Term
sporadic, rapidly progressive disease of foals characterized by acute respiratory distress and high mortality.
Cyanotic foal with a fever. |
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Definition
| acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia of foals |
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Term
| What are causes of acute broncho-interstitial pneumonia of foals? |
|
Definition
no virus or bacteria consistant
Rhodococcus equi, Pseudomonas, Pneumocystis, Erythromycin AB given, warm weather |
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Term
| What are clincial signs/clin path of acute broncho-interstitial pneumonia of foals? |
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Definition
| 1wk-8m foal, ONE foal on farm, cyanosis, fever, respiratory acidosis, HPP high, neutrophilia |
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Term
| Diagnosis of acute broncho-intersitial pneumonia of foals? |
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Definition
| RADS, necropsy (inflated lungs that fail to inflate, rib lines) |
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Term
| What is the treatment for acute broncho-intersitial pneumonia of foals? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the shock organs of the horse? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are signs of anaphylactic reaction in horses? |
|
Definition
respiratory and lower GI signs (dyspnea, diarrhea)
anxiety, tachycardia, piloerection, sweating |
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Term
| What are ddx for anemia and edema in horses? |
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Definition
big 3 (PEE): purpera, EIA, EVA
babesia, ehrlicia |
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Term
| What does the auriculopalpebral nerve block do? |
|
Definition
| blocks motor innervation to orbicularis oculi (can't blink): CN VII |
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Term
| What are clinical signs of Babesia? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| hemolytic anemia, southern US (FL); carriers exists |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Babesia? |
|
Definition
| Diminazine (Burnil), Protozoocide (Imidocarb)-also takes care of carriers, PONAZURIL |
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Term
| How is bacterial pneumonia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| neutrophilia with l shift, up HPP, reactive thrombocytosis, **TTA**, rads |
|
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Term
| How would the different bacterial pneumonias appear radiographically? |
|
Definition
intersitial: nodular-rhodococcus abscess, unstructured-early rhodococcus/viral
Alveolar-bronchopneumonia CrV, CdV |
|
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Term
| What is the treatment of choice for various bacterial pneumonias? |
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Definition
| GP: Pen, Ceftiofur; GN: Gentamycin, Enrofloxacin, Anaerobes: Pen |
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Term
| Chronic SYNOVITIS of TIBIOTARSAL joint of BOTH hindlimbs; swelling/distension of joint capsule from increased synovial fluid formation due to poor conformation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| #1 hock problem in horses; DJD of the TARSAL JOINT |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the equine bots? |
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Definition
| Gasterophilus intestinalis, lay yellow eggs on medial forelimb cannon bone |
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Term
| Used to treat PNEUMOVAGINA to prevent genital infections and infertility, vaginitis, endometritis; must remove before breeding/birth |
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Definition
|
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Term
| most common cerebellar disease in horses, "Dandy-walker syndrome", mdiline defect of cerebellu with cystic dilation of 4th ventricle, seen in 1-6 month foals |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of cerebellar abiotrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of cerebellar abiotrophy? |
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Definition
| intention tremors, lack of menace, hypermetria, ataxia |
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Term
| Aka "Wobblers" and "Cervicle vertebral stenotic myelopathy" |
|
Definition
| cervical vertebral malformation (CVM) |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of CVM? |
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Definition
| developmental disease (6m-3yo rapidly growing with excessive protein and mineral imbalance) |
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Term
| What are the two forms of CVM? |
|
Definition
Cervical vertebral instabilty: ventroflexion of the neck causes cord compression (C3-C6)
Cervical static stenosis: continous compression |
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Term
|
Definition
| spasticity (hind>front), wide base stance, CP deficits |
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Term
| How do you dx and tx CVM? |
|
Definition
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Term
| a foal with milk dripping from NOSTRILS, difficulty sucking, dysphagia, regurgitation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Shaker foal syndrome, #1 signs is tongue hanging out |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Clostridium difficile? |
|
Definition
| GP rod, CYTOTOXIN, ACUTE COLITIS after AB tx |
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|
Term
