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Neck Bones & Joints
Cole moved to 6/7/11 lecture 2 hrs
147
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
06/06/2011

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Term
1) lateral flexion (clavicular plane)
2) Flexion/Extension (occlusal plane)
3) Rotation (sagittal plane)
Definition
what are the 3 motions of the head and neck? what planes do these motions occur in?
Term
this motion is not a real thing, lateral flexion however, would be tilting your head to the side.
Definition
describe lateral extension of the neck
Term
flexion
Definition
is tucking your chin flexion or extension?
Term
lordosis
Definition
what is the normal curvature of the spine?
Term
7
Definition
how many cervical vertebrae are there in mammals(humans)?
Term
hyoid
Definition
just below the mandible and anterior to the spinal column is a u shaped bone, name it
Term
hyoid bone
Definition
the main function of this bone is to suspend the cartilage of the larynx and trachea beneath it
Term
1) small bodies(don't support much weight)
2) articular facets are designed for a lot of mobility
3) bifid spinous process (for ligament)
4) foramina in transverse processes
Definition
describe the 4 special features of cervical vertebrae
Term
atlantoocciptal joint (AO joint)
Definition
name the joint where the atlas articulates with the skull
Term
no, no, yes
Definition
does C1 have a body? a spinous process? foramina in it's transverse processes?
Term
instead of a body, an anterior arch
instead of a spinous process, a posterior arch
Definition
what does the atlas have in place of a body or spinous process?
Term
c2: Axis
c1: Atlas (remember atlas holds up the world, which is round like your skull)
Definition
name C2, name C1
Term
yes, yes, no
Definition
does the axis have a body? a spinous process? foramina in its transverse processes?
Term
the dens
Definition
what special structure projects off C2 that might have been C1's body?
Term
transverse ligament
Definition
name the ligament that straps the dens to the anterior arch of C1
Term
occipital condyles
Definition
the skull's kidney shaped articulations with C1 are called what?
Term
atlantooccipital joints (there are 2 one on each side)

yes = pure flexion and extension
Definition
name the "yes" joints
Term
through someone's open mouth, because they are in the back of the pharynx with no bone (except teeth) in the way)
Definition
how can you get a radiograph of C1 & C2?
Term
atlantoaxial joints
no = rotation
Definition
name the "no joints"
Term
3 articular surfaces
1 & 2) the normal superiorr facet of the axis to the facet of the atlas
3) the dens to the anterior arch of C1

the joints are practically horizontal to allow rotational movement
Definition
how many articular surfaces are there in the AA joint? describe them
Term
alar ligament
Definition
crosses C1, doesn't touch it, but holds skull, C1, C2 together. connects the dens to the medial occipital condyle

thick as a pencil
Term
the cruciate ligament
Definition
the transverse ligament is part of another ligament, name it
Term
upper band of the cruciate ligament
Definition
this attaches the dens to the front margin of the foramen magnum
Term
lower band of the cruciate ligament
Definition
connects the dens to a lower part of C2 (the body)
Term
posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
this ligament starts on the occipital bone, goes through the foramen magnum, and lies on the posterior side of the vertebral bodies, connecting them together, and faces into the vertebral canal
Term
tectoral membrane
Definition
name the posterior longitudinal ligament superior to the foramen magnum
Term
AO joint capsule
Definition
this fibrous structure lies around the AO joints, and is really strong to keep the joints together
Term
vertebral arteries
Definition
these arteries pass on the lateral sides of the foramen magnum
Term
AO membrane
Definition
this ligament goes from C1 to the skull, around the foramen magnum and both arches of the atlas to enclose the vertebral canal
Term
AA membrane
Definition
this ligament goes all the way around the vertebral canal and holds the atlas and axis together
Term
anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
this holds the vertebral bodies together anteriorly and runs the whole length of the spine
Term
the vertebral arteries
Definition
what is the hole in the AO membrane for?
Term
1) anterior longitudinal ligament
2) AO membrane
3) upper band of the cruciate ligament
4) posterior longitudinal ligament
5) dura
Definition
if you were to stick a needle above the anterior arch of the atlas and below the foramen magnum, name the ligaments/layers you would hit until you hit dura.
Term
atlantoaxial subluxation, causing the atlas to move excessively possibly damaging the spinal cord/brainstem via compression ->paralysis or death
Definition
what happens if the transverse ligament of the atlas is ruptured, or the dens is avulsed?
Term
excess mobility turning the head to the OPPOSITE SIDE of the ruptured ligament (up to 30 degrees beyond normal)

