Term
| Esophageal obstruction is aka ____. It is usually caused by what? |
|
Definition
choke;
grain, hay, pelleted feeds, shavings, FB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequent attemps to swallow, ptaslism, retching, feed/saliva draining, stretching of neck |
|
|
Term
| Common locations for choke: |
|
Definition
cranial esophagus,
thoracic inlet,
heart base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sedation, mm relaxtion, NT tube/lavage, IV fluids, NSAIDs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equine gastric ulcer syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Where are gastric ulcers located in the adult horse and in foals? |
|
Definition
Adults: Non-glandular (along margo plicatus)
Foals: glandular, duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acid reducers (H2 antag, PPI, Antacids), Mucosal protectants (Sucralfate), Management (reduce stress, pasture/frequent feeding) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the most frequent cause of infectious colitis in the horse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Salmonella diagnosed in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is associated with acute colitis in the horse following AB treatment. It is a Gram ____. |
|
Definition
Clostridium difficile
Gram + rod |
|
|
Term
| ____causes peracute bloody diarrhea in foals and profuse dark and foul smelling diarrhea in adults. It is gram ___. |
|
Definition
Clostridium perfringes
Exotoxin A and C
Gram + |
|
|
Term
| How is Clostridium perfringes diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Potomac Horse Fever? |
|
Definition
| Equine monocytic erhlichiosis, Neorickettsi risticci |
|
|
Term
| Where/when is Potomac horse fever seen? |
|
Definition
| NE and mid altantic in July-Sept |
|
|
Term
| How is Potomac horse fever diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of canthardin toxicosis? |
|
Definition
| blister beetles in alfalfa hay in late summer/early fall |
|
|
Term
| What does cathanrdin do to the horse? |
|
Definition
| sloughing of all mucosa, diarrhea, hemorrhagic cystitis/nephritis, oral ulcer |
|
|
Term
| What would be some clinical signs of canthardin toxicosis? |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, oral ulceration, rapid death, DECREASE ALB/Ca |
|
|
Term
| What does NSAID toxicity cause? |
|
Definition
| gastric/oral ulceration, renal papillary necrosis, RDC |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of NSAID toxicity in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes NSAID toxicity worse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Lawsonia intracellularis do? |
|
Definition
| proliferative enteropathy (also in horses); profound hyperplasia of the intestinal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What age of horses are affected by Lawsonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluids, anti-diarrheas (biosponge, bismuth), anti-inflammatory/analgesia, AB controversial |
|
|
Term
| The use of AB in colitis is controversial, what are the different AB for them: |
|
Definition
| C. difficle: Metronidazole, PHF: Oxytetra, Lawsonia: Erythromycin/Rifampin |
|
|
Term
| What should not be felt on rectal exam: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of liver disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lab signs of liver disease: |
|
Definition
| increased GGT, SDH, AST, ALP, Direct BIL, Bile acids |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of liver disease: |
|
Definition
| low protein diet, reduce ammonia producing bacteria in the gut (metronidazole, neomycin), anti-inflammatories, IV fluids |
|
|
Term
| What's Theiler's disease? |
|
Definition
| serum sickness; acute hepatic necrosis, occurs 4-10 wks after recieveing equine origin biologics (vx, antisera); poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What does the biopsy show in the case of Theiller's disease? |
|
Definition
| mid-zonal hepatic necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is Tyzzler's disease? |
|
Definition
Clostridium pilliformis (acute hepatic necorsis)
seen in newborn foals (7-42 days old), |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of Tyzzler's disease? |
|
Definition
| severely ILL and icteric foal, increased bilirubin, hypoglycemia; grave prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Biopsy findings of Tyzzler's disease? |
|
Definition
| intracytoplasmic organisms seen with silver stain (in hepatocytes) |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of chronic active hepatitis in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what age group is cholithiasis seen in horses? What are the clinical signs? |
|
Definition
| 6-15 yo, intermittent signs |
|
|
Term
| What gets hyperlipidemia/hepatic lipidosis? |
|
Definition
| minature horses/donkeys/ponies, obesity |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose hyperlipidemia? |
|
Definition
| TG >500 (the higher the TG, the poorer the prognosis) |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of sinusitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are primary causes of sinusitis? |
|
Definition
| empyema (bacterial or viral URI) |
|
|
Term
| Secondary causes of sinusitis? |
|
Definition
| fungal granuloma, neoplasia, dental disease |
|
|
Term
