Term
| What are signs of abomasal torsion? |
|
Definition
| decreased milk production, anorexia, teeth grinding, episcleral injection, colic, no rumen contraction, distended RIGHT flank |
|
|
Term
| How is abomasal torsion diagnosed? |
|
Definition
CHLORIDE TRAPPING (HYPOCL +MET Alkalosis+HYPOK)...K into cells H to counter act alkalosis
PING: right 9-13 rib
rectal: large turgid sx R of midline |
|
|
Term
| How is abomasal torsion treated? |
|
Definition
fluids: IV NaCl + KCL
SX EMERGENCY!! |
|
|
Term
| Explain the abomasum in calves? |
|
Definition
| takes up 50% of abdomen in calves because their rumen is not yet functional |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of Actinobacillus lignieresii? |
|
Definition
| WOODEN TONGUE, granulomatous nodules in tongue, submandibular swellings |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of wooden tongue in cattle? |
|
Definition
| introduced by breaks in the mucosa and normal rumen flora invades |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat wooden tongue? |
|
Definition
change feed, less stem-y food
NA IODINE + PEN, sx debridement |
|
|
Term
| What does Actinomyces bovis cause? |
|
Definition
LUMPY JAW (MY lumpY-actinoMYces)
FISTULOUS WITHERS in horses |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiolgoy of lumpy jaw? |
|
Definition
| normal mouth flora, trauma to oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
curetting, NaI IV, Pen/Strep
if poor response (which is common)--CULL |
|
|
Term
| What are ddx for acute hemolysis? |
|
Definition
| Clostridium hemolyticum, castor bean, water deprivation (then give water) |
|
|
Term
| What is Anaplasma marginalis? |
|
Definition
| TICK borne rickettsial RBC parasite found in the South/SE...causes anemia, icterus, fever, decreased milk production |
|
|
Term
| Where is the best place to auscult a bovine? |
|
Definition
| left 9-10th ICS, line between tuber coxae and elbow |
|
|
Term
| What is bacillary hemoglobinuria caused by? |
|
Definition
| Clostridium HAEMOLYTICUM (C. novyi type D); "red water disease", the bacteria resides in teh liver until anaerobic conditions develop and then they replicate |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of bacillary hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
ACUTE and highly fatal--SUDDEN DEATH
FEVER, ANEMIA, HEMOGLOBINURIA |
|
|
Term
| DDX for bacillary hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes black leg, and how does it occur? |
|
Definition
| CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVEI, in BEEF cattle 6m-2y; normal gut inhabitant (infection develops without wounds, it waits for anaerobic conditions) |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of blackleg? |
|
Definition
| peracute dz with fever, acute lameness, EDEMATOUS/CREPITOUS SWELLING, death in 12-48 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anthrax, lightening, bacillary hemoglobinuria, malignant edema |
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of bloat in cattle? |
|
Definition
| frothy bloat, free gas bloat |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of frothy bloat and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
eating lush legumes, irregular feed intake
PROLOXALINE (THEROBLAOT/BLOATGARD), detergent |
|
|
Term
| What are causes and tx for free gas bloat? |
|
Definition
vagal indigestion, pharyngeal trauma
Mineral oil and DSS |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of bovine leukosis exists? |
|
Definition
SPORADIC (calves and young adults) no BLV; further divided to juvenile, cutaneous, and thymic forms
ENZOOTIC (adults 4-8yo) have BLV (ONCOvirus) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the presentations of sporadic bovine leukosis? |
|
Definition
Juvenile form: <6m, multiple LN enlarged
Cutaneous form: 1-3yo, LN enlargement and plague in skin
Thymic form: <2yo, neck swelling, bloat, edema |
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|
Term
| What are signs of enzootic bovine leukosis? |
|
Definition
| HEART MASSES, jugular pulses, neuro signs, enlarged LN, abomasum, spleen, heart, kidneys, uterus, retrobulbar lymphatic tissue |
|
|
Term
| How is bovine leukosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
