In what species is this a normal finding?

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In which species is this a normal finding?

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Palmar digital

Abaxial sesamoid

Low palmar

A 5 year old female spayed Cocker Spaniel is presented with a strange expression. Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There is ptosis O.D and the dog is drooling on the exam table. What anatomical structure is damaged?

What is the common name of this problem in the lower hock joints of a horse?[image]

Grain overload (lactic acidosis)

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Renal insufficiency

Ethylene glycol toxicity

A farmer reports that recently, one of his cattle was staggering and sick, with blood and black material seeping from the nose and anus. The cow died out in the pasture and a stray dog was seen chewing on the carcass several days ago. What is the next step if the dog looks as follows?

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A pig farm reports a problem in weaning-age piglets. Affected piglets are depressed, anorexic and with slight fevers. What is the best action to take if they look as follows[image]

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (amrinone/milrinone)

Beta adrenergic agonists

(dopamine, isoproterenol, epinephrine)

Cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin)

An 8 year old male neutered Golden Retriever presents with a 2 month history of nonspecific lethargy and weight loss. What is the top differential with the following conditions.

T=99.8 F(37.7 C), RR=24 brpm, HR=64 bpm

PCV=45%, RBC=6.5x10^12 g/L (normocytic/normochromic)

WBC=12,350 Neu=63%, Lym=24%, Mon=5%, Eo=8%

Na=148 mEq/L, Cl=118 mEq/L, K=6.0 mEq/L

LDH=200 u/L, ALT=36 u/L, AST=14 u/L, ALKP=101 u/L

Glucose=120 mg/dL, Cholesterol=200 mg/dL

BUN=29 mg/dL, CREA=1.6 mg/dL

Bilirubin=0.4 mg/dL, TP=4.6 g/dL, Albumin=1.6 mg/dL

USpG=1.031, no WBC/RBC, protein +++

A 6 yr old female spayed Cocker Spaniel presents with a 2 days history of lethargy. Upon physical exam, mucosal petechiae and ecchymoses and an ocular hemorrhage O.D. is noted. What is the diagnosis with the following coagulation profile?

Thrombocytes=49,720

BMBT increase

aPTT normal

PT normal

TT normal

Idiopathic thrombocytopenia

(common in females, cocker spaniels, poodles, and old english sheepdogs)

Which parasite has been associated with a hypoadrenocorticism-like syndrome and has been suggested as a cause for cecocolic intussusception in dogs?

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An 8 year old male outdoor dog from the southern US is presented with a chronic reccurent history of unthriftiness, weight loss and large bowel diarrhea. On two previous occassions in the past 18 months, the dog has responded to treatment with Fenbendazole. Which diagnostic test can rule out a second disease in the dog, different from the following fecal examination.

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Urgent defecation

Loose watery stools

Mucus/blood in stools

A 4 month old filly is presented with a 4 day history of lethargy, heavy breathing, cough and depressed appetite.

T=104.9, HR=72 bpm, RR=44 brpm

On lung auscultation, asymmetrically distributed crackles and wheezes are audible. Some areas have no breath sounds and a dull resonance on thoracic percussion. What is the treatment of choice for the following image

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Erythromycin and Rifampin

(Consolidated nodular lung lesions and mediastinal lymphadenopathy indicative of pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi)

At least 60% of treated horses improve

(horses that remain positive after immunoblot testing commonly relapse but horses that become negative after immunoblot testing rarely relapse)

Rest

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Bandaging

Draining the area

Injection with corticosteroids

Last fall, several malformed calves were born on a ranch. In the spring, the owner could not deliver feed to the back pasture for 3 days and 14 days later the heifers are losing weight, off feed and lethargic. Physical exam is unremarkable except for large linera cracks extending to the dermis on muzzles of affected cows. Blood chemistry/urinalysis:

Na=122 mEq/L, K=2.2 mEq/L, Ca=6 mg/dL,

ALT=70 u/L, CK=150 u/L, SDH=82 u/L

Bilirubin=0.6 mg/dL, BUN=140 mg/dL, CREA=4 mg/dL

Glob=4.4 g/dL, Alb=2.2 g/dL

USpG=1.010, protein +++, blood+++

What should be done next?

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Pigweed

Lamb's Quarter

A tourniquet was placed at mid cannon bone on this cow's leg and Lidocaine is injected in the dorsal pedal vein. What is expected to happen?

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During necropsy on a 4-yr old Beagle who died suddenly, a severe right ventricular hypertrophy is noted. Which condition is highest on the differential diagnosis list?

