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Myology, Reproduction, Genetics & Development
A&P 1 (BCCC)
287
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/30/2009

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Cards

Term
What is the sac consisting of loose skin and CT hanging from the root of the penis?
Definition
Scrotum
Term
What is the function of the scrotum?
Definition
The supporting structure for the testicles or testes.
Term
What are the two oval glands suspended within the scrotum consisting of one to three tightly coiled seminiferous tubules?
Definition
Testicles
Term
What is the process of producing sperm called?
Definition
Spermatogenesis
Term
Where does spermatogenesis take place?
Definition
The seminiferous tubules of the testicles.
Term
Is sperm haploid or diploid?
Definition
haploid
Term
What are the three parts of the sperm?
Definition
The head, the midpiece, and the tail.
Term
What is the enzyme found on the tip of sperm head designed to penetrate the wall of the egg?
Definition
Acrosome
Term
What type of tail does the sperm have?
Definition
Flagella
Term
Where are the mitochondria contained in the sperm?
Definition
the midpiece
Term
Where do sperm cells mature so they can become mobile and able to fertilize the ovum?
Definition
Epididymis
Term
What does semen consist of?
Definition
Sperm and seminal fluid
Term
What is the purpose of seminal fluid in sperm?
Definition
To carry sperm through ejaculation.
Term
Which structure stores as well as conveys sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
Definition
Ductus Deferens
Term
What is the thicker portion of the ductus deferens called?
Definition
ampulla
Term
What is the 45 cm long duct that extends from the epididymis to the urethra?
Definition
Ductus Deferens
Term
What is the tube that encloses the ductus deferens, arteries, veins, muscles, and nerves as they travel through the male reproductive system?
Definition
Spermatic Cord
Term
What is formed by the union of the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle as they pass through the prostate?
Definition
Ejaculatory Ducts
Term
Where do the ejaculatory ducts terminate?
Definition
in the Prostatic Urethra
Term
Where are the sperm and seminal vesicle secretions released just before ejaculation?
Definition
Urethra
Term
What duct in the male reproductive system allows semen and urine to exit the body through the tip of the penis?
Definition
Urethra
Term
What are the three segments of the male's urethra?
Definition
Prostatic Urethra, Membranous Urethra, and the Penile Urethra
Term
What is the most proximal part of the male's urethra?
Definition
Prostatic Urethra, surrounded by the prostate gland
Term
Which section of the male urethra is inferior to the prostatic section?
Definition
Membranous Urethra
Term
In males, what muscle does the membranous urethra pass by the ischia and pubis bones through?
Definition
Urogenital Diaphragm
Term
What section of the urethra extends from the base to the tip of the penis?
Definition
Penile Urethra
Term
What is the urethral opening at the tip of the penis called?
Definition
External Urethral Orifice
Term
Where do urine and semen exit the body?
Definition
External Urethral Orifice
Term
What glands secrete most of the liquid portion of semen?
Definition
Accessory Sex Glands
Term
What are the convoluted, pouch-like structures that lie posteriorly to the base of the bladder?
Definition
Seminal Vesicles
Term
What does the thick, viscous fluid that makes up 60% of the semen volume consist of?
Definition
Fructose (monosaccharide sugar), prostaglandins, and clotting factors.
Term
What gland secretes a milky acidic fluid that helps semen coagulate after ejaculation?
Definition
Prostate
Term
At what age does the prostate stop growing? When does it start again?
Definition
It grows from puberty to age thirty and stops then begins again after 45.
Term
Where are bulbourethral glands found?
Definition
Distal to the urogenital diaphragm.
Term
Which gland secretes alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the urethra, as well as mucus that lubricates the urethral lining and tip of penis during intercourse?
Definition
Bulbourethral Glands
Term
What are the three parts of the penis that create a passageway for the urethra?
Definition
Root, Body, and Glans.
Term
Where on the penis are the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum found?
Definition
The body or shaft.
Term
The ______ in the penis dilate causing the ___________ to fill with blood and enlarge and stiffen the penis.
Definition
Arteries dilate and the Corpora Cavernosa fills with blood.
Term
What is the head or tip of the penis called?
Definition
Glans
Term
What are the bilateral, almond-shaped and sized organs hat produce the female haploid reproductive gametes?
