Term
| List the 4 Superfamilies that belong to the Order Strongylida. |
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Definition
Trichostrongyloidea
Strongyloidea
Ancylostomatoidea
Metastrongyloidea |
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Term
To which Superfamily do the following Families belong?
Ancylostomatidae
Angiostrongylidae
Amidostomatidae
Chabertiidae
Dictyocaulidae
Filaroididae
Metastrongylidae
Molineidae
Ornithostrongylidae
Protostrongylidae
Strongylidae
Syngamidae
Trichostrongylidae |
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Definition
Trichostrongyloidea: Trichostrongylidae, Ornithostrongylidae, Dictyocaulidae, Amidostomatidae, Molineidae.
Strongyloidea: Strongylidae, Chabertiidae, Syngamidae.
Ancylostomatoidea: Ancylostomatidae.
Metastrongyloidea: Metastrongylidae, Protostrongylidae, Filaroididae, Angiostrongylidae. |
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Term
To which Family do the following Genus's belong?
Aelurostrongylus
Agriostomum
Amidostomum
Ancylostoma
Bunostomum
Cooperia
Dictyocaulus
Elaphostrongylus
Filaroides
Gaigeria
Globocephalus
Haemonchus
Hyostrongylus
Metastrongylus
Muellerius
Necator
Nematodirus
Ollulanus
Ornithostrongylus
Ostertagia/Telodorsagia
Protostrongylus
Stephanurus
Syngamus
Trichostrongylus
Uncinaria
Varestrongylus
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Definition
Trichostrongylidae: Haemonchus, Ostertagia/Telodorsagia, Trichostrongylus, Hyostrongylus, Cooperia.
Ornithostrongylidae: Ornithostrongylus.
Dictyocaulidae: Dictyocaulus.
Amidostromatidae: Amidostomum.
Molineidae: Nematodirus, Ollulanus.
Syngamidae: Stephanurus, Syngamus.
Ancylostomatidae: Ancylostoma, Agriostomum, Bunostomum, Uncinaria, Necator, Gaigeria, Globocephalus.
Metastrongylidae: Metastrongylus.
Protostrongylidae: Muellerius, Elaphostrongylus, Varestrongylus, Protostrongylus.
Filaroididae: Filaroides.
Angiostrongylidae: Aelurostrongylus.
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Term
To which Family do the following Subfamilies belong?
Chabertiinae
Cyathostominae
Oesophagostominae
Strongylinae
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Definition
Strongylidae: Strongylinae, Cyathostominae.
Chabertiidae: Oesophagostominae, Chabertiinae. |
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Term
To which Subfamily do the following Genus's belong?
Chabertia
Craterostomum
Cyathostomum
Cylicocyclus
Cylicodontophorus
Cylicostephanus
Gyalocephalus
Oesophagodontus
Oesophagostomum
Poteriostomum
Strongylus
Triodontophorus |
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Definition
Strongylinae: Strongylus, Triodontophorus, Oesophagodontus, Craterostomum.
Cyathostominae: Cyathostomum, Cylicodontophorus, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Poteriostomum, Gyalocephalus.
Oesophagostominae: Oesophagostomum.
Chabertiinae: Chabertia.
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Term
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Definition
| Parasite living on the integument (outside) of the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasite living in the organs or tissue (inside) of the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| The larger partner in a parasitic association. |
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Term
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Definition
| The host in or on which the parasite reaches sexual maturity or undergoes sexual reproduction. |
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Term
| Define Intermediate Host. |
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Definition
| A host (usually) essential to the parasite's life cycle in which it undergoes development to juvenile, but not mature stages. |
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Term
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Definition
| A host optional to the parasite's life cycle in which juvenile stages may persist but do not develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| A host optional to the parasite's life cycle in which juvenile stages may be temporarily carried. |
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Term
| Define Direct Life Cycle. |
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Definition
| A cycle which is completed without participation of an intermediate host. |
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Term
| Define Indirect Life Cycle. |
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Definition
| A cycle which is completed with the participation of an intermediate host. |
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Term
| Define Obligate Parasite. |
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Definition
| One whose life cycle cannot be completed without a parasitic phase at some stage or other. |
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Term
| Define Facultative Parasite. |
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Definition
| One whose life cycle can be completed without a parasitic phase but which may optionally include a parasitic phase under some circumstances. |
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Term
| Define Aberrant Parasite. |
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Definition
| One which migrates to or develops in the wrong part of the host's body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A host infected with a parasite normally found in another host species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasites producing live larvae rather than eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasites producing eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reproductive capacity of the parasite. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time elapsing between the initiation of infection of a definitive host and the appearance of the products of reproduction of the parasite. |
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Term
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Definition
| The specific stage of the life cycle of a parasite that is able to initiate an infection in a definitive or intermediate host. |
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Term
| Define Free-living Stage. |
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Definition
| A stage in the life cycle of a parasite which exists free in the general environment - not in a host animal. |
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Term
Give the suffixes for:
Phylum
Class
Order
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Genus |
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Definition
-A
-A
-IDA
-OIDEA
-IDAE
-INAE
various, often -A or -US |
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Term
| How many stages in the life cycle of all nematodes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Intermediate hosts are usually infected with which larval stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Definitive hosts are usually infected with which larval stage/s? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe hepatic-tracheal migration. |
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Definition
| After ingestion, from the intestine in the blood stream to the liver, thence in the blood to the lungs, breaking out into the alveoli, ascending the airways to the trachea, pharynx and swallowed into the alimentary tract. |
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Term
| Describe lymphatic-pulmonary migration. |
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Definition