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A 9-yr old German Shepherd is presented with unchecked bleeding from a cut on the gums above the right canine tooth. The owner relates that the dog has lost weight and had an episode of collapse 3 days ago, but recovered. On PE, the gums are pale with petechiae and ecchymotic hemorrhages. There is tachycardia and palpable cranial abdominal mass. Which coagulation disorder fits best with the following pattern:

Thrombocytes=82,533/uL

BMBT=elevated, aPTT=elevated, PT=elevated, TT=elevated, FDPs=elevated

Heartworm

Heart failure

Hemolytic anemia

Hemangiosarcoma

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Hepatic disease (hepatic lipidosis)

Gastric dilitation volvulus

Mammary gland carcinoma

Pancreatitis

Ethanol 20%

Decrease its absorption(gastric lavage/induced vomiting)

Promote diuresis (IV fluids)

Address metabolic acidosis (add bicarbonate)

Prevent its metabolism (give ethanol)

An 8-yr old male neutered domestic shorthair cat is presented with a 1-month history of progressive excercise intolerance, panting, anorexia, weight loss, and vomiting. On PE, there is moderate cyanosis and a jugular pulse. On chest auscultation, there is a systolic murmur loudest on the left side between the 5-7th ribs.

T=102.1 F, HR=176 bpm, RR=40 brpm

What is the diagnosis?

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

(classic Valentine heart)

A cow is presented with pruritis and crusts around the face and a skin scraping was performed. What is the diagnosis?

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On a cold February day in the Northeastern US, the cow shown below is examined for pruritis and crusts around the perineum. A skin scrape shows some kind of mite with long legs and short unsegmented pedicles. What should be done next?

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Topical 0.25% Crotoxyfos spray

(Chorioptic mange)

Glucuronyl transferase

(a liver enzyme that catalyzes the transfer a chemical group from one compound to another)

95% chance he will survive one year

75% chance he will survive two years

squamous cells carcinomas have low metastatic rates

A 9-yr old spayed female domestic shorthair cat is presented with a 5-month history of progressive right rear lameness. Apart from the worsening lameness, the cat acts normally and has a normal appetite. Physical exam reveals pain and swelling localized to the distal femur. Radiographs demonstrate a mixed lytic lesion that does not cross the joint space. What is the most likely presumptive diagnosis?

T=101.3 F, HR=120 bpm, RR=36 brpm

Osteosarcoma

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Treponematosis (rabbit syphillis)

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Hutch burn (urine scalding)

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A group of 2.5 month old feeder pigs are presented with non-pruritic keratinized skin lesions and mild lethargy. One severely affected animal is depressed and anorexic. What treatment is most appropriate for the presumptive diagnosis?

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A poultry operation has experienced sudden die-off of 5% of its birds. Another 10% are sick with cyanosis and edema of the head, comb, and wattle. Many have subcutaneous ecchymotic hemorrhages on the shanks, feet, and head. Some have a greenish diarrhea. On necropsy, petechial hemorrhages are visible on visceral organs and in muscles and there are blood-tinged oral and nasal discharges. A few birds that survived illness have developed torticollis, opisthotonos, and appear incoordinated. What test is most appropriate to confirm the presumptive diagnosis?

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Virus isolation from tracheal or cloacal swab

(highly pathogenic avian influenza virus)

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

(due to blood type being different than the dam's)

A potbellied pig is presented acutely lame and non-weight bearing on the right forelimb after jumping off of a soga. What is the most accurate interpretation of this radiograph of the affected limb?

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Newfoundland

German Shepherd

Golden Retriever

Boxer

Rottweiler

This heifer has walked with an increasingly stiff and extended hock and stifle since 2 onths of age. The gastrocnemius muscle is contracted, and the animal walks with short pendulum-like steps. What is the most likely diagnosis?

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At what stage of the estrous cycle is this dog, based on the following vaginal smear?

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At which stage in the estrous cycle is this dog, based on the following vaginal smear?

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A feeder pig operation has a problem with sudden onset of diarrhea followed by collapse and death in piglets 1-3 days old. What is the presumptive diagnosis based on the following lesions seen at necropsy?

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A cat is presented with bilateral conjunctivitis and rhinitis. What is the diagnosis based on the following conjunctival scrape?

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Vomiting

Diarrhea

During a fecal examination of a 2 month old piglet, this organism is seen? What is the diagnosis?

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What is the mean survival time of a dog diagnosed with an appendicular osteosarcoma after amputation?