| How do you dx and tx Clostridium difficile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of Clostridium perfringes? |
|
Definition
foals that die rapidly (<10 days old)
bloody diarrhea, exotoxins (G+) |
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Term
|
Definition
| DDF contracture, upright feet |
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|
Term
| What are causes of colic in newborn foals? |
|
Definition
| meconium impaction (epithelial cells, mucus, bile) |
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|
Term
| What are the most common causes of colic in Minature Horses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of colic in a post-partum mare? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be a high ddx if you insert a NG tube and there is lots of reflux with a pH>5? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes colitis in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical pathology signs of a horse with colitis? |
|
Definition
| decreased PCV (hemodilution), decreased Ca, azotemia, decreased electrolytes, metabolic acidosis |
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|
Term
| What is the treatment for colitis in horses? |
|
Definition
| fluids, antidirrheals (Biosponge, charcoal, bismuth), anti-inflammatories, anti-endotoxin (polymyxin B) |
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Term
| How do you determine if a colic horse needs sx? |
|
Definition
| non-responsive to analgesics, hx, NG reflux, rectal exam, HR (if HR>80, poor prognosis--needs fluids now) |
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Term
|
Definition
| combined immunodefiiciency in ARABIAN foals, immunodeficient in B and T LYMPHOCYTES |
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Term
| What are signs and tx for CID foals? |
|
Definition
persistant infection and persistant lymphopenia
no tx |
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Term
|
Definition
| "heaves", ALLERGIC DZ exacerbated by hay,dust, mold |
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|
Term
| What are clinical signs of COPD in horses? |
|
Definition
| coughing, wheezing, SNOT-NOSED horses WITHOUT FEVER, increased expiratory effort due to bronchoconstriction, >6yo, heave line |
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Term
| How do you treat COPD in horses? |
|
Definition
| decrease exposure, bronchodilators + steriods |
|
|
Term
| What is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| "Pigeon fever", ulcerative lymphangitis, pectoral abscesses |
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|
Term
| How is pigeon fever diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Hemaglutination inhibition test, high WBC, HPP,globulins |
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Term
|
Definition
hot pack, drain abscess
NO AB--delay abscess formation |
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Term
| What are ddx for crusting dermal lesions of horses? |
|
Definition
| dermatophytosis (ringworm), generalized granulomatous disease, dermatophilosis (rain scald), pemphigus foliaceus |
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|
Term
| What causes "sweet itch" in horses? |
|
Definition
culicoides hypersensitivity; smal fly with mottled wings
seasonal pest in warmer months...transmits ONCOCERCA |
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|
Term
| What is the etiology of Culicoides hypersensitvity? |
|
Definition
| Type I hypersensitivy to saliva, gets worse with age |
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|
Term
| What are clinical signs of culicoides hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| VENTRAL PRURITIS with lesions on POLE, MANE, TAIL from self-trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| thickening fo PLANTAR TRASAL LIGAMENT due to strain |
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Term
| What is the most common endocrine disorder of horses and what is the etiology? |
|
Definition
Cushings
PITUITARY ADENOMA (pars intermedia with no DA inhibitory control secretes ACTH which increases cortisol secretion from the adrenals) |
|
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Term
| What are signs of Cushings in horses? |
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Definition
| HAIRY HORSES, suporbital fat, PU/PD, ravenous appetite, weakness, fevers, older horses or ponies, narcolepsy |
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|
Term
| How is Cushing's dx in horses? |
|
Definition
Dex suppression test (don't do in Sept)if + then cortisol doesn't suppress
increased glu, GGT, stress leukogram |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Cushings in the horse? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is cutaneous habronemiasis? |
|
Definition
| stomach worm that causes "summer sores", worm enters via damaged skin and emerge aroudn eey/male genitalia/lower extremities and cause GRANULOMATOUS LESIONS with dead larvae inside |
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Term
| A swelling at the base of the ear with seromucoid discharge caused by tooth germ tissue in the ear and is treated by surgical removal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dermatophilus congolensis a GP BRANCHING bacteria that enters the damaged skin durgin RAINEY SEASONS |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of Dermatophilus congolensis? |
|
Definition
| DORSAL skin lesions, sticky matted hair with multiple CRUSTS WITH PURULENT EXUDATES |
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|
Term
| How do you treat rain scald? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lungworm of horses that are pastured with donkeys? What is it's ppp? |
