Term
| what is the function of the nose? |
|
Definition
Olfaction (smelling)
Respiration (breathing)
Filtration of the dust
Humidification and temperature adjustment of inspired air
Reception of secretions from paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts |
|
|
Term
| what divides the nasal cavity into left and right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the external nose |
|
Definition
| visible portion projecting from the face, consist mainly of cartilages. The dorsum of the nose extends from the roof to the apex. The inferior surface has nares bounded by alae of the nose. The skin extends into vestibule of the nose |
|
|
Term
| what composes the skeleton of the nose? |
|
Definition
Nasal bones
Frontal bone (nasal process and spine)
Frontal process of the maxilla
Bony parts of nasal septum
Lateral cartilages
Alar cartilages
Septal cartilage |
|
|
Term
| where is the nasal vestibule located? |
|
Definition
| internal to the nares, lined by skin and contains numerous hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
| the largest part of the nasal cavity and lined by respiratory epithelium, has very rich neurovascular supply |
|
|
Term
| where is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity located? |
|
Definition
| at the apex of each nasal cavity, lined by olfactory epithelium and contains peripheral olfactory receptors |
|
|
Term
| what composes the medial wall of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
Thin bony and cartilage skeleton covered by mucosa
Vomer and perpendicular plate
Small portions of maxillary and palatine |
|
|
Term
| what composes the floor of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
Soft tissues (external nose)
Palatine process of maxillary and horizontal plate of palatine (hard palate) |
|
|
Term
| what composes the roof of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
Narrow central region is formed by cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone, anteriorly: frontal and nasal bones and septal cartilages; posteriorly: sphenoid bone (pterygoid process and anterior surface) and vomer
Lined with mucosa, has multiple perforations (olfactory nerves) and passageway for anterior ethmoidal nerve and vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 meatuses found in the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
The conchae divide the nasal cavity into four air chambers (canals)
Inferior is the largest (between inferior concha and nasal floor)
Middle (between inferior and superior conchae)
Superior (between middle and superior conchae) |
|
|
Term
| where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess located? |
|
Definition
| between the superior concha and the nasal roof |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 passageways created in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
sphenoethmoidal recess
superior, middle and inferior meatuses
common nasal meatus |
|
|
Term
| what vessels travel through the incisive canal? |
|
Definition
| nasopalatine nerve; greater palatine artery |
|
|
Term
| what vessels transfer through the sphenopalatine foramen? |
|
Definition
| branches of maxillary artery and CN V2 |
|
|
Term
| what structures pass through the cribiform plate? |
|
Definition
| fibers of olfactory nerve; anterior ethmoidal nerve, ophthalmic nerve and vessels |
|
|
Term
| small foramina in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity contain? |
|
Definition
| branches of V2 and the nasal artery |
|
|
Term
| describe the course of the sphenopalatine artery |
|
Definition
Sphenopalatine artery enters nasal
cavity via sphenopalatine
foramen; has posterior lateral
nasal branches to lateral wall and
posterior septal branch to medial
wall and descends to form
anastomoses with greater palatine
artery, anterior ethmoidal, and
septal branch of superior labial and form Kiesselbach’s plexus |
|
|
Term
| the greater palatine artery is a branch of which artery? |
|
Definition
maxillary artery
goes through incisive canal
supplies anterior region of medial wall and floor of nasal cavity; anastomoses with septal branch of sphenopalatine a. |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the facial artery and what regions do they supply? |
|
Definition
Superior labial a. (anterior region of nasal cavity)
Lateral nasal a. (external nose) |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the internal carotid artery and what regions do they supply? |
|
Definition
Anterior ethmoidal a. (passes via cribriform plate) supplies medial and lateral wall (superior part of nasal cavity) and external nose
Posterior ethmoidal a. (via cribriform plate) and supplies medial and lateral wall |
|
|
Term
| describe the venous drainage of the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
Rich venous plexus found in
submucosa of inferior and
middle conchae and nasal septum
Tributaries drain:
- posteriorly to pterygoid plexus
- anteriorly to superior labial to facial vein
- superiorly to ophthalmic veins to cavernous sinus |
|
|
Term
| what nerves innervate the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
Olfactory nerve (special visceral afferent) – smell
Trigeminal nerve (general somatic afferent)
ophthalmic nerve
maxillary nerve
Facial nerve (parasympathetic via CN V2) – greater petrosal nerve from pterygopalatine fossa
T1/deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| where does the olfactory nerve pass and where does it synapse? |
|
Definition
Composed of axons from receptors on the olfactory region
Pass superiorly through cribriform plate
Synapse with neurons in the olfactory bulb |
|
|
Term
| describe the maxillary sinus, its arterial supply, its innervation and its borders |
|
Definition
has Apex (toward zygomatic bone), Base (lateral wall of nasal cavity, Roof (floor of the orbit) and Floor (alveolar part of maxilla)
Drained through maxillary ostium into middle meatus (semilunar hiatus)
Arterial supply by superior alveolar branches of the maxillary artery
Innervation by superior alveolar nerves |
|
|
Term
| describe the sphenoid sinuses and their innervation |
|
Definition
in the body of sphenoid bone, divided by bony septum, open into sphenoethmoidal recess;
Thin bone separate the sinus from optic nerves and chiasm, pituitary gland, internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus
Innervation by posterior ethmoidal nerves |
|
|
Term
| where do ethmoid cells drain and what innervates them? |
|
Definition
(air cells) are three groups (6 - 20):
- anterior drains into middle meatus through infundibulum
- middle drains into middle meatus through ethmoidal bulla
- posterior drains to superior meatus
Innervated by ethmoidal branches of nasociliary nerve (V1) |
|
|
Term
| where is the frontal sinus open? |
|
Definition
| opens into either anterior part of middle meatus or semilunar hiatus via frontonasal duct |
|
|
Term
| describe the characteristics of paranasal sinuses in general |
|
Definition
Lighten head
Increase in size with age
Highly variable in size
Found within frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxilla
Frontal and sphenoid are usually absent at birth
Lined by mucoperiosteum
Drain to nasal cavity; most open into meatuses (except for sphenoid) |
|
|
Term
| the lymphatics from the anterior nasal cavity drains where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lymphatics from the posterior nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses drains where? |
|
Definition
| to plexus anterior to jugulodigastric node, part of upper deep cervical nodes |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the maxillary nerve and what regions of the nasal cavity do they supply? |
|
Definition
originate in pterygopalatine fossa, passing through sphenopalatine foramen and form:
- posterior superior lateral and medial nasal nerves (supply lateral wall, roof and nasal septum)
- nasopalatine nerve (supplies medial wall and passes through incisive canal into oral cavity)
- posterior inferior nasal nerves (branch of the greater palatine nerve; from pterygopalatine fossa via palatine canal; innervates lateral wall
- small nasal nerve (from infra-orbital nerve, passes through maxilla and supplies lateral wall) |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve? describe their paths and innervations |
|
Definition
Branches from ophthalmic nerve
V1 – anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
Anterior - from nasociliary nerve, leaves orbit through the canal between ethmoid and frontal bones; supplies ethmoidal cells and frontal sinus and enters the cranial cavity
- enters the nasal cavity through the foramen laterally to crista galli, has branches to the medial and lateral wall, terminates as external nasal nerve
Posterior - leaves orbit through the medial wall and supplies ethmoidal cells and sphenoidal sinus |
|
|