A dog presents with a history of eating a shiny new United States penny that was hidden in a piece of birthday cake. What problem may result?

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A calf is presented with fever, depression, visual defects and neck rigidity due to colisepticemic meningitis. What management action will help prevent this problem in the future?

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A 4 year old German shorthair hunting dog from the mid-Atlantic United States is presented with a right forelimb lameness of 2 weeks duration. What is the next diagnostic step after this radiograph?

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Which ectoparasite normally spends its entire life cycle on the chicken, causing feather damage, anemia, and irritation?

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A 5 year old quarterhorse is presented with a depigmented hyperkeratotic plaques localize to the concave aspect of both ears. What message should be communicated to the owner?

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 A commercial turkey operation experiences an outbreak of disease in 40% of its 12-16 weeks old birds. Typically affected birds show only depression, then death. Some animals appear weak, recumbent with one leg forward and one leg back. On necropsy, diffuse or nodular lymphoid tumors are visible in various organs, particularly the liver, and spleen. Two affected birds have distorted pupils. What is the diagnosis?

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A 1 year old German Shepherd is presented with a 2 week history of lameness. Although the dog limps on the right foreleg as it enters the exam room, the owner reports that the dog was lame on the left hindleg last week. On physical exam, the reacts painfully on palpation of the long bones of the right foreleg.

T=99.8 F

RR=24 brpm

HR= 100 bpm

What is the most likely diagnosis?

German Shepherd

Basset Hound

Which disease in young dogs and cats is characterized by non-painful ossified swellings on metaphyseal cortical surfaces of long bones, vertebra, and ribs?

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What is the most common cause for this problem seen in turtles?

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A 4 year old quarterhorse in California is presented with fever, lethargy, ataxia, icterus, petechiation, and limb edema. A complete blood count shows characteristic neutrophil inclusion bodies suggesting equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. What is the most appropriate treatment?

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An 8 months old male German Shorthaired Pointer is presented with a history of intermittent hindlimb lameness which is exacerbated by excercise during hunting. On physical exam, the dog is painful on manipulation of the right stifle. What advice should the owner be given?

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Caudocentral humeral head (shoulder)

Medial aspect of humeral condyle (elbow)

Femoral condyle, often lateral (stifle)

Ridge of the talus (hock)

An emaciated cow is presented. She appears weak and anorexic, with enlarged superficial cervical lymph nodes. She is somewhat dyspneic and has an intermittent hacking cough. Her manure looks normal.

T=102.9 F, HR=60 bpm, RR=30 brpm

The cow dies the next day revealing the following lung lesion on necropsy. What is the diagnosis?

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A 7 year old intact female poodle is presented. The owner has noted a lot of drinking and some urinary accidents in the house the last week and that the dog hasn't seemed herself. Yesterday she vomited twice. On physical exam, the dog appears depressed and listless, has dark injected mucous membranes and a distender tender abdomen.

T=104 F, HR=100 bpm, RR=30brpm

What diagnosis is of most immediate concern?

Closed pyometra

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A 3 year old Quarterhorse/Appaloosa cross mare is presented on emergency because she collapsed in the last 30 minutes. The mare is recumbent and weak, with respiratory stridor, muscle fasciculations, sweating, prolapse of the third eyelid and her lips pulled back spasmodically, like a grin.

T=100.2 F, HR=24 bpm, RR=16 brpm

The hose is hydrated and has had no recent history of colic. During the examination, she improves markedly and within 60 minutes, stands and appears normal again with no treatment. What is the clinical diagnosis?

Diets high in Potassium (i.e. alfalfa hay, molasses, electrolyte supplements, kelp-based supplements)

Fasting

In September, two Quarthorse mares are presented that are pastured in a group of 5 in Oklahoma. The horses eat pasture grass supplemented by alfalfa hay and a small amount of grain. One mare was found peracutely dead this morning. The other is depressed, anorexic and colicy. Physical exam revelas dark, congested mucous membranes with small ulcer-like erosions. The mare makes frequent attempts to urinate, yielding red urine with a USG of 1.006. She makes repeated attemps to drink small amounts of water and keeps her muzzle submerged in the water trough. Necropsy of the other mare shows that the stomach and bladder linings are irritated and hemorrhagic.

T=102.7 F, HR=40 bpm, RR=20 brpm

What is the diagnosis?

A flock from a local broiler poultry farm is presented. Half of the flock has died in the last 10 days. Examination of the flock shows chickens that are gasping and coughing, extending their necks to inhale. Some have blood-stained beaks. There are no obvious neurologic signs. Necropsy finds hemorrhagic airways. What is the most likely diagnosis?