not as dangerous as the transverse ligament rupture

ex: if the right side ligament is ruptured, the head can move too far left
Definition
what happens if there is a rupture of the alar ligament?
Term
down's syndrome (trisomy 21) is associated with increased laxity of the craniovertebral ligament
Definition
why can't down's syndome patients play contact sports?
Term
the nuchal ligament
Definition
what ligament only exists in the neck that attaches spinous processes of cervical vertebrae together?
Term
infraspinous ligaments (there is one between each vertebra)
Definition
name the ligaments that connect spinous processes together below the cervical spine
Term
supraspinous ligament (just one long ligament)
Definition
below the cervical spine, just under the skin this continuous ligament connects spinous process to spinous processes
Term
nuchal ligament
Definition
specialized ligament in the neck for attachment of neck muscles, fills the lordosis curvature of the cervical spine out to the skin
Term
superiorly: external occipital protuberence on the superior nuchal line(posterior to foramen magnum)

inferiorly: C7 spinous process
Definition
where does the nuchal ligament attach at its beginning and end?
Term
trapezius - CN XI, Accessory N. + some random C2-C3 possibly for proprioception
Definition
most superficial posterior neck muscle, name it and give it's innervation
Term
primarily, moves the pectoral girdle (RED), in neck is primarily and extensor
bilaterally: extends head and neck
unilaterally: flexes neck toward active side
Definition
what does trapezius do?
Term
splenius capitus & splenius cervicis
Definition
these 2 muscles lie just deep to trapezius and have perpendicularly oriented fibers
Term
epaxial - intrinsic back muscles, innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Definition
are splenius muscles epaxial or hypaxial? what does this mean about their innervation?
Term
o: cervical spinous processes and upper thoracic spines

i: capitus -skull,
cervicis -cervical transverse processes
Definition
name the origin/insertion of the splenius muscles
Term
capitis does head and neck
cervicis is neck only
Definition
how do the actions of the splenius muscle differ?
Term
bilateral: extension of neck(and head)
unilateral: lateral flexion to SAME side of muscle activity

rotation toward side of muscle activity
Definition
what are the actions of the splenius muscles
Term
1) erector spinae
2) transversus spinalis
Definition
name the intrinsic back muscle groups
Term
transversus spinalis (intrinsic/epaxial)
Definition
what group of back muscles does semispinalis belong to?
Term
semispinalis capitis
Definition
most powerful/important head & neck extensor
Term
longissimus, and iliocostalis
Definition
which of the following muscle are part of the erector spinae group:

longissimus capitis, iliocostalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis
Term
iliocostalis cervicis
Definition
most lateral of the erector spinae muscle group, inserts on transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
Term
bi: extensors o fhead and neck
uni: flex toward the active side
Definition
what do semispinalis, longissimus capitis, and iliocostalis do when active bilaterally? unilaterally?
Term
no, longissimus and semispinalis do though
Definition
does iliocostalis cervicis insert on the skull?
Term
capitis-attaches to head, extensor
cervicis- landmark muscle
thoracis- not important
Definition
what are the 3 groups of semispinalis?
Term
semispinalis capitis
Definition
what muscle lies deep to the splenius muscles?
Term
1) trapezius
2) splenius
3) semispinalis
4) rectus posterior major/minor & oblique capitis superior/posterior
Definition
list the posterior neck muscles from superficial to deep
Term
intrinsic back muscles(epaxial): dorsal rami

1) obliquus capitis superior
2) obliquus capitis inferior
3) rectus posterior major
4) rectus posterior minor
Definition
list the suboccipital muscles from most lateral to most medial, what is their innervation?
Term
they are small and weak, but do fine, controlled movement (mostly extension) of the AA and AO joints