best PPV: biopsy LN for histopath
best screening: AGID |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD)? |
|
Definition
Mannhemia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophillus somnus
combined with stress, viruses, normal flora overgrowth |
|
|
Term
| What causes bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are signs of BRSV in calves? |
|
Definition
| HONKING cough, CRACKLES, dyspnea, nasal d/c, fever, depression, anorexia |
|
|
Term
| What are some necrospy findings associated with BRSV? |
|
Definition
| LUGNS FAIL TO COLLAPSE, severe edema and emphysema with a RUBBERY CONSISTENCY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
until calves have time to develop immunity, NEW ANIMALS ISOLATED when virus is circulating
VX all calves |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of carcass condemnation? |
|
Definition
| bovine leukosis, bovine TB, Downer cows |
|
|
Term
| What are some primary causes of cardiomyopathy in cattle? |
|
Definition
| Gossypol, Ionophore tox, LSA, Se/Vit E def (white mm dz), copper def (myocardial fibrosis), Cassia poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What are the different Clostridium and what do they cause? |
|
Definition
| Bighead: C. novyi, Malignant edema:C. septicum, Redwater: C. haemolyticum, blackleg: C. chauvei |
|
|
Term
| What does coccidiosis do in cattle? |
|
Definition
| HEMORRHAGIC DIARRHEA in calves < 21d, tenesmus |
|
|
Term
| How is coccidosis treated in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congential brain problems in cattle? |
|
Definition
BB
BVD:hydrocephalus
Bluetongue: hydrancephalus |
|
|
Term
| What is Coxiella burnetti? |
|
Definition
| Q fever, sets milk pasteurization temp, ZOONOTIC |
|
|
Term
| What does cryptosporidium cause in cattle? |
|
Definition
| WATERY DIARRHEA IN CALVES 1-4 wk old, tenesmus, emaciation |
|
|
Term
| How is cryptospordium tx in calves? |
|
Definition
SUPPORTIVE, fluids and milk
guarded prognosis in calves |
|
|
Term
| Where is a CSF tap done in bovines? Borders? |
|
Definition
| LUMBOSACRAL: between dorsal spinous process of L6 cranially and S1 caudally and tuber sacrales laterally |
|
|
Term
| How can you do a block for dehorning in cattle? |
|
Definition
block CORNUAL NERVES which a branch of the trigeminal halfway bet eye and base of horn just below the temporal line
also block teh INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE
can also do a ring block in addition |
|
|
Term
| If you have a cow with crusty, exudativ bacterial skin infection with "PAINTBRUSH" tufts of hair, it is likely ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Dictyocaulus vivparous and what are the signs? |
|
Definition
| LUNGWORM of cattle, YEARLINGS, PASTURE IN SUMMER/FALL, COUGHING |
|
|
Term
| How is the bovine lungworm dx and tx? |
|
Definition
BAERMANN exam, LARVAE in feces
Ivermectin 3,8,13w after start on pasture, also can use ABZ, FBZ, Levamisole |
|
|
Term
| Describe a displaced abomasum? |
|
Definition
| in 1st TWO WEEKS POSTPARTUM because there is extraspace for organs to move around, also in negative energy balance + hypoca=hypomotility |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of displaced abomasum? |
|
Definition
| anorexia, decreased milk, decreased feces, dehydration, alkalosis |
|
|
Term
| What could be the cause of hemorrhagic calf diarrhea with SUDDEN death, convulsions, and opisthotonus? |
|
Definition
| enterotoxemia, C. perfringes |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common respiratory disease of calves **3-8months old**? |
|
Definition
| enzootic pneumonia which is MULTIFACTORIAL from poor sanitation, ventialtion, PASTEURELLA |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of enzootic pneumonia? |
|
Definition
loud cough, crackles, wheeze, harsh bronchial tone cranioventrally, tachypnea
CRANIAL VENTRAL CONSOLIDATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sterile female bone twin to a bull calf because of Mullerian inhibiting hormone
small vulva, small stature, short vagina, no cervix, anestrus, small uterus--CULL |
|
|
Term
| a blunt-ended metal tube used to help insert an OROGASTRIC TUBE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Fusobacterium necrophorum? |
|
Definition
ROTTEN STUFF!!