| ____are encapsulated angiomatous masses found in the URT, etiology is unknown. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of ethmoid hematoma? |
|
Definition
| intermittent unilateral epistaxis in horses > 6 yo |
|
|
Term
| How are ethmoid hematomas dx? |
|
Definition
| endoscope: 50% are bilateral so SCOPE BOTH SIDES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4% formalin injections, sx (lots of blood), 50% reoccur |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of strangles? |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus equi equi, highly contagious (<5 yo) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose Strangles? |
|
Definition
| Culture/PCR of guttural pouch lavage or nasopharyngeal swab or lavage |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of strangles? |
|
Definition
| Isolation, AB (if complicated case only-Penicillin), LN drainage/compress, anti-inflammatories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chondroid formation, tracheotomy, bastard strangles, purpera hemorrhagica |
|
|
Term
| Signs of purpera hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
aspectic vasculitis: immune complexes(IgA + M protein)
Signs are delayed: pitting edema in four legs and petichae |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for purpera hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin, dex, anti-inflammatories |
|
|
Term
| What AB should you use to treat pneumonia? |
|
Definition
Gram +: Pen, Ceftiofur
Gram -: Gentamycin, Enrofloxacin
Anaerobes: Pen, Metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| What does Rhodococcus equi cause? |
|
Definition
| PNEUMONIA IN FOALS (1-6m), chronic pyogranulamatous pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Rhodococcus equi? |
|
Definition
| AB (min 8-10 weeks): Macrolide (erythromycin, clarithro, azithro) + Rifampin, Strict exercise rest, if severe oxygen, bronchodilators, fluids |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of pleuropneumonia? |
|
Definition
| most arise as an extension of pneumonia or lung abscess...Streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of pleuropneumonia? |
|
Definition
| guarded cough, painful/stilted gait, nasal dc |
|
|
Term
| How does pleuropneumonia ASCULT? |
|
Definition
| ABSENT LUNG SOUNDS VENTRALLY, RADIATING HEART SOUNDS DORSALLY |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for pleuropneumonia? |
|
Definition
| broad spec AB, remove excess pleural fluid, anti-inflammatories, analgesics, IV fluids |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Viral pneumonia in horses? |
|
Definition
| EHV 1/4 (4 also causes abortion and CNS), INFLUENZA(most common, highly contagious), Adenovirus |
|
|
Term
| What are some other names for COPD of horses? |
|
Definition
| Heaves, recurrent airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
| What are some etiologies of COPD? |
|
Definition
| hypersenstive to dust, molds, forage mites, aerosolized endotoxin |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of COPD? |
|
Definition
| chronic cough, mucopurulent nasal discharge, increase RR/effort, nostril flare, exercise intolerance, heave line, NO FEVER |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of COPD in horses? |
|
Definition
| bronchodilator, reduce pulmonary inflammation (steriods), remove offending agent (stall), reduce pulmonary irritants (soak hay, pelleted feeds) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common endocrine disease in horses that is a progressive chronic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes equine cushings? |
|
Definition
| pars intermedia dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of equine cushings? |
|
Definition
| HIRSITISM, muscle wasting, PU/PD/polyphagia, decrease response to pain |
|
|
Term
| How is equine cushing's diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| DEX SUPPRESSION**, plasma ACTH and DST (be careful interpreting in Sept) |
|
|
Term
| How is equine cushings treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equine metabolic syndrome is aka: |
|
Definition
| peripheral cushing's syndrome, equine syndrome X |
|
|
Term
| Equine metabolic syndrome is characterized by: |
|
Definition
| obesity, insulin resistance, risk of laminitis, hypertension |
|
|
Term
| How is equine metabolic syndrome diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| CS, resting insulin/glucose (high, high insulin with increase to normal glucose) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| low carb diet (no grain), exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides, NSAIDS, Cestrum diurnam, Lepto |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of ARF in horses? |
|
Definition
| depression, anorexia, PU/anuria, signs of primary dz |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of CRF in horses? |
|
Definition
| Glomerulonephritis, chronic intersitial nephritis, pyelonephritis, amyloidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weight loss, PU, anorexia, ventral edema (PLN) |
|
|
Term
| The cerebral cortex is in control of: |
|
Definition