-the oblique kind of turn/flex the head to side of muscle activity
Definition
what are the motions of the suboccipital muscles?
Term
major: C2 spinous process to occipital bone

minor: (deeper and more medial) posterior arch of C1 to occipital bone
Definition
give the origin and insertion of rectus posterior major and rectus posterior minor
Term
superior: transverse process of C1 straight up to occipital bone

inferior: spine of C2, to transverse process of C1 (DOESN'T attach to the skull)
Definition
give the origin and insertion of obliquus captitis superior and inferior
Term
it is made by the suboccipital muscles

superiorly/medially: rectus posterior major
inferiorly: obliquus capitis inferior
laterally: obliquus captis superior
Definition
describe the borders of the suboccipital triangle
Term
c1: suboccipital
c2: greater occipital n
c3: third occipital nerve
Definition
name the dorsal rami of C1, C2, and C3
Term
suboccipital nerve
Definition
this nerve comes out right beneath the occipital bone ABOVE the posterior arch of the atlas and wraps around the vertebral arteries
Term
C1- motor only to suboccipital muscles
C2- purely sensory between C1 and C2
Definition
what kinds of innervation is provided by the dorsal rami of C1 and C2?
Term
the suboccipital nerve (as it goes horisontal along the C1 posterior arch) and the vertebral artery
Definition
what is found in the suboccipital triangle?
Term
beneath obliquus capitis inferior, over the posterior arch of C2

-the greater occipital n is C2 dorsal rami
Definition
where does the greater occipital nerve emerge?
Term
used to find the suboccipital triangle
Definition
seminspinalis cervicis ends at the C2 spine, what is this used for?
Term
unknown
Definition
what is the purpose of the communication between C1 and C2?
Term
1) longus capitis
2) scalenus anterior/medius/posterior
3) rectus capitis anterior
4) rectis capitis lateralis
5) longus colli
Definition
name the pre-vertebral muscles (they only really come in 1 layer)
Term
ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves (no names)
Definition
what rami innervates the pre-vertebral muscles?
Term
longissimus capitis
Definition
originates at trasnverse processeS of cervical verterbrae and inserts on the occipital bone anterior to the spinal canal
Term
head/neck flexion
Definition
what is the main action of the prevertebral muscles?
Term
longus colli
Definition
this 3 part muscle lies just deep to longus capitis
Term
superior: trasnverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae to vertebral bodies above
middle: lower vertebral bodies to upper vertebral bodies
inferior: vertebral bodies of lower cervical vertebrae to transverse processes above
Definition
describe the origins and insertions of the 3 groups of longus colli fibers
Term
rectus capitis anterior (more medial and superior)

rectus capitis lateralis (inferior and lateral)
Definition
name the anterior equivilents of the suboccipital muscles, that are innervated by ventral rami (instead of dorsal)
Term
scalene muscles
Definition
muscles that can help with respiration in the anterior neck
Term
originate on transverse processes
insert on ribes 1 & 2

anterior = most anterior
triangle (brachial plexus + brachial artery)
medius: rib 1 insertion
posterior rib 2 insertion
Definition
name the origins and insertions of the scalene muscles
Term
the prhenic nerve runs on the surface os scalenius anterior
Definition
what is scalenius anterior a landmark for?
Term
it has 2 heads, 1 on the manubrium of the sternum(sterno), 1 on the clavicular head (cleido)

inserts behind the ear on the mastoid process
Definition
where does the sternocliedomastoid originate? insert?
Term
sternocleidomastoid
Definition
most poserful neck flexor when active bilaterally
Term
since it pulls on the back of the skull, it turns the head to the OPPOSITE side of muscle activity
Definition
what does sternocleidomastoid do when active unilaterally?
Term
sternocleidomastoid
Definition
if you are riding your bike and keeping your neck down(flexed) but tilting your head up (extending it) what muscle allows this?
Term
this is like tilting your head and turning your chin up a little

this is sternocleidomastoid
Definition
if you flex your neck, extend your head, and turn your head to opposite side of muscle activity, what movement do you make? what muscle does this?
Term
sternocleidomastoid
Definition
what divides the anterior and posterior triangles?
Term
dran a line from the jugular notch of the manubrium to the chin, to the mastoid process, back to the notch