Definition
Ovaries
Term
What carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus?
Definition
Uterine/Fallopian Tubes
Term
What are the finger-like projections on the ovarian end of the fallopian/uterine tubes designed to sweep the ovum into the tube after ovulation?
Definition
Fimbria
Term
Where do sperm cells fertilize the ovum?
Definition
Uterine/Fallopian Tubes
Term
What is the result of the union of sperm cells and an ovum?
Definition
Zygote
Term
How many days does it take for the zygote to make its way to the uterus?
Definition
6 or 7
Term
What is located superior and posterior to the urinary bladder and posterior to the rectum?
Definition
Uterus
Term
What holds the uterus in its position in the pelvic cavity, affording it flexibility and stability?
Definition
Folds of peritoneum.
Term
What is the space inside the uterus called?
Definition
Uterine cavity?
Term
How many layers are there in the uterine cavity wall?
Definition
3
Term
Where is the zygote implanted after fertilization?
Definition
Uterus
Term
What is the highly vascularized, innermost layer of the uterine cavity?
Definition
Endometrium
Term
What is the innermost layer of the endometrium that lines the uterine cavity and thickens during the menstrual cycle?
Definition
Stratum Functionalis
Term
What is the middle layer of the uterine cavity?
Definition
Myometrium
Term
What is the outermost layer of the uterine cavity?
Definition
Perimetrium
Term
What is the most inferior portion of the uterus that opens the uterus up into the vagina?
Definition
Cervix
Term
What is the cervix made of?
Definition
Smooth muscle, lined internally by stratified suamous epithelium.
Term
What is the External Os?
Definition
The entrance from the vagina to the cervix.
Term
What is the Internal Os?
Definition
The entrance from the cervix into the main uterus.
Term
What is the lumen of the cervix?
Definition
Cervical Canal
Term
What is the tubular, muscular canal that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body and serves as a receptacle for the penis during intercourse?
Definition
Vagina
Term
What is the vulva?
Definition
The external female genitalia.
Term
What is the Mons Pubis?
Definition
The elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair and cushions the pubic symphysis.
Term
What part of the female anatomy is homologous to the scrotum in males?
Definition
Labia Majora
Term
What is part of the female anatomy is homologous to the spongy urethra in males?
Definition
Labia Minora
Term
Which of the Labia are abundant in sweat and sebaceous glands as well as adipose tissue?
Definition
Labia Majora
Term
Which of the labia has no hair?
Definition
Labia Minora
Term
What is the small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves at the anterior junction of the labia minora?
Definition
Clitoris
Term
What type of cells are scraped and examined during a pap smear test?
Definition
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Term
What is homologous to the clitoris in females?
Definition
Glans Panis
Term
What is the external opening of the vagina?
Definition
Vaginal Orifice
Term
What is the opening to the urethra?
Definition
External Urethral Orifice
Term
What are the bilateral glands in the breasts that are sweat glands modified to produce milk?
Definition
Mammary Glands.
Term
What type of tissue surrounds the mammary glands of the breast?
Definition
Adipose tissue.
Term
What carries the milk out of the breast via a series of small openings in the nipple?
Definition
Lactiferous ducts.
Term
What is the darkly-pigmented projection at the center of the breast?
Definition
Areola.
Term
What strands of connective tissue run from the skin and deep fascia to support the breast?
Definition
Suspensory Ligaments.
Term
Where are the hormones that control the female reproductive cycles secreted from?
Definition
Hypothalamus (brain), anterior pituitary gland (brain), and the ovaries.
Term
What are the two main cycles of the Female Reproductive Cycle?
Definition
Ovarian Cycle and Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle.
Term
What causes the shed of blood, mucus, tissue fluid and epithelial cells from the endometrium?
Definition
The decrease in ovarian hormones signaling that there has been no fertilization in the previous cycle.
Term
What phase does the first five days of the Female Reproductive cycle consist of?
Definition
Menstrual Phase
Term
During what female reproductive phase do about 20 small, secondary follicles in the ovary begin to enlarge and move to the edge of the ovary to prepare to be released for ovulation?
Definition
Menstrual phase.
Term
What phase occurs between menstruation and ovulation?
Definition
Preovulatory phase.