foot rot, quitter, necrotic stomatitis, calf dipheria, necrotic rhinitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology behind grain overload? |
|
Definition
| cow eats lots of highly fermentable carbs, rumen microflora goes to GP population, lactic acid production, rumen pH <5 killing protozoa and lactate utilizing organisms therefore no motility, chemical rumenitis can lead to hemoconcentration, CV collapse, renal failure, shock, hepatic necrobacillosis |
|
|
Term
| How is grain overload dx? |
|
Definition
| rumen fluid pH <5 2-3 hours post ingestion |
|
|
Term
| How is grain overload prevented? |
|
Definition
| GRADULALLY INTRODUCE high concentrate diet to dairy cattle, if pH <5.5 add sodium bicarb to ration |
|
|
Term
| What is Haemophilus somnus the cause of? |
|
Definition
septicemic form of TEME (BRAINSTEM/CEREBELLUM)
recent feedlot entry-->infection via respiratory tract
4-12m |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of Haemophilus somnus? |
|
Definition
RESPIRATORY, SEPTIC JOINT, AND CNS
FIBIRINOUS PLEURITIS, PROFOUND DEPRESSION |
|
|
Term
| What necropsy findings are associated with Haemophilius somnus? |
|
Definition
infects ednotehlial cells-->trigger clotting-->THROMBI
MULTIFOCAL HEMORRHAGES AND INFARCTIONS IN BRAINSTEM, CORTEX, SPINAL CORD |
|
|
Term
| How is Haemophilius somnus dx and tx? |
|
Definition
CSF (NEUTROPHILIC PLEOCYTOSIS)
IND: IV OXYTETRACYCLINE AND THIAMINE
HERD: CHLORTETRACYCLINE IN FEED FOR 10D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polioencephalomalcia (thiamine!), Listeriosis (mononuclear pleocytosis on CSF) |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of traumatic reticulopericarditis? |
|
Definition
hardware dz
brisket edema, bilateral dilated jugulars, muffled heart sounds, WASHIGN MACHINE MURMURS, painful stance, grunting, decreased milk production |
|
|
Term
| How is hardware dz tx and prevented? |
|
Definition
CULL
magnet swallow, to test compass points toward cow |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of heart failure in cattle? |
|
Definition
| pericarditis, endocarditis, heart base LSA, hereditary muscle d/o |
|
|
Term
| What causes right sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
| inability to pump blood, blood backs up-->edema + jugular pulse |
|
|
Term
| What causes High Mountain dz? |
|
Definition
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (low oxygen in high alt, overwork RV, CHF)
ASTRAGALUS (Locoweed) makes CHF worse
"LOCOweed makes cows HIGH" |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of high mountain dz? |
|
Definition
| Rsided CHF (brisket edema, jugular pulses, dyspnea, cyanotic mm) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for High Mountain dz? |
|
Definition
Good if recognized before onset of CHF, move to lower alt
DO NOT BREED--genetic |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| BVD, bluetongue, Akabane virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cattle grub, warble fly, heel fly |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lifecycle of hypoderma bovis? |
|
Definition
| female attaches eggs to lower legs, 1st stage larvae bury into skin, migrate toward EPIDURAL FAT in cord, become L2s and migrate to SQ tissues in back |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of hypoderma bovis? |
|
Definition
| HIDE DAMAGE (economic losses), swellings on back that burst |
|
|
Term
| What causes Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis? IBK |
|
Definition
| Moraxella bovis, pink eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blepharospasm, lacrimation, corneal opacity, corneal abscess, central ulcer |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for IBK? |
|
Definition