| After ingestion, from the intestine in the lymph stream to the mesenteric lymph nodes, to the thoracic duct, to the blood stream, to the heart and thence to the lungs. Pathway usually stops here. |
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Term
| Where in the body are parasites of the order Strongylida found? |
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Definition
| Mainly in the digestive and respiratory system. |
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Term
| Describe males of the Order Strongylida. |
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Definition
| Have a copulatory bursa and two spicules. |
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Term
| Describe females of the Order Strongylida. |
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Definition
| Have obvious ovijector apparatus. |
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Term
| Describe eggs of the Order Strongylida. |
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Definition
| Simple, non-operculate, thin-shelled, smooth, ellipsoidal to ovoidal. May contain morula or L1 when laid. |
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Term
| Which stage is the infective stage with all members of the Order Strongylida. |
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Definition
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Term
| Members of the Order Strongylida use which routes of infection? |
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Definition
| Ingestion or Skin Penetration. |
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Term
| What is the optimum temperature for development for members of the Order Strongylida? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the optimum temperature for survival for members of the Order Strongylida? |
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Definition
| Approximately 10 degrees celcius. |
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Term
| What is the first event that occurs after ingestion of the [L3]? |
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Definition
| Exsheathment due to chemical stimuli which triggers production of an enzyme which attacks the sheath. |
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Term
| How many days after ingestion does the L3 moult to the L4. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many days after ingestion does the L4 moult to the adult stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| The production of eggs in the faces marks the end of the ..... and the infection is now.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Trichostrongyloids are the most common parasites of which group of animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the morphology of Trichostrongyloids. |
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Definition
Slender Nematodes, most less than 3cm long.
Simple mouth, buccal capsule if present is very small, not decorated and with no teeth.
Cephalic or cervical dilations of the cuticle may or may not be present.
Females have ovijector apparatus.
Males have copulatory bursa and two spicules, normally short and stout. |
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Term
| Describe the Life Cycle of Trichostrongyloids. |
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Definition
Direct.
Typical of order, non-migratory,
One genus (Dictyocaulus) is atypical.
Infection always by ingestion.
Adults live in abomasum or SI (except Dictyocaulus).
Live in mucus layer, and generally ingest mucus (except Haemonchus).
PPP = 2-4 weeks.
Eggs typical. |
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Term
| Which Trichostrongylid Adults are found in the abomasum of ruminants? |
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Definition
| Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus. |
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Term
| Which Trichostrongylid Adults are found in the SI of ruminants? |
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Definition
| Trichostrongylus, Cooperia. |
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Term
| Which other Strongylids are found in the SI of ruminants? |
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Definition
| Bunostomum (Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea), Strongyloids, Nematodirus (Family Molineidae, Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea). |
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Term
| Which Trichostrongyloid is commonly found in the stomach of the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Trichostrongyloid is commonly found in the stomach of the pig? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source of nutrients for parasites of the Genus Haemonchus and which adaptation allows this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two species of Haemonchus and the animals which they parasitise? |
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Definition
H. contortus (Sheep and Goat)
H. placei (Cattle) - not in NZ |
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Term
| Name the two major morph types of Ostertagia Genus. |
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Definition
O. ostertagi
T. circumcincta |
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Term
| Name the three species of Trichostrongylus and which animals they parasitise. |
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Definition
T. axei (Ruminants and Horse)
T. vitrinus (Sheep and Goat)
T. columbriformis (Sheep and Goat) |
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Term
| Name the species of Hyostrongylus and the animal it is found in. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 species of Cooperia that occur in NZ. |
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Definition
C. curticei
C. oncophora
C. mcmasteri
C. punctata |
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Term
| Name the Trichostrongyloid Family that is the important lungworms of ruminants and horses. |
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Definition
| Dictyocaulidae (only one genus, Dictyocaulus). |
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Term
| Describe worms of the Genus Dictyocaulus. |
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Definition
Long, up to 10cm and slender.
Found in bronchioles, bronchi and sometimes trachea. |
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Term
| What is odd about the L2 and L3 of the Dictyocaulus Genus? |
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Definition
| Neither feeds, the L3 is enclosed in the cuticles of both L1 and L2. |
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Term
| What is atypical about Nematodirus (Family Molineidae) and how? |
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Definition
Life-cycle.
Development of [L3] occurs in the egg. The [L3] hatches and then infects the host by the oral route.
Also the egg is about twice as large as the others and development takes a longer time. |
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Term
| Which animal would you find Ollulanus tricuspis in and what organ? |
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Definition
| Stomach of the cat. 10% of NZ cats. |
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Term
| What is atypical about Ollulanus tricuspis? |
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Definition
| Life cycle. Female is larviparous giving birth to [L3]. Transmission is only by vomiting of larvae and adult from stomach and ingestion by another cat. Larvae do not survive passage through GIT and cannot be found in faecal samples. |
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