Term
What pituitary hormone causes about 20 follicles to grow in the ovaries, all harboring a primary oocyte?
Definition
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Term
What is the degeneration of the non-dominant follicles in the ovaries due to a decrease in FSH called?
Definition
Atresia
Term
When the dominant follicle matures and grows to about 20mm in diameter it is called what?
Definition
Graafian Follicle
Term
When is the endometrium repaired in the uterus and begins to prepare for a fertilized ovum again?
Definition
Proliferative Phase
Term
When the mature follicle ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity this is called _____.
Definition
Ovulation
Term
What pituitary hormone is released during ovulation?
Definition
Leutenizing Hormone (LH).
Term
On day 14 of the Female Reproductive Cycle, LH is released and what is the result?
Definition
9 hours later the dominant follicle ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte.
Term
What is the time between ovulation and the next onset of menstruation?
Definition
Postovulatory Phase.
Term
What is the most consistent in length of all the Menstrual phases?
Definition
Postovulatory phase
Term
During the postovulatory phase, the mature follicle collapses and a blood clot forms becoming _____.
Definition
The corpus hemorragicum.
Term
What forms the Corpus Luteum?
Definition
The cells of the Corpus Hemorragicum mixed up.
Term
What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?
Definition
Progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin.
Term
How long does the corpus luteum last with an unfertilized oocyte?
Definition
2 weeks.
Term
How does the endometrium prepare for the implantation of a fertilized egg (zygote)?
Definition
Hormones secreted by the Corpus Luteum promote the growth and coiling of endometrial glands in the uterus, thickening and vascularizing it.
Term
What does the corpus luteum degenerate into after its 2 week lifespan?
Definition
Corpus Albicans
Term
When the progesterone and estrogen release stops, what occurs?
Definition
The pituitary gland increases its release of FSH and LH, follicular growth resumes and a new ovarian cycle begins.
Term
What causes the onset of the menstrual cycle and a new ovarian cycle?
Definition
Withdrawal of progesterone and estrogen.
Term
How is the corpus luteum saved from degeneration?
Definition
An ovum is fertilized and 8 days later it releases human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which saves it.
Term
After fertilization, what secretes the hormones promoting growth of the endometrium in preparation for implantation?
Definition
Corpus Luteum.
Term
What is the indicator for a positive pregnancy test?
Definition
HCG found in the maternal blood or urine.
Term
What does motion in and of the body result from?
Definition
Alternating contraction and relaxation of muscle tissue.
Term
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
Definition
To change chemical energy from food into mechanical energy to generate force, perform work and produce movement, stabilize the body's position, generate heat, propel fluids and food matter
Term
What is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals (action potentials)?
Definition
Electrical Excitability
Term
What is an electrical impulse generated by a nerve cell intended to evoke a response from tissues?
Definition
Action Potential
Term
What is the ability to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential?
Definition
Contractility
Term
What is the ability of the muscle to stretch without being damaged?
Definition
Extensability
Term
What is the ability of the muscle tissue to return to its original length after being stretched?
Definition
Elasticity
Term
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Definition
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Smooth muscle.
Term
What are the two types of skeletal muscle?
Definition
Striated, and Voluntary.
Term
What kind of muscle is found in the blood vessels, digestive tract and airways?
Definition
Smooth Muscle
Term
What is each muscle cell called?
Definition
A muscle fiber.
Term
What are the four layers of organization in a skeletal muscle?
Definition
Fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, and muscle filaments.
Term
What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber?
Definition
Sarcolemma
Term
What is the smooth ER of the muscle fiber that acts as a reservoir for calcium ions?
Definition
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Term
What are the dilated ends of the SR that are adjacent to the T-tubules?
Definition
Terminal Cisternae
Term
What is the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber?
Definition
Sarcoplasm
Term
What are the tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma that extend through the muscle fiber and are lined with sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
T-tubules
Term
What is muscle tension?
Definition
The degree of contraction taking place.
Term
What is an arrangement of muscle (thick and thin) filaments making one contractile unit of muscle tissue?
Definition
Sarcomere
Term
What is the outer boundary of the sarcomere?
Definition
Z-disc
Term
What is the mid-line of the sarcomere?
