin and CD18 used to identify histiocytoma
-CD3 used to identify T cell lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| What is sezary syndrome in CETL? |
|
Definition
- Simultaneous skin lesions and tumor cells in peripheral blood
|
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of cutaneous lymphoma in cats? |
|
Definition
- Non-epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma
- Middle aged to older cats
- No sex predilection
- No breed predilection
- Retroviral etiology?
- FELV positive in some cats
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "classic" MF: most common
- tumor stage less prevalent
- pagetoid reticulosis: not as prevalent
- IHC: CD3+, CD4+
- CD4-, CD8-
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Mast cell tumors in cats are rare
- Etiology associated with FIV and multiple mast cell tumors
- Majority are benign with local recurrence
- Occasionally aggressive
- Mastocytosis---> systemic involvement
- Urticaria pigmentosa- papular mastocytosis
|
|
|
Term
| Are melanocytic tumors in domestic animals affected by UV light? |
|
Definition
- No association with UV light exposure!
|
|
|
Term
| Melanomas in dogs- location is important for malignancy. What sites are most malignant? |
|
Definition
- Oral: malignant
- Lip: +/- aggressive
- Nail bed (black dogs): malignant---> metastasis to LN---> lungs---> other organs
|
|
|
Term
| Do melanomas occur in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Melanocytomas occur in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Best diagnosis of Inverted papilloma |
|
Definition
- Immunohistochemistry---> Intranuclear inclusion bodies
- PCR!! False positive results!
- Transition to invasive SCC is rare (SCID dogs)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Prolonged chronic antigen challenge
- IL-12, IFN-γ, CCL3, CL4, CCL5, TLR-APC
- Increase IL-12
- Interaction with B cells results in antibody production
- DTH
- Macrophage activity increased
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Mast cells, IL-4, IL-6 (absence of IL-12 and IFN-γ)
- Interaction with B cells (CD40-40L): isotype switching
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- TGF-B, (IL-6)
- FoxP3
- Binding of APC- inhibits further binding of Th cells
- Express CCR7 to migrate to LN
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- IL-6
- Express ROR-γt
- Release IL-17: increase IL-6, CXCL8, CXCL2, CSF
- Efficient amplifier of inflammation
|
|
|
Term
| What receptor pathway has been shown to be involved in some canine mast cell tumours? |
|
Definition
|
|