| behavior and metal status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cerebellum is in control of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spinal cord is responsible for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| damage to SNS to head caused by: perivascular injections, jugular trauma, GUTTURAL POUCH MYCOSIS, trauma to basisphenoid, cervical abscess/trauma, periorbital mass, esophageal rupture |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| ptosis, miosis, endopthalmos, protrusion of nicitating membrane, sweating |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of viral encephalomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| Alpha: EEE, WEE, VEE; Flavi: WNV |
|
|
Term
| Can horses transmit viral encephalitis to humans? |
|
Definition
| Only VEE because horses develop a high viremia |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of VEE, WEE, EEE? |
|
Definition
Early: fever, anorexia, stiffness
Later: hyperestesia, aggression, continious chewing, frantic bx
Advanced: head pressing, circling, compulsive walking |
|
|
Term
| How is viral encephalitis transmitted? Main host? |
|
Definition
| Carried by birds, main host: mosquitoes |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical course of rabies in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clostridium tetani; HIGH mortality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sarcocystis neurona, carried by birds/oppossums |
|
|
Term
| What kind of lesions does EPM cause? |
|
Definition
| focal, multifocal, or diffuse, asymmetric, nonsuppurative inflammatory lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Western blot ELISA (80% of healthy horses have titers) use with CS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PONAZURIL, TMS + PYRIMETHAMINE, NITAZOXANIDE |
|
|
Term
| What are metabolic causes of CNS signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are toxic causes of CNS disease in horses? |
|
Definition
| leukoencephalomalacia, nigropalidal encephalomalacia, Pb posioning |
|
|
Term
| What are degenerative causes of CNS signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical signalment of CVM? |
|
Definition
| TB 6m-3yrs, rapidly growing animals |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of CVM? |
|
Definition
| ataxia/spasticity/weakness in all 4 but > in rear |
|
|
Term
| Recurrent equine rabdomyolysis aka: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of RER? |
|
Definition
| racing TB, 3-4 yo filly, >10# grain (carb)/day |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of RER? |
|
Definition
| mild-severe cramping of hindquarters, pain, myoglobinuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caffine or halothane contracture test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IV fluids, muscle relaxants, sedation, analgesia, minimize stress, reduced CHO diet (increase calories from fat), DANTROLENE |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical signalment of HyPP? |
|
Definition
| (Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis); QH, Paint, Appaloosa--Impressive gene |
|
|
Term
| Hypp is an autosomal ___ trait, a point mutation located on___________. |
|
Definition
dominant,
skeletal mm Na channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mm faciculations, myotonia, yawning, prolapsed 3rd eyelid, dog-sit stance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic testing: mane, hair
K+, >5 during episodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immediate: Dextrose, Ca gluconate slow IV, Na bicarb
Longterm: low K diets (no alfalfa or molasses), small frequent meals, avoid stalling, min stress
ACETAZOLAMIDE (K losing diuretic) |
|
|
Term
| What is PSSM? Who gets it? |
|
Definition
polysaccharide storage myopathy
QH, paint, appaloosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sore muscles, especially after 20 minutes of exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point mutation of glycogen synthase enzyme-->accumulation of abnormal polysaccharide in skeletal m-->higher glycogen content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bx: abnormal polysaccharide
genetic test: hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regular exercise, diet (low glycemic index, increase calories from fat) |
|
|
Term
| Most common heart defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of atrial fibrillation? |
|
Definition
| history of exercise intolerance, epistaxis post exercise, common and NOT always symptomatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quinadine, if high HR use Digoxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What AB shouldn't be used in horses? |
|
Definition
| clindamycin, lincomycin, macrolides (careful) |
|
|
Term
| Treating navicular disease? |
|
Definition
| egg bar shoe, want to raise the heel, PDN nerve block |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart bar shoe, NO corticosteriods |
|
|
Term
| Number 1 cause of anestrus during breeding in the mare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat a persistant CL? |
|
Definition
| PGF2alpha (Luteolyse) or Fluprostenol (Equimate) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of non-infectious abortion in the mare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 90% of lameness are located in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heel block (palmar digital nerve block)-navicular dz
pastern block (foot block, abaxial sesamoid nerve block)-acute laminitis
fetlock block (low 4 pt, low palmar) |
|
|