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Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)

A flock from an egg layer poultry operation is presented to investigate an outbreak of respiratory disease among a mixed-age population of adult chickens. The owner reports a sidden onset of sneezing, nasal discharge, and facial swelling among about 30% of the birds. What is the clinical diagnosis?

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A clinic's waiting room has:

A Rottweiler with a foreleg osteosarcoma

A white mouse with a mammary gland tumor on her belly

A Norway rat with a mammary gland tumor near her neck

A snot-nosed ferret with a chin rash and eye crusts

A thin boa constrictor that lies in dorsal recumbency

Which of these animals has the best prognosis?

A fecal examination on a 7 year old dog, shows the following organism. What is the best treatment?

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What term describes excessive growth of granulation tissue around a healing wound?

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A dozen young chickens at a broiler-raising facility are found dead on their backs and sides with no premonitory signs. Other birds appear cyanotic, with distended and reddened abdomens and congested blood vessels. Affected birds have tachypnea and reduced excercise tolerance. What is the clinical diagnosis of a bird with these lesions?

[image]

Right ventricular heart failure

Pulmonary hypertension

Hepatic failure

An adult chicken is presented for necropsy after sudden death at a poultry operation. What is the primary diagnosis with the following lesions on necropsy?

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A 10 year old female spayed Irish Setter is presented with a 2 day history of progressively worsening lethargy, weakness, and inappetence. Physical exam shows pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, bounding pulses and discolored urine. What are the key elements of acute treatment for this dog?

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Immunosuppressive therapy (Prednisone)

Anticoagulants (Heparin)

Blood Transfusion

1-2 mg/kg BID

can be given orally, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly

0.15-0.25 mg/kg BID

given intravenously

Thrombocytopenia

Thromboembolism

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A newborn calf is presented with joints fixed in abnormal positions, kyphosis, and a cleft palate. What exposure during pregnancy for the cow may have caused this problem in-utero in the calf?

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Lupine spp.

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A 6 months old Manchester terrier is presented with a 4 week history of hindlimb lameness. What is the diagnosis concluded from the following radiograph?

[image]

Manchester terrier

Yorkshire terrier

Miniature Poodle

Chihuahua

What is the typical treatment of a dog with the following condition?

[image]

NSAIDs

Femoral Head/Neck Osteotomy

(Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head)

An alpaca is presented in poor body condition with an unkempt coat, patchy alopecia and severe pruritis and crusting of the extremities. What is the most appropriate diagnostic step?

[image]

Skin scrape and microscopic examination to confirm Sarcoptic mange

Avermectic family drug once every two weeks subcutaneously

Amitraz

Fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses are often associated with damage to what structure?

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Feline leukemia (FeLV)

Rabies

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

(due to mechanical fragmentation of erythrocytes)

Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

Sets minimal standards of care for laboratory animals

Regulates pet trade, animal transport, and licensure of animal dealers

Prohibits commercial animal fighting

A multiparoud cow that calved 2 months ago is presented with a history of blood-stained urine for the last week. Today, the cow is off-feed and colicky switching her tail restlessly and urinating frequently. A cowside dipstick test shows hematuria and proteinuria. The bladder, ureters, and left kidney feel grossly normal on rectal palpation.

T=103.8 F, HR=70 bpm, RR=32 brpm

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 4 year old Quarterhorse mare is presented with a runny left eye and urine-scalded perineum. No other horses on the farm are sick. Physical exam reveals a corneal ulcer, keratitis OS, and atrophy of the temporal and masseter muscles. There is decreased perineal sensation, a weak tail, and weak anal sphincter with retained manure. The horse is BAR.

T=102.2 F, HR=40 bpm, RR=12 brpm

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Two blood samples are shown from a 4 year old spayed female Doberman Pinscher that presented with a 2 day history of progressive weakness and inappetance. Physical exam shows icterus, pale mucous membranes and tachycardia. What message should be communicated to the owner?

[image]

Anemia

Thromboembolism

A 4 year old Quarterhorse presents with a 3 week history of diffuse patchy alopecia on the ventral midline and face, including a bulls-eye lesion in the center of the forehead. There is a mild conjunctivitis and uveitis OU. A punch is shown. What is the most appropriate treatment?

[image]

Weight loss

Diet

Oral hypoglycemic drugs

Correction of concurrent insulin antagonistic disease

A 3 year old male neutered Weimaraner dog is presented with a 2 day history of worsening anorexia, lethargy, cough, and excercise intolerance. On physical exam, the mucous membranes are pale with a few petechia.

