Term
|
Definition
| Sarcocystis neurona; 2 host cycle with BIRDS AND OPOSSUMS, 1-6 yo |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| vague multifocal asymmetric neuro signs with focal mm atrophy (quads and glutes), hyperreflexive, spastic, local sweating, head tilt, facial paralysis, circling, acute recumbancy if brainstem involved |
|
|
Term
| What lesions are associated with EPM? |
|
Definition
| asymmetric, nonsuppurative inflammatory lesions in brainstem, spinal cord; damage to grey and white matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Western blot (ab=exposure) on serum or CSF
PONAZURIL, TMS+Pyrimethamine, Nitazoxanide |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Equine viral arteritis? |
|
Definition
"epizootic cellulitis", "equine typhoid" TOGAVIRUS
spread by respiratory or venereal from infected semen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VASCULITIS, COUGHING, SNOT-NOSED WITH PUFFY EYES AND LEGS, EDEMA, CONJUNCTIVITIS/RHINITIS, abortion-rare, fever, icterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
VI ro PCR, naospharyngeal swab
quarantine, AB, supportive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maangement-test semen
MLVx prepubertal colts |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of choke? |
|
Definition
| PELLETED FEED, rapid eating, dental problems, esophageal stricture |
|
|
Term
| What are common choke location? |
|
Definition
| cranial esophagus, thoracic inlet, heart base |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mm relaxation (xylazine, torb, detomidine); careful lavage, fluids |
|
|
Term
| Encapsulated angiomatous mass found in OLDER horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are signs of ethmoid hematoma? |
|
Definition
| hemorrhage: intermittent unilateral epistaxis; 50% are bilateral |
|
|
Term
| What are tx for ethmoid hematomas? |
|
Definition
4% formalehyde injection, sx
recurrance common |
|
|
Term
| What is exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage and what causes it? |
|
Definition
MOST racehorses
unknown: pulmonary hypertension, neovascularization, coagulopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exercise intolerance: IN SHORT PERIODS OF STRENOUS EXERCISE, hemorrhage in LRT, epistaxis, swallowing excessively, coughing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are causes of facial nerve paralysis in horses? |
|
Definition
| recumbent due to nerve compreesion on down side or halter during anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of facial nerve paralysis? |
|
Definition
IPSILATERAL LIP paralsysi with lip pulled OPPOSITE SIDE from lesion (contralateral)
weak/absent PALPEBRAL, DROOPED EAR |
|
|
Term
| Metacarpal-phalangeal joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ddx for fever and neuro signs: |
|
Definition
| rabies, WNV, EHV1, Encephalitities |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the SUPRASPINOUS BURSA (btw T2-T5)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes fistulous withers? |
|
Definition
| ACTINOMYCES BOVIS, BRUCELLA ABORTUS |
|
|
Term
| How do you dx fistulous withers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ddx for foal diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| foal heat diarrhea, Rhodococcus equi, clostridium perfringes ABC, cryptosporidium, strongyloides westerii, ROTAVIRUS |
|
|
Term
| How is strongyloides westerii diarrhea in foals spred? |
|
Definition
| mares transmit in milk, can migrate through the lungs, tx pp mare with ivermectin |
|
|
Term
| The most common cause of diarrhea in foals is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does rotavirus cause diarrhea?
