Term
| Chondrodystrophic breeds present with this between 3-6 years old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute onset in type I degeneration ( a matter of hours sometimes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic fibrous degeneration in Type II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanism for clinical signs is usually manifested through pressure ischemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large breed dogs are pre disposed at over 6 years old and express type II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thoracolumbar lesions most commonly between T12-L1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cervical Lesions are usually between C2-C3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A daschund presents with normal front limbs but UMN deficit hind limbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can present with front leg lameness due to "root signature" phenomenom if lesion on cervical vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe neck pain with head kept low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intervertebral foramen ( horse head) is diminished on radiograph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| See calcified material in Intervertebral foramen in certain chondrodystrophic breeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Need MRI to dx properly in large breed dogs but usually not in the smaller breeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For non-surgical tx... don't focus on drugs! Best tx is strict cage rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common surgery for thoracolumbar lesions is hemilaminectomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can do surgical fenestration in all vertebrae T10-L4 prophylactically in predisposed breeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral Slot is best surgical tx for cervical region lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bony spurs adjacent to disk and usually incidental |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral and Ventral osteophytes that are more common in boxers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not inflammatory but need to differentiate it from an inflammatory process that could be serious like discospondylitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| German Shepherd form of ALS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutation in superoxide dismutase I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progressive degeneration of myelin around axons usually starting around thoracolumbar region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While most common in German Sepherds, also predisposed in boxers and Pembroke welsh Corgis... ok as a side note... what do boxers NOT get?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually starts with UMN deficits in pelvic limbs and is NOT painful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Degenerative and non treatable. Moves up spinal cord until eventually respiratory paralysis ( if it gets that far) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narrowing of lumbosacral vertebral canal and compression of cauda equina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can get secondary yellow ligament thickening or Type II disk protrusion in L7-S1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| German Shepherds most predisposed but genetic link not yet discovered. May be a disease more of "working dogs" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not compression of main spinal cord but painful and lameness of pelvic limb due to compression of root supplying sciatic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Will see incontinence and tail weakness, weak FLEXOR and perineal reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiographs are good for ruling out other differentials but not helpful in definitively diagnosing this. An exception is when the lumbosacral joint is luxated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like IV disk type II, MRI is the best for dx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surgery tx of choice is DORSAL laminectomy. Usually do well if get it in time. Dogs already presenting with urinary and fecal intontinence have worse prog ( sorry that may not be that specific to this dz) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
|
|
Term
| Malformation or articulation of caudal cervical vertebrae |
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
|
|
Term
| Young large breed dogs or realtively old dobermans predisposed |
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
|
|
Term
| Ataxia and paresis of all four limbs in NON chondystrophic breeds- like large breeds |
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
|
|
Term
| Usually caused by a stenosis or malarticulation in cervical region which results in ligament hypertrophy and/or disk protrusion |
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
|
|
Term
| Dog presents with caudal cervical neck pain, tetraparesis, atrophy and weak reflexes in thoracic limb while normal reflexes in pelvic limbs. Myelogram, CT or MRI needed for definitive dx and would see stenosis, malformations causing compression, or even collapsed disk space. |
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
|
|
Term
| Surgical tx for this disease of cervical region is usually dorsal laminectomy and prognosis is difficult to predict |
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
|
|
Term
| Before surgery, patients should also be ruled out for the following: von Wilebrands, Cardiomyopathies, Hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
|
|
Term
| Usually in brachycephalic dogs with screw tails and frequently clinically insignificant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure of vertebral body to form completely in in clinical cases need myelography to dx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partial or complete fusion of two adjacent vertebrae. Usualy incidental finding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure of neural tube to close or formation of cleft |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meningocele or myelomeningoceles can result. The former just the meninges protrude and the latter the spinal cord itself protrudes through defect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can be genetic but assoc with teratogenic toxins as well. May be insignificant depending on how much protrudes through defect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bulldogs and Manx cats predisposed. Assoc with deformed tail genetics. Usually in lumbosacral region with urinary/ fecal incontinence and usually very young age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Manx cat presents with Bunny Hopping gait, no anal tone, incontinence, weak pelvic reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malformation or agenesis or sacro-caudal vertebrae in Manx cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results usually from some sort of pathology with the dens and associated ligaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AVOID NECK FLEXION in suspected patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very young toy breed dog presents with neck pain and maybe tetraplegia or paresis. May progress to Horner's syndrome in severe cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UMN deficits in both limbs. Severe neck pain. not a disk problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If trying for conservative ( non surgical tx) create a very sturdy neck brace and hope for recovery. They will probably reinjure and need surgery eventually. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surgical options are either dorsal or ventral fixation. Where the dorsal involves threading wire to hold vertebrae in place, the ventral is more stable with screws but is the scariest surgery Thomas does with high rates of complications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proliferation of normal bone at epiphysis. Not a tumor and will stop growing after reach skeletal maturity |