the upper boder is the jaw, the lateral border is the anterior border of SCM, and the anterior/medial border is the midline/imaginary
Definition
describe the borders/corners of the anterior triangle of the neck
Term
superior/medial border: SCM
posterior/lateral border: trapezius
inferior: part of the clavicle with no muscle attachment
Definition
describe the boders/corners of the posterior triangle of the neck
Term
1)accessory N, CN XI
muscles forming the floor(superior to inferior):
2) semispinalis capitis
3) splenius capitis
4) levator scapulae
5) scalenes
6) omohyoid (crosses superficial to scalenes)
Definition
what is found in the posterior triangle & the floor of it?
Term
between longus colli, scalenius anterior, and the first rib
Definition
describe the boders of the vertebral triangle
Term
the cupela (pleura of the lung)
vertebral artery
Definition
what is found in the vertebral triangle that Cole mentioned so far?
Term
scalenius anterior, & medius/posterior
inferiorly: first rib
Definition
describe the borders of the scalene triangle
Term
1) brachial plexus roots
2) subclavian artery
Definition
what is found in the scaline triangle?
Term
platysma: facial n. CN VII
Definition
this muscle is paper thin and is a superifical face muscle that extends into the neck, name it and its innervation
Term
in superficial fascia just beneath the skin

pulls down corners of the mouth and tenses the skin of the neck
Definition
what is the action of the platisma? what layer is it in?
Term
suprahyoid muscles:
1) digastric (anterior and posterior)
2) myelohyoid
3) stylohyoid
infrahyoids:
4) omohyoid
5) sternothyroid
6) thyrohyoid
7) sternohyoid
Definition
name the anterior neck muscles that don't attach to vertebrae
Term
supra: innervated by cranial nerves
infra: innervated by spinal nerves
Definition
compare the innervation of suprahyoid muscles to infrahyoid muscles
Term
aid swallowing by pulling the thyroid cartilage and hyoid together to pull the larynx down
Definition
what do the infrahyoid muscle do?
Term
they are named for their origin and insertion (origin, then insertion)
Definition
what is special about the infrahyoid muscles naming?
Term
omo = scapula
Definition
what does the prefix "omo" mean?
Term
omohyoid - the sling divides it into superior and inferior hyoid muscles
Definition
which infrahyoid muscle has a sling?
Term
sternohyoid (omo has the sling and originates on the scapula (omo) which is more lateral than the sternum
Definition
which is the more medial muscle of the superficial infrahyoid muscles, sternohyoid or omohyoid?
Term
thyrohyoid and sternothyroid are deeper
Definition
which muscles are deeper: thyrohyoid & sternothyroid, OR omohyoid and sternohyoid?
Term
stylohyoid is a posterior suprahyoid muscle
Definition
this muscle runs from the styloid process to the hyoid bone, name it and say if it is infra or suprahyoid
Term
the posterior ones:
stylohyoid & posterior digastric
Definition
what suprahyoid muscles are innervated by CN VII (facial n)?
Term
the anterior ones:
anterior digastric and myelohyoid
Definition
what suprahyoid muscles are innervated by CN V (trigeminal n)?
Term
they both go through a sling
Definition
how are the digstrric and omohyoid muscles related?
Term
1) suboccipital triangle
2) anterior triangle
3) posterior triangle
4) scalene triangle
5) vertebral triangle
6) digastric triangle
7) submental triangle
8) muscular triangle
9) carotid tirangle
Definition
list all 9 of the triangles of the neck that we talked about
Term
the anterior and posterior digastric muscle + the mandible
Definition
describe the boundaries of the digastric triangle
Term
superiorly: the mandible (chin)
laterally: the anterior digastrics on each side
inferiorly: hyoid bone
Definition
describe the boundaries of the submental triangle
Term
medially: posterior digastric
laterally: sternocleidomastoid
inferiorly: superior belly of the omohyoid
Definition
describe the boundaries of the carotid triangle (with the carotid arteries in it)
Term
medially: sternohyoid
superiorly/laterally: omohyoid superior
laterally/inferiorly: SCM
Definition
describe the boundaries of the muscular triangle
Term
1) digastric
2) submental partially
3) carotid
4) muscular
Definition
what triangles make up the anterior triangle?
Term
ventral rami of C1-4 or 5 if you include the phrenic nerve
Definition
what forms the cervical plexus?
Term
1) somatic sensory
2) somatic motor
3) sympathetics (to sweat glands and superficial vasculature)
Definition
what information is carried in the cervical plexus nerves?
Term
-sensory/sympathetics to the skin of the anterior neck (jaw line to jugular notch anterior to SCM)
-motor to neck muscles: infrahyoid, prevertebral (except SCM, trapezius, and the suprahyoid muscles)
Definition
what does the cervical plexus provide innervation to?
Term
no, they are either sensory or motor
Definition
are their mixed nerves in the cervical plexus?
Term
1)the sternohyoid muscle
2) the sternothyroid muscle
3) the omohyoid muscle
Definition
what is innervated by the ansa cervicalis?
Term
C1
C2&3
Definition
what are the 2 major bundles of nerves in the cervical plexus?
Term
entirely motor C1 + C2 + C3 ventral rami
Definition
what is the ansa cervicalis?
Term
hypoglossal n, CN XII
Definition
this nerve comes down from the skull then makes and L that loops forward to the tongue near the ansa cervicalis
Term
hypoglossal nerve
Definition
what nerve do the C1 fibers travel with?
Term
descendens hypoglossi
Definition
the front half of the ansa cervicalis is ventral rami C1 fibers, also known as the:
Term
this is a branch off of the descendens hypoglossi (C1)
Definition
what does the nerve to thyrohyoid branch off of?
Term
C1
Definition
most of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by what spinal level?
Term
the descendens cervicalis
Definition
ventral rami of C2 & 3 join together and form the back half of the ansa cervicalis also known as:
Term
descendens cervicalis (posterior part of ansa cervicalis aka C2-C3)
Definition
innervates the inferior belly of omohyoid
Term
lateral (towards the skin)
Definition
where is the descendens hypoglossi compared to the jugular vein?
Term
the all come out midway down the posterior edge of the SCM and radiate out like a starburst