Definition
M-line
Term
What is the dark band formed by the thick filaments of the sarcomere?
Definition
A-Band
Term
What is the lighter region in the middle of an A-band that is composed of only non-overlapping thick filaments of the sarcomere?
Definition
H-band
Term
What is the light band of non-overlapping thin filaments (between Z-disc & A-band)?
Definition
I-band
Term
What is the thin filament of the sarcomere?
Definition
Actin, held together by two proteins: troponin and tropomyosin)
Term
What is the thick filament of the sarcomere?
Definition
myosin
Term
What is the motor of muscle contraction that makes up the thick filament?
Definition
Myosin
Term
What is the part of the thin filament that anchors the myosin?
Definition
Actin
Term
What is the protein found only in muscle that binds oxygen for diffusion into the muscle cell for energy (ATP) production?
Definition
Myoglobin
Term
What are the contractile muscle proteins?
Definition
Myosin and Actin.
Term
What is a graded potential?
Definition
A stimulus causing a ligand-gated or mechanically--gated ion channels to open or close in an excitable cells plasma membrane.
Term
What are the two possible responses of a graded potential?
Definition
Hyperpolarizing (more negative) graded potential or a depolarizing (less negative) graded potential.
Term
What is a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and reverse the membrane potential?
Definition
Action Potentials
Term
What is the method the nervous system uses to communicate with itself and the tissues of the body?
Definition
Action Potentials
Term
What are the two types of channels that open and close for Action Potentials?
Definition
Na+ channels (depolarizing) and K+ channels (repolarizing).
Term
Where is Na+ in high concentration?
Definition
Outside the cell.
Term
Where is K+ in high concentration?
Definition
Inside the cell.
Term
Action potentials utilize what kind of diffusion?
Definition
Simple diffusion.
Term
In action potentials, the flow of _______ creates an electrical current down the cells membrane.
Definition
Ions.
Term
Action potentials can be used in what kinds of communication?
Definition
Short and long distance.
Term
In the resting state of action potentials, the potential = ___ mV.
Definition
-70 mV
Term
In the depolarization state of action potentials the potential = ____mV.
Definition
-55 mV
Term
In the resting state of action potential what state are the mechanically or ligand-gated sodium channels in?
Definition
Opened in response to to a mechanical or chemical stimulus.
Term
Repolarization occurs when the membrane potential reaches ____ mV?
Definition
+30 mV
Term
What is the voltage necessary to open voltage-gated sodium ion channels?
Definition
The threshold (-55mV).
Term
If the graded potential is enough to reach the threshold what occurs?
Definition
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly and allow Na+ to rush into the cell rapidly bringing the potential up past 0mV to +30mV.
Term
What type of gated channels are the most abundant and therefore have the greatest and fastest affect?
Definition
Na+ channels
Term
What is the "All or None" effect?
Definition
In voltage-gated ion channels, once one is stilumated it can not be reversed and all action potentials have the same amplitude.
Term
This stage of membrane potential makes the membrane less negative because of the influx of positively charged sodium ions into the cell.
Definition
depolarization
Term
Depolarization that travels along a neuron's cell membrane is called ____?
Definition
Nerve Impulse.
Term
Grade potentials have a refractory period. True or false?
Definition
False.
Term
Action potentials have a refactory period. True or false?
Definition
True.
Term
Which type of potential has a refractory period?
Definition
Action Potentials.
Term
What is the period of time when a cell can not be stimulated?
Definition
Refractory period.
Term
Why are chemical synapses one-way?
Definition
Because the neurotransmitter receptors are onl on the postsynaptic side.
Term
Describe the process of a chemical synapse.
Definition
a. Action potential arrives at synaptic end bulb of presynaptic axon of the neuromuscular junction
b. Depolarization opens Ca++ channels allowing Ca++ to flow in as well as Na+ channels allowing Na+ into the cleft.
c. Ca++ triggers the synaptic vesicles to break open (exocytosis and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
d. Neurotransmitter crosses cleft and binds to the neurotransmitter receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane.
e. Neurotransmitter opens ligand-gated channels and allows ions to flow into the postsynaptic membrane.
f. Depolarization or hyperpolarization occur depending on whether Na+ or Cl- ion channels are opened.
g. If depolarization occurs enough for a threshold to be reached, an action potential is fired.