|
Definition
Dictyocaulus arnfeldi
2-3 months |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose and tx lungworms? |
|
Definition
BAERMANN FECAL FLOAT
Ivermectin |
|
|
Term
| What causes Dorsal displacement of the soft palate? |
|
Definition
| neuromuscular dysfunction of PHARYNGEAL MM; caudal free margin of SOFT PALATE moves DORSLA TO EPIGLOTTIS and obstructs airway |
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Term
| What are clincal signs of DDSP? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of DDSP? |
|
Definition
conservative: eliminate contributing dz (rest, anti-inflammatories)
surgical: 50% sucess rate (sternothryrohyoidius myectomy, soft palate resection) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are signs of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis? |
|
Definition
| acute colic: increased HR/RR. pain, lots of reflux |
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|
Term
| What is tthe tx and ddx for duodentiis-proximal jejunitis? |
|
Definition
medical management (decompression)
SI obstruction (sx) |
|
|
Term
| What are ddx for dysphagia in the horse? |
|
Definition
| bristle grass, guttural pouch infect8ino, Pb posioning, snake bite, Strep equi, trauma, Yellow star thistle posioning |
|
|
Term
| What is an egg bar shoe and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| used for NAVICULAR DISEASE; raises heel/hoof angle 2-4 degrees |
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Term
|
Definition
RESPIRATORY, ABORTION, ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis |
|
|
Term
| How is EHV-1 transmitted? |
|
Definition
direct: AEROSOL (INHALATION)
indirect: nasal secretions, aborted feces, placenta/placental fluids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| SNOTS AND STORMS: respiratory infections(snots) then 4m later abortion STORMS (last trimester) |
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Term
|
Definition
Respiratory: viral isolation with nasopharyngeal swab (neutropenia, lymphopenia)
abortion: viral isolation (Ag in fetal tissue); aborted tissues: pulmonary edema, pleural fluid, necrosis, petechiation |
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Term
|
Definition
| none-only supportive care |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent EHV-1? |
|
Definition
| vx pregnant mares **5,7,9m gestation** to prevent abortion; no permanent imunity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| EVA, equine influenza, WNV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equine coital exanthema (ECE) which is spred venereally |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of equine coital exantehma? |
|
Definition
| only repro signs: papules, pustules, ulcers to vestibular mucosa, vulvar skin, and penis and prepuce (balanoposthisis) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| spontaenous recovery over 2 weeks, no tx needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mild RESPIRATORY dz in WEANLINGS |
|
|
Term
| What are enteroltiths and where are they found? |
|
Definition
MAP, in transverse colon
ARABIAN horses in CA/FL |
|
|
Term
| What would be clinical signs of epiglottic entrapment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ddx for epistaxis? |
|
Definition
| exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, guttural pouch mycosis |
|
|
Term
| What causes equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy? Clinical signs? |
|
Definition
DEFICENT IN VIT E
wide base stance, CP deficits, ataxia, paresis, spasicity (esp hindlimb) |
|
|
Term
| How is equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy dx? |
|
Definition
| histopath with lesions in caudal brainstem nuclei and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology and clincal signs of equine eosinophilic granulomas? |
|
Definition
"nodular necrobiosis of collagen" or "collagenolytic granuloma"; associated with insect bites, trauma, or multifactoral
NODULAR, NON-ULCERATIVE mass NOT pruritic |
|
|
Term
| How is equine eosinophilic granuloma diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| biopsy: COLLAGEN DEGRADATION AND GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION WITH EOSINOPHILS |
|
|
Term
| How is euqine eosinophilic granuloma treated? |
|
Definition
sublesional corticosteriod injections, systemic AB, sx excision
DO NOT hot compress or use chlorhex scrub |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of equien granulocytic ehrlichiosis? |
|
Definition
| Anaplasma phagocytophilia, seasonal necrotizing vascultisi in N CA, carried by ticks, NO CARRIER STATE |
|
|
Term
| What are signs fo equine granulocytic erhlichiosis? |
|
Definition
| ANEMIA AND EDEMA, UNDULATING FEVER, icterus, petechia |
|
|
Term
| How is equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis dx and tx? |
|
Definition
INCLUSION BODIES IN SEGS
OXYTETRACYCLINE +/- steriods is severe |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of equine metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
FAT horses (fat makes pro-inflammatory cytokines)
INSULIN RESISTANCE (tissues can't take up glucose) |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of equine metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
obestiy, insulin resistance, hypertension
all leads to -->LAMINITIS |
|
|
Term
| How is equine metabolic syndrome dx? |
|
Definition
| FAT accumulation, increase cortisol with normal pituitary, high high insulin with normal to increased glu |
|
|
Term
| How is equine metabolic syndrome tx? |
|
Definition
| wt loss, exercise, LOW CARB diet |
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