|
Definition
| Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses |
|
|
Term
| Radiography will show circular smooth proliferative bony lesions and surgery has good prognosis if animal has stopped growing |
|
Definition
| Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses |
|
|
Term
| Tract extending from spinal cord to skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rhodesian Ridgebacks get these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tract that can predispose to bacterial meningitis. Surgical excision of tract is treatment along with prophylactic antibiotics until closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chiari 1 malformation in skull will predispose an animal to this |
|
Definition
| Syringohydromyelia (or just syringomyelia) |
|
|
Term
| Development of one or more fluid filled cavities within the spinal cord +/- accumulation of the fluid in the large central canal |
|
Definition
| Syringohydromyelia (or just syringomyelia) |
|
|
Term
| Underdeveloped occipital bone can cause overcrowding of caudal fossa which may result in hydrocephalus and this: |
|
Definition
| Syringohydromyelia (or just syringomyelia) |
|
|
Term
| Commonly caused by a malformation common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels |
|
Definition
| Syringohydromyelia (or just syringomyelia) |
|
|
Term
| Medical Tx can consist of Prednisone, Gapapentin and Omeprazole which help with neuro pain and dec CSF production |
|
Definition
| Syringohydromyelia (or just syringomyelia) |
|
|
Term
| Surgical tx focused at decompressing caudal fossa, controversy over what to place back over skull |
|
Definition
| Syringohydromyelia (or just syringomyelia) |
|
|
Term
| Severe exostosis usually in cervical spine caused by all liver diet in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common type of spinal tumors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These tumors usually come from vertebrae where osteosarcs most common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A nerve sheath tumor, or meningioma, or neuroepihtelioma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One kind will start peripheral and move up, anothe type like to start at region over kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If see lysis on a transverse process on radiographs- most likely: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes astrocytomas and occassionally even metastatic hemangiosarcoma for example... but this type of dz is rare |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very irregular looking bony mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lot times myelogram will look a lot like IV disk disease with compression from one side on cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrast in myelogram will show a filling defect and maybe golf tee signs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrast in myelogram will diverge away from cord where sometimes whle cord will bulge contrast out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common out west with grassons and commonly Actinomyces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Need to test for Brucella canis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Localized walled off infection usually of hematgenous origin that can progress to neuro defects with formation of granulation tissue. Can be multifocal and sometimes from penetrating wounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can almost always diagnose with radiograph. May be multiple areas where see irregular margins of vertebral end plates that crosses the joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Always want to do three diagnostic tests wth these patients: 1. Blood culture 2. Urine culture 3. Brucella test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Need long term Antibiotic tx- over 8 weeks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dx with spinal tap and look degenerative or clean segmented neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types are bacterial or steroid responsive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Always consider this if there is nose or sinus fracture/trauma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial kind: Acute onset, very painful especially in neck or all over, can get edema and neuro deficits within a day- need to act quick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cloudy CSF; treat with third generation cephalosporins, mannitol, maybe even anti seizure meds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroid responsive most common kind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Boxers and Burnese Mountain Dogs predisposed. Consider it when 6 mo old of these breeds present in with severe neck pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Need to differentiate from bacterial because tx is high dose prednisone. Need to do a spinal tap! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can be stable if only dorsal or only ventral compartments but not both |
|
Definition
| Traumatic Spinal Fracture/Luxation |
|
|
Term
| Need to immobilize the patient first |
|
Definition
| Traumatic Spinal Fracture/Luxation |
|
|
Term
| Medical Management can be an IV of some form of prednisolone But due to GI hemorrhage, benefits may not outweigh risks |
|
Definition
| Traumatic Spinal Fracture/Luxation |
|
|
Term
| Surgery is indicated if unstable damage |
|
Definition
| Traumatic Spinal Fracture/Luxation |
|
|
Term
| May want to mnage other things first like circulatory shock or thoracic and abdominal injuries |
|
Definition
| Traumatic Spinal Fracture/Luxation |
|
|
Term
| Surgical treatment techniques include: dorsal spinal plates, vertebral body plates, or plain old pins screws and bone cement |
|
Definition
| Traumatic Spinal Fracture/Luxation |
|
|
Term
| Causes acute ischemic necrosis of spinal cord through vessel occlusion |
|
Definition
| Fibrocartilagenous Embolism |
|
|
Term
| Most common in large dogs and miniature schnauzers; Ultimate etiology/mechanism poorly understood |
|
Definition
| Fibrocartilagenous Embolism |
|
|
Term
| Sudden onset with no identifiable pain |
|
Definition
| Fibrocartilagenous Embolism |
|
|
Term
| Often asymmetrical, with no pain |
|
Definition
| Fibrocartilagenous Embolism |
|
|
Term
| No tx but dogs with intact pain perception usually improve in two weeks |
|
Definition
| Fibrocartilagenous Embolism |
|
|
Term
| Usually cardiogenic but prevents blood flow to pelvic limbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Top Differential for paraparetic cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second Differential for paraparetic cat |
|
Definition
| Traumatic Spinal Fracture/Luxation |
|
|
Term
| Firm painful gastrocnemius and weak femoral pulses in cat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptokinase tx is actually contraindicated due to reperfusion injury and non specific MOA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the six non neural differntials when evaluating for spinal cord disease |
|
Definition
| Hip Dysplasia Cranial Cruciates Pelvic Fracture Polyarthritis Prostatitis Pancreatitis |
|
|