Term
What is the place where a neuron synapses with the muscle fibers it innervates and communicates via neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) transmitting a neuron action potential to a muscle action potential?
Definition
Neuromuscular junction.
Term
Where does the initial impulse for contraction (action potential) come from?
Definition
Neuromuscular junction.
Term
What is the combination of the nerve ending and the specific fibers it innervates called?
Definition
Motor Unit
Term
What is the muscle side of the neuromuscular junction?
Definition
Motor End Plate
Term
What is the process of conducting a nerve impulse along a muscle fiber that allows a muscle cell to contract?
Definition
Muscle Action Potential
Term
What are the four steps of muscle action potential?
Definition
i. The action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction.
ii. The neuron releases its neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
iii. The neurotransmitter binds to and stimulates receptors on the motor end plate resulting in the opening of ligand gated sodium/potassium ion channels.
iv. The motor end plate depolarizes from its resting membrane potential of -90 mv creating an end plate potential (a form of graded potential in the sarcolemma) and stimulates the opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels along the adjacent sarcolemma creating the muscle action potential.
Term
What is the events that link the change in electrical potential of the sarcolemma (muscle action potential) to the shortening of sarcomeres creating muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)?
Definition
Excitation- Contraction Coupling
Term
What are the three steps of muscle-contraction coupling?
Definition
the events that link the change in electrical potential of the sarcolemma (muscle action potential) to the shortening of sarcomeres creating muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)
Term
How does a muscle contract or shorten to create movement?
Definition
1. Using the enzyme Myosin ATPase myosin heads break down ATP into ADP & Phosphate (for energy) to become energized and oriented toward the actin
2. Myosin heads, still holding the ADP & Phosphate, bind to an actin site on thin filament creating a cross bridge
3. The Myosin heads release the ADP &Phosphate and then rotate toward the M Line, pulling the thin filaments toward the center (called the power stroke)
a. as the the thick & thin filaments overlap, the sarcomeres shorten
or contract.
4. Myosin heads bind ATP again and the cross bridges detach.
b. binding to ATP is necessary for the myosin heads to detach
from the actin sites.
5. The muscle is lengthened when gravity or an opposing muscle act on it pulling the sarcomeres back to their original lengthened position.
Term
How strong a contraction is dependent on how many sarcomeres contract as well as the length of the sarcomeres before the contraction begins is called what?
Definition
Length-tension relationship.
Term
What effect does the presence or comparatively the decrease in Calcium have on the muscle cells contraction?
Definition
The presence of calcium starts the contraction, a decrease in calcium stops it.
Term
What causes muscle fatigue?
Definition
It is unclear what causes individual muscle fibers to fatigue but it is theorized that decreases in calcium ions, the buildup of lactic acid (ATP breakdown by-product) and depletion of stored glucose (glycogen) in the muscle case it.
Term
How does the amount of ATP in a fatigued muscle compare to that of a resting muscle?
Definition
They are the same.
Term
Because a thin filament has to travel further to get to the M line of the sarcomere, what effect on the potential for contraction does this have?
Definition
There is more potential for contraction.
Term
A muscle that is partially contracted already contracts with what amount of force compared to one that is fully lengthened?
Definition
Less force.
Term
What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers?
Definition
Slow oxidative fibers, fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers and fast glycolytic fibers.
Term
These skeletal muscle fibers are the smallest and least powerful, appear dark red, slow contraction that is resistant to fatigue and are used for maintaing posture and endurance activities.
Definition
Slow Oxidative Fibers.
Term
This type of skeletal muscle fiber is medium-sized, appears dark red, contracts quickly and fatigues quickly, uses a lot of stored energy and is used for walking and sprinting.
Definition
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers.
Term
These skeletal muscle fibers are the largest fibers with the highest number of fibrils, they generate the most powerful contractions, appear white in color, contract quickly and fatigue quickly, and are used for short explosive movements.
Definition
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Term
A motor unit has how many different kinds of muscle fiber types in it?
Definition
Only one.
Term
Muscles attach to bones via _______.
Definition
Tendons, at two or more different places in order to move the bones.
Term
What is the fleshy part of the muscle between two tendons?