CN XI(motor) comes out also with them
Definition
how do the cutaneous/sensory nerves (from ventral rami) come out of the cervical plexus? what nerve comes out with them?
Term
C2 & C3
Definition
most of the cutaneous nerves of the anterior neck come from what spinal level(s)?
Term
its dorsal root ganglion goes to supply dura in the head
Definition
does C1 have sensory innervation?
Term
lesser occipital nerve (C2-3)
Definition
this nerve supplies sensory to the scalp just behind the external ear and travels up the back edge of SCM to the peak of the posterior triangle
Term
Great auricular n (C2-3)
Definition
this nerve comes out from behind SCM and goes straight up to the ear lobe, supplying the overlying strip of skin
Term
external jugular vein
Definition
what vessel does the great auricular n. travel right next to that helps to locate the nerve?
Term
transverse cervical n. (C2-3)
Definition
this nerve supplies sensory to the skin over the anterior triangle of the neck
Term
supraclavicular nerve
Definition
this nerve is supplied by C3-4 and supplies skin to the inferior posterior triangle and down to the shoulder and acromion, also skin just below the clavicle
Term
the supraclavicular nerve comes up the same spinal levels as the phrenic nerve (c3-4)
Definition
why is pericarditis,visceral parietal pericadiam pain, or diaphragm pain referred to the shoulder?
Term
it goes down and lateral, deep to trapezius
Definition
describe the path of the acessory nerve from where it enters the posterior tirangle
Term
motor: suboccipital muscles
sensory: dura in posterior cranial fossa
Definition
what does the suboccipital nerve innervate?
Term
sensory: to scalp and skin of neck
Definition
what does the greater occipital nerve innervate?
Term
sensory to posterior scalp and skin of neck
Definition
what does the third occipital nerve innervate?
Term
SUPERIOR
Definition
where are cervical spinal nerves in relation to the vertebrae?
Term
C2, greater occipital n.
Definition
what nerve runs alongside the occipital artery?
Term
1) cranial nerves (trigeminal)
2) ventral part of cervical plexus (lesser occipital)
3) dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves (greater occipital/third occipital n)
Definition
what does cutaneous innervation to the scalp?
Term
transverse cervical n.
Definition
what innervates sensory over the anterior triangle?
Term
greater occipital on posterior scalp, third occipital on neck
Definition
what innervates the posterior scalp and neck?
Term
great auricular n.
Definition
what innervates skin below and posterior to the ear?
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