Clinical signs? |
|
Definition
| destroys absorptive intestinal cells in SI-->MALABSORTIVE DIARRHEA; depressed, anorexia, watery diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Why are horses more prone to gastric ulcers? |
|
Definition
| CONSTANTLY secrete gastric fluid rather than just after a meal |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of glomerulonephritis in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tx for glomerulonephritis in the horse? |
|
Definition
low protein diet(decrease proteinuria and BUN), plasma transfusion, steriods
NOT Lasix (only for oliguric RF) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common OVARIAN TUMOR of the horse? |
|
Definition
| granulosa-thecal cell tumor, benign |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of granulosa-thecal cell tumors? |
|
Definition
| infertility, abnormal sexual bx, large multicystic ovary/other is small, PREVENTS CYCLING because no gonadotrophin secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the guttural pouch? |
|
Definition
CN 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 (NOT 8)
external and internal carotid a, sympathetic trunk, Strep equi zoo normal |
|
|
Term
| What are some approaches to the guttural pouch? |
|
Definition
| Viborg's triangle, modified whitehouse, hyovertebrotomy |
|
|
Term
| Horse with intermittent snotty nose and swelling on the side of the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Filly with a nonpainflu pouch filled with air on the side of her nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A neurologic horse with a really bad nose bleed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horse with profuse nose bleeds following trauma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DDx of epistaxis from GP area? |
|
Definition
| GP mycosis, longus capitus rupture |
|
|
Term
| DDx for nasal d/c (guttural pouch dZ)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DDx for increased respiratory signs (guttural pouch dz)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DDX for parotid swelling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surgical approach via Viborg's triangle
lavage, lance abscess
failure to tx-->chondroid material accumulation that will become hard inspissated pus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systemic and topical antifungal, occlude aa (ligate internal carotid a) |
|
|
Term
| Tx for longuscapitis mm rupture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Haemotobia irritans and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
Horn fly that feeds on blood causing VENTRAL MIDLINE DERMATITIS
It is the IH for STEPAHNOFILARIA STILESI (a filarial parasite taht causes plaque lesions on ventrum of cattle) |
|
|
Term
| What is the tx for Haemotobia irritans? |
|
Definition
| sprays, dust bags, or insecticide feed additives |
|
|
Term
| What is a heart-bar shoe used for? |
|
Definition
| CHRONIC LAMINITIS: supports P3 by pressing up on frog |
|
|
Term
| Seen small FAT ponies with increased TG, liver enzymes, and decreased albumin and glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tx for hepatic lipidosis in horses? |
|
Definition
| dextrose, insulin, heparin |
|
|
Term
| What causes hyperkalemic periodic paralysis? |
|
Definition
autosomal dominant "impressive" QH
point mutation in Na channels causing leakage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased K, BRADYCARDIA, muscle fasciculations, collapse, myotonia, dog sitting, death, standstill |
|
|
Term
| What are triggers for HyPP? |
|
Definition
high K diets (alflafa, molasses, electrolyte supp)
fasting, anesthesia, ehavy sedation, trailer rides, stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
K levels in blood or genetic hair test
NA Bicarb (drives K back inot cells by pulling H out)
Ca BOROGLUCONATE
Dextrose (insulin drives K in) |
|
|
Term
| How can HyPP episodes be prevented? |
|
Definition
low K diet (Timothy or Bermuda)
ACETAZOLAMIDE (increases renal excretion of K) |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of hypothyroidism in horses? |
|
Definition
| foals with iodine deficiency or excess |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of hypothyroidism in horses? |
|
Definition
| physeal dysgenesis, incoordination, limb deformitities, tendon ruptures, still births, weakness, death |
|
|
Term
| DDx for pre-hepatic icterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theiler's disease, Tyzzer's disease (Clostridium piliforms) |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology for inflammatory airway disease in horses? |
|
Definition
| multiple...allergic dz, recurrent pulmonary stress, persistant viral infectinon, Strep pneumoniae---LRT dz |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of inflammatory airway disease? |
|
Definition
| chronic cough, snot-nosed horse |
|
|
Term
| Dx of inflammatory airway dz? |
|
Definition
history and clinical signs