Definition
Muscle belly.
Term
When a muscle contracts it pulls on the _________ causing that bone to move at the joint that muscle crosses.
Definition
Insertion point.
Term
Masseter
Definition
Muscle of the head.
i. O: Maxilla and zygomatic arch
ii. I: angle and ramus of mandible
iii. A: elevate the mandible (close mouth), retract the mandible
iv. N: trigeminal nerve (CN V)
1. important muscle for chewing & talking
Term
Temporalis
Definition
Head.
i. O: Temporal bone
ii. I: Coronoid process and ramus of mandible
iii. A: elevate and retract mandible
iv. N: trigeminal nerve (CN V)
1. also for chewing and talking
Term
Lateral Pterygoid
Definition
Head.
i. O: sphenoid bone
ii. I: Mandibular condyle
iii. A: protracts & laterally deviates mandible
iv. N: trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Neck.
O: Sternum & clavicle
I: Mastoid process of temporal bone
A: Anterior flexion of neck, extension of head, laterally flex head side to side.
N: accessory nerve (CN XI)
Term
Platysma
Definition
Neck.
O: fascia of deltoid & pectoralis major muscle
I: mandible, lower skin of face, muscles at corners of mouth
A: depress mandible (open mouth), tenses skin of neck
N: Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Term
Rectus Abdominus
Definition
Abdomen.
O: Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
I: 5th to 7th costal cartilage and xiphoid process
A: Flex lumbar spine anteriorly
N: Intercostal nerves 7-12
Term
The tendonous attachment vertically down the midline of the rectus abdominus is what?
Definition
Linea Alba
Term
The tendonous connections horizontally between the bellies of the rectus abdominus muscle are ________.
Definition
Tendinous Intersections
Term
External Abdominal Oblique
Definition
Abdomen.
O: 5th to 12th ribs
I: Iliac Crest
A: together : flex lumbar spin anteriorly (trunk flexion)
Alone: ipsilateral lateral flexion of lumbar spine
N: intercostals 8-12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Term
When does pregnancy begin?
Definition
With the fertilization of the secondary oocyte.
Term
When does embryonic development occur?
Definition
In the first eight weeks.
Term
When does fetal development occur?
Definition
The last 30-32 weeks.
Term
When does birth occur?
Definition
At about 38-40 weeks.
Term
When does prenatal development occur?
Definition
Between fertilization and birth.
Term
When is the most critical stage of development, when the rudiments of all major organ systems appear?
Definition
First Trimester
Term
When do nearly all organ system complete their development?
Definition
Second Trimester
Term
In what stage does the most rapid fetal growth occur?
Definition
Third Trimester
Term
What is the process in which the genetic material from a haploid sperm cell merges with that of a haploid secondary oocyte creating a single diploid nucleus?
Definition
Fertilization
Term
How many sperm are released into the vagina? How many reach the cervix? How many reach the secondary oocyte
Definition
200 million released. 2 million to the cervix. 200 reach the secondary oocyte.
Term
How long is the maximum window around ovulation in which fertilization is likely to occur?
Definition
3 days.
Term
How long can sperm last in the female reproductive organs?
Definition
48 hours.
Term
The plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte is covered by what two layers?
Definition
The outer Corona Radiata, and the inner Zona Pellucida.
Term
Which layer of the secondary oocyte contains the glycoprotein called ZP3, which acts as a sperm receptor?
Definition
Zona Pellucida
Term
What does the glycoprotein ZP3 in the zona pellucida do?
Definition
Activates the acrosome on the sperm's head and releases the digestive enzyme so it can get through the zona pellucida and into the oocyte.
Term
When the sperm penetrates the ovum and the gametes are fused are one it is called _____?
Definition
Syngamy
Term
When does Meiosis II occur?
Definition
When the sperm cell enters.
Term
What do the female pronucleus and male pronucleus fuse to produce?
Definition
A single diploid nucleus containing 23 pairs of chromosomes- the zygote.
Term
How do dyzygotic twins form?
Definition
Two independent secondary oocytes are released and fertilized by two different sperms.
Term
How do monozygotic twins form?
Definition
A single fertilized ovum splits into two separate embryos within 8 days of fertilization.
Term
How do conjoined twins form?
