Term
| What is a scirrhous reaction / what causes a tumour to develop this phenotype? |
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Definition
| tumour cells can sometimes secrete growth factors (TNF-beta) which promote fibrosis and scarring |
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Term
| What is the 'fertile soil' concept surrounding tumours? |
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Definition
| some types of tumours proliferate very easily in certain tissue types |
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Term
| If a primary tumour is present in the intestine, where would you most likely see a secondary tumour developing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 'paraneoplastic syndromes'? |
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Definition
symptoms/illness resulting from tumours causing the production of normal products, in excessive amounts
e.g. thyroid tumour -> excessive throid hormones -> extremely high metabolism
pituitary adenoma -> cushing's |
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Term
| What is paraneoplastic hypercalcemia? |
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Definition
| tumour cells produce a molecule that is similar to parathyroid hormone, causes osteoclast activity & bone resorption resulting in high blood calcium |
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Term
| Ways tumours can behave badly? |
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Definition
SPITEM
-secretion
-pain
-invasion & local spread
-tissue injury e.g. ulcers
-expansive growth
-metastasis |
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Term
| What role to oncogenes play in neoplastic development? |
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Definition
| activation of oncogenes promotes proliferation and inhibits cell death |
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Term
| What role do angiogenic factors play in development of neoplasms? |
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Definition
| blood supply to tumour for growth |
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Term
| What role do growth adhesion molecules play in development of neoplasms? |
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Definition
| allow for metastasis, so neoplasms can grow in a foreign location |
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Term
| How might you treat cancer with the goal of preventing tissue invasion? |
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Definition
| use antiproteases to prevent matrix proteinases & other enzymes produced by tumour cells from facilitation tissue invasion |
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Term
| What is the importance of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumour cells? |
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Definition
| as cells start to invade tissue and metastasize they have less tight cell-cell junctions, less contact inhibition, more ECM adhesion and express protease, facilitation invasion |
|
|
Term
| What angiogenic growth factors are important for neoplasms to grow and develop blood supply? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the hallmarks of cancer? |
|
Definition
-sustained proliferative signalling
-evading growth suppressors
-activating invasion & metastasis
-enabling replicative immortality
-inducing angiogenesis
-resisting cell death |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutated genes that allow cells to resist apoptosis/cell death, or increase growth |
|
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Term
| What are tumor suppressor genes? |
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Definition
| genes responsible for maintaining genomic stability, regulating cell death/apoptosis, counteract oncogenetic effects etc. (these are inactivated in cancer cells) |
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Term
| What are some examples of mutations that occur resulting in oncogene activation? |
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Definition
| -mutated tyrosine kinases result in increased expression of epidermal growth factor (EGFR) receptors |
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Term
| What genes/proteins are important in cell cycle checkpoints? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Defects in repair of DNA mismatch increase a person's susceptibility to.... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that express PTEN are (more/less) likely to become neoplastic |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Kit is an oncogene that is associated with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| met is an oncogene associated with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EFFR is an oncogene associated with.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein which blocks apoptosis
(neoplastic cells may over-express this protein) |
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Term
|
Definition
protein which blocks apoptosis
(neoplastic cells may over-express this protein) |
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