T=99.8 F, HR=144 bpm, RR=24 brpm

A coagulation profile:

Thrombocytes: 343,500/uL, BMBT=normal, aPTT=increased, PT=increased, TT=normal, FDPs=normal

What is the most appropriate diagnosis?

A 4-yr old thoroughbred mare is presented with sudden onset of profuse watery diarrhea and marked depression. The mare has been intermittently treated with phenylbutazone over the last 2 months for minor lameness and was transported by trailer for 9 hours recently. On phyical exam, the horse is dehydrated, with slow capillary refill time, purplish mucous membranes and cold extremities.

T=100.0 F, HR=48 bpm, RR= 32 brpm, PCV= 65%

The horse dies 3 hours later. On necropsy there is blood-stained fluid in the intestines and pronounced edema and hemorrhage in the wall of the large colon and cecum.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A commercial pig farm experiences and explosive outbreak of respiratory disease with high mortality, primarily in young pigs under 6 months of age. Affected pigs show severe respiratory distress, fever up to 107 F, anorexia and reluctance to move. Some animals display open-mouth breathing with a blood-stained frothy nasal and oral discharge. On necropsy, the lungs are bilaterally dark and swollen and ooze blood fluid from the cut surface.

[image]

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A number of older cows in a Texas herd are losing condition rapidly with a corresponding drop in milk production. Two pregnant animals have aborted. Affected animals are off feed, uncoordinated and out of breath after exertion. On physical exam, affected cows have a rapid bounding pulse and pale mucous membranes. One animal appears icterus with a temperature of 105 F. A blood smear looks like this:

[image]

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Acepromazine

Ketamine

A 12 yo neutered male cat is presented with a history of vomiting, weight loss, increased drinking, polyphagia and recent urinary accidents in the house. On physical exam, the patient is unthrifty and tachycardic with a moderate systolic heart murmur loudest on the left.

T: 102 F, HR: 172 bpm, RR: 38 bpm

PCV: 40, WBC: 14,810

Na: 157, K: 4.1

LDH: 250, ALT: 108, TP: 6.2, Glu: 140

BUN: 42, CREA: 1.9, Bili: 0.2, USG: 1.017

Which test is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?

Mitotane

Trilostane

A 3 year old Irish Setter presents with a history of lameness and swelling in the distal forelimb. What is the presumptive diagnosis?

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An obese 6 year old neutered male Pomeranian presents with a 2-year history of intermittent dry, honking cough. This morning he started retching. The dog never boards in a kennel and has not traveled recently. On physical exam, a cough can be eliicited by pressing on the trachea. A heart murmur is noted, loudest on the left at the 5-6th intercostal space. The rest of the exam  was unremarkable.

T: 102.2, HR: 120 bpm, RR: 80 brpm, CRT: 2s

What diagnosis is at the top of the differential list?

Toy breeds

Pomeranian

Toy Poodle

Miniature Poodle

Yorkshire Terrier

This calf was aborted at 7.5 months pregnancy in early fall. The dam was a primiparous beef animal housed oon pasture in Northern California. Necropsy revealed multiple petechial hemorrhages on the palate and sclera and mucus membranes of the fetus and marked lymphadenopathy. The calf was not decomposed and the cow retained the placenta. What is the most likely cause of abortion in this case?

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This 3 year old Charolais bull weighing 2100 lbs was found at pasture walking in circles. He has been fed silage enriched with 5% dried chicken litter in addition to the winter pasture. Physical exam findings include

T: 104.6, HR: 46 bpm, RR: 21 brpm

He is depressed, anorectic, and drooling with a head tilt to the right. The right ear and eyelid both droop. The bull is ataxiz with predominantly right sided proprioceptive deficits. A sample of CSF has normal color but increased mononuclear cell count and proptein concentration. What is the most likely diagnosis?

[image]

Rule outs for older calf diarrhea include:

Salmonella

Coccidia

Ostertagia

BVD

Winter Dysentery (Coronavirus)

Johne's Disease

White Muscle Disease

Enterotoxemia

Colibacillosis

Deworm cows post-calving, calves by midsummer, all stock in fall

(Dx: Ostertagiosis)

This is a corneal abscess secondary to infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye).

What is the most commonly recognized organism that causes pinkeye in COWS?

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Grain overload

Overeating on lush, high protein spring grass

Colic

Metabolic acidosis

Exposure to black walnut

Overexercise on hard surfaces

Referred lameness from another limb