Definition
A fertilized embryo splits into two separate embryos after 8 days post-fertilization.
Term
What is the rapid cell division that the zygote undergoes after fertilization called?
Definition
cleavage
Term
Blastomere
Definition
Each smaller cell produced by cleavage.
Term
Morula
Definition
Solid sphere of blastomeres that form by the fourth day.
Term
The fluid-filled cavity the morula enters and the blastomeres reorganize around.
Definition
Blastocyst cavity.
Term
The mass developing in the blastocyst cavity that is a group of hundreds of cells.
Definition
Blastocyst
Term
The two structures that the blastomeres rearrange to form.
Definition
The inner cell mass, and the trophoblast.
Term
The outer superficial layer of cells that will eventually become the fetal portion of the placenta.
Definition
Trophoblast.
Term
The site of exchange of nutrients and wastes between mother and the fetus.
Definition
Placenta.
Term
The internal portion the blastomeres rearrange to form that develops into the embryo.
Definition
Inner cell mass.
Term
How many days after fertilization does the blastocyst use an enzyme to digest a hole in the zona pellucida and squeeze through, shedding the zona pellucida and preparing for uterine implantation?
Definition
5 days.
Term
How many days after fertilization does the blastocyst attach itself to the endometrium?
Definition
7.
Term
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Definition
When the zygote implants somwhere other than the uterine wall.
Term
In the 2nd week of development, the trophoblast becomes part of what fetal membrane?
Definition
Chorion.
Term
The trophoblast releases which hormone that rescues the corpus luteum from degeneration and prevents shed of the endometrium by continuing to secrete estrogen and progesterone?
Definition
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Term
What are the two layers of the Bilaminar Embryonic disc?
Definition
Hypoblast (columnar cells on the blastocyst side) and the Epiblast (cuboidal cells on the endometrial side).
Term
What is the small cavity that appears within the epiblast?
Definition
Amniotic Cavity.
Term
What is the amnion?
Definition
The thin wall that separates the amniotic cavity from the myometrium, and eventually surrounds the entire embryo as the amniotic sac.
Term
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
Definition
Shock absorber, regulates fetal temperature, prevents dehydration, prevents adhesions of the skin with surrounding tissue.
Term
What are the functions of the yolk sac?
Definition
Transfers nutrients until utero-placental circulation is established, source of blood cells, contains gonad cells, forms part of GI tract, shock absorption, prevents dessification.
Term
What are the functions of the chorion?
Definition
To form the embryonic placenta and allow exchange between mother and fetus, produces HCG, protects from immune response by producing t-lymphocytes.
Term
What is the future umbilical cord that connects the amnion to the trophoblast?
Definition
Connecting Stalk
Term
What is the process of the three primary germ layers forming from the transformation of the bilateral embryonic disc into a 2-dimensional trilaminar embryonic disc?
Definition
Gastrulation
Term
What are the three primary germ layers?
Definition
Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm.
Term
The faint groove that forms as cells rearrange themselves for formation of the 3 germ layers.
Definition
Primitive Streak
Term
The small group of cells at the head of the primitive streak that form a rounded structure.
Definition
Primitive Node.
Term
Cells of the epiblast move inward below the primitive streak and detach from the epiblast.
Definition
Invagination
Term
What does the endoderm become?
Definition
The epithelial lining of the GI tract, respiratory tract and several other organs.
Term
What will the mesoderm become?
Definition
Muscle, bone, CT and peritoneum.
Term
What will the ectoderm become?
Definition
Epidermis and nervous system.
Term
After 16 days post-ferilization a hollow tube of cells is formed from the cells of the primitive node called the _______.
Definition
Notochordal Process.
Term
What is the notochord?
Definition
A cylinder of cells in the midline.
Term
During the third and fourth weeks what two membranes form?
Definition
Oropharyngeal membrane (mouth and pharynx_ and the cloacal membrane (anus and opening to urinary and repro. tracts)
Term
Neuralation results in the growth of what four structures?
Definition
Neural plate, neural fold, neural groove, neural tube.
Term
What week does the cardiovascular system begin to form and out of what?
Definition
In the 3rd week it forms out of the mesoderm.
Term
What are the only two places in the body where arteries contain deoxygenated blood and and veins contain oxygenated blood?