| SUBCONJUNCTIVAL PEN AND SYSTEMIC OXYTETRACYCLINE |
|
|
Term
| What causes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, IBR? |
|
Definition
BHV1 (IBR=RED nose)
RED NOSE, CONJUNCTIVITS, NECROTIC FOCI ON NSAL SEPTUM, LATE ABORTIONS >4M |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MLV IN vx, decreased stress, good food; most recover in 2 weeks |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Johne's? |
|
Definition
Mycobacterium avium ss PARATUBERCULOSIS
2-5 yo |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of Johne's disease? |
|
Definition
| chronic watery DIARRHEA WITH WASTING, no fever, thin but BAR, PLE (lose albumin to gut) |
|
|
Term
| What are necropsy findings for Johne's? |
|
Definition
| granulomatous bowle mucosa thickening in ileo-ceco-colic area and MESENTERIC LN DARK AND LARGE |
|
|
Term
| What causes laminitis in cattle? |
|
Definition
FAT ANIMALS AND GRAIN OL
fat post-partum heifers, fed excess concentrates and kept on concrete-->RUMINAL ACIDOSIS and aseptic pododermatis |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of laminitis in cattle? |
|
Definition
| decreased milk, loose stools, reddened coronary bands, rear-leg shifting lameness, soft sole with yellow discoloration |
|
|
Term
| What are the kinds of approaches for laparotomy in cattle and their uses? |
|
Definition
RIGHT side approach: cecal volvulus
LEFT side approach: grain OL, hardware dz
EITHER: LDA, Csection |
|
|
Term
| What is Leptospira hardjo? |
|
Definition
calves: hemoglobinuria
MASTITIS: FLABBY BAG-milk production goes down so udder soft and flabby |
|
|
Term
| What are the classifications and genus of lice? |
|
Definition
| Mallophaga: biting, Anoplura: sucking, Hematopinus: blood sucking |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of lice infestation? |
|
Definition
| hair loss, pruritis, anemia |
|
|
Term
| How are cattle infected with Listeria? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
eat silage stored at ph >5
CNS signs, febrile, MICROABSCESS IN, BRAIN, abortion |
|
|
Term
| What are ddx for listeriosis? |
|
Definition
| TEME (neutrophilic pleocytosis), Mycoplasma bovis |
|
|
Term
| What causes malignant edema? What are signs? |
|
Definition
Clostridium septicum--trauma
PITTING EDEMA infiltrates CT/soft tissue
Blackleg w/o creptius |
|
|
Term
| What does Mannheimia haemolytica do? |
|
Definition
cranioventral pneumonia
part of BRDC |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of mastitis? |
|
Definition
fomites, Lepto,
Severe: E.coli, Klebsiella |
|
|
Term
| How is mastitis dx and managed? |
|
Definition
milk culture
fore strip each quarter, shut off vaccume before removing claw, pre/post dip teats |
|
|
Term
| How is meningitis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
CSF: turbid, xanthocrhomic
>100PMN/uL, 2-2.7 protein, gram stain for bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of metabolic acidosis in cattle? |
|
Definition
| calves with severe diarrhea/salivation |
|
|
Term
| What can become the outcome of metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
| hypovolemia with severe metabolic acidosis-->causes K to leave cells--> hyperkalemia |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia in calves? |
|
Definition
| cold, nonresponsive and floppy/sunken eyes |
|
|
Term
| How do treat a hypovolemic, metabolic acidotic, hyperkalemic calf? |
|
Definition
| warming pad, 4L IV fluids: glu, Na, bicarb, Cl, lesser amt of K |
|
|
Term
| What organisms can be transmitted by milk? |
|
Definition
| Coxiella burnetti: Q fever, Mycobacterium bovis (TB), Brucella abortus, Listeria |
|
|
Term
| Modern day milking machines takes how long to milk? |
|
Definition
|
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