BAL (mixed: environmental or previous infectious dz, MC: local hypersen/early COPD, eosinophilic: type I hypersen, parasitic) |
|
|
Term
| Etiology and transmission for equine influenza? |
|
Definition
| ORTHOMYXOVIRUS, highly contagious, young horses, AEROSOL |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of influenza? |
|
Definition
| explsoive outbreaks, no abortions, coughing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viral isolation of nasopharyngeal swabs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are causes of laminitis? |
|
Definition
| GRAIN O/L, retained placenta, endotoxemia, colic, black walnut shavings, overexercise on hard surfaces, steriods, obesity, cushings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CROUCHED, RELUCTANT TO STAND/WALK, feet thrust forward. Acute: warm feet with boudning pulses, exercise resistant. Chronic: laminar rings, osteoporosis, rotation of pedal bone, "slipper foot", "scissor claw" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rads: lack of parallelism btw P3 and hoof wall; assess blood supply |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat acute laminitis? |
|
Definition
| EMERGENCY 12 HRS, MINERAL OIL (3-4 L IN NG TUBE), NSAIDS, support sole (sand), ALPHA ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS--PROMORTE DIGITAL CIRCULATION, eparin to prevent coag/DIC, giital PASTERN neree block, inmprove keritinaization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NO steriods (causes vasoconstriction)
therapeutic shoeing, build up toe, resect damage wall, tenotomy/desmotomy |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common URT obstruction in horses and what is teh etiology? |
|
Definition
"roarers", laryngeal hemiplegia
idiopathic: abductor mm dysfucntion, damage LRL n. |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of laryngeal hemiplegia? |
|
Definition
| INSPIRATORY NOISE, exercise intolerance, >90% LEFT sided |
|
|
Term
| How is laryngeal hemiplegia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
endoscope larynx
grade I: synchronous, full abdu; grade II: asynchronous, full abd; grade III: asynch, incomplete abd; grade IV: complete paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the tx for laryngeal hemiplegia? |
|
Definition
| sx: prosthetic laryngoplasty, ventriculecotmy, arytenoidectomy |
|
|
Term
| What does Lawsonia intracellularis cause in horses? |
|
Definition
| 4-6m foals; PROLIFERATIVE ENTERITIS with mucosal hyperplasia, attacks CRYPTS |
|
|
Term
| What is the tx for Lawsonia intracelluaris? |
|
Definition
| Erythromycin and Rifampin |
|
|
Term
| What does Leptospirosis do to horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lethal white syndrome? |
|
Definition
| ILEOCOLIC AGANGLIOSIS in overo pains taht give birth to all white foals with blue eyes |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of lethal white syndrome? |
|
Definition
| intestinal hypomotility, megacolin, constipation, colic, DEATH |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of lice in horses? |
|
Definition
| wight loss, irritability, rough hair coat, unthriftiness, anemia if enough lice |
|
|
Term
| How is lice treated in horses? |
|
Definition
| topical OP or synthetic pyrethroids, Ivermectin |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of liver disease? |
|
Definition
| weight loss, pruritis, inspiratory stridor, CNS signs |
|
|
Term
| What are bloodwork abnormalities seen with liver failure in horses? |
|
Definition
| increased GGT (cholestasis), SDH (hepatic), AST (mm), ALP (bone), bile acids, BIL |
|
|
Term
| What is the general treatment for horses with liver disease? |
|
Definition
| IV fluids with Dextrose, decreased protein diet, kill ammonia producing bacteria in gut, branch-chain aa (decreases hepatic encephalopathy) |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of liver disease in horses? |
|
Definition
| Theiler's, Tyzzer's, chronic megalocytic hepatopathy, hepatic lipidosis |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes are used to measure M/S disorders? |
|
Definition
CK has a short 1/2 life
AST has a longer 1/2 life |
|
|
Term
| How can you diagnose M/S disorders such as HyPP, PSSM, RER? |
|
Definition
exercise test: meausre CK and AST before and after
if >2-4x increase, also needs to be normal within 24 hrs |
|
|
Term
| What is the "false nostril" in the horse? |
|
Definition
| nsala diverticulum, a blind cutaeous POUCH in dorsal nasal passage, can trap an ET tube |
|
|
Term
| What does navicular disease cause? |
|
Definition
| forelimb lameness, heel pain |
|
|
Term
| How is navicular disease diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| flexion test of distal limb makes lameness worse, abndomal gait, LOLIPOPS on rads |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat navicular disease? |
|
Definition
| egg bar shoe (heel elevation), digital neurectomy (if no response to medical tx after 6-12 wks) |
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