Definition
Lungs and umbilical cord.
Term
The area where the umbilical cord was that is covered with a layer of skin and becomes a scar.
Definition
Umbilicus
Term
What is the process that occurs in the fourth week where the embryo triples in size and converts from a 2-dimensional tri-laminar disc into a 3-dimensional cylinder.
Definition
Embryonic Folding.
Term
By what week do the eyelids form, digits lose their webbing, tail disappears and genitals differentiate?
Definition
8th week.
Term
By what week is gender distinguishable?
Definition
9th week.
Term
Premature babies at what stage can survive in intensive care?
Definition
26-29 weeks old.
Term
When is the nervous system completely developed?
Definition
One year after birth.
Term
When is the immune system fully developed?
Definition
At two years of age.
Term
What is the hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and then the placenta to increase flexibility of the pubic symphysis, sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal joints in animals to ease birth?
Definition
Relaxin
Term
What is the hormone that is used to "clock" pregnancy that is also present in non-pregnant people?
Definition
CRH
Term
What is false labor?
Definition
Pain felt in the abdomen at irregular intervals that is unchanged by walking and does not intensify with no signs of cervical dialation or the baby's head.
Term
Where do contractions begin and end?
Definition
Begin at the superior uterus and ends at the inferior uterus.
Term
What are the three stages of labor?
Definition
Dilation, Expulsion and Placental.
Term
What is the 6-week period during which the mother's reproductive organs typically return to the pre-pregnancy state?
Definition
Puerperium
Term
The rapid reduction in size of the uterus while the cervix loses its elasticity and regains firmness.
Definition
Involution
Term
The discharge the woman experiences in the 2-4 weeks of delivery, consisting of blood and serous fluid.
Definition
Lochia
Term
PP represents what?
Definition
Homozygous dominant.
Term
pp represents what?
Definition
Homozygous recessive.
Term
What is a phenotype?
Definition
How the genetic makeup is expressed in the body.
Term
What two muscles are important in talking and chewing?
Definition
Temporalis and Masseter
Term
A bundle of muscle fibers is called what?
Definition
A Fascicle.
Term
What does the biceps brachii muscle act to do?
Definition
Flex the elbow, Supinate the forearm, and flex the shoulder.
Term
What functions to produce movement of the skeleton at the joints?
Definition
Skeletal Muscles.
Term
What are the Quadriceps Femoris muscles?
Definition
Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Rectus Femoris, and the Vastus Intermedius.
Term
What muscles act to elevate the scapula?
Definition
Levator Scapula, Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor and Trapezius.
Term
What do intercostal muscles do?
Definition
Assist in breathing and attach to the superior and inferior portions of the ribs.
Term
What muscles are designed to stabilize the gleno-humeral joint?
Definition
Rotator Cuff
Term
What do the muscles of the anterior compartment do?
Definition
Extend the toes, dorsiflex the ankle, and invert the foot.
Term
What muscles originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
Definition
Forearm flexors.
Term
Why is the skin around the areola roughened?
Definition
Because it is rich in sebaceous glands.
Term
The glands that secrete the liquid portion of semen, but do not directly form a pathway for sperm are called what?
Definition
Accessory Sex Glands
Term
What structure is responsible for maintaining the endometrium in preparation for fertilization?
Definition
Corpus Luteum
Term
The union of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens forms what?
Definition
Ejaculatory Duct
Term
What does the sperm require in order to penetrate the wall of the ovum?
Definition
Acrosome
Term
Where is the secondary oocyte released as a result of ovulation?
Definition
The pelvic Cavity
Term
Immediately after ovulation the released ovum goes where?
Definition
Into the uterine tube, assisted by the fimbria.
Term
What structure protects the fetus from the mother's immune system?
Definition
Chorion
Term
All major organs begin to appear during which period of development?
Definition
4-8 weeks
Term
During pregnancy in humans which hormone helps increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis?
Definition
Estrogen
Term
The effect of which hormone must be diminished in order for labor to occur?
Definition
Progesterone
Term
The merger of the DNA of a haploid sperm cell and a haploid secondary oocyte to create a single diploid zygote is called what?
Definition
Fertilization
Term
Digits appear on the limb buds during what week?
Definition
7th
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