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MVCC Prof. Fried A&P 1 Exam 2
Integument - 10
163
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/27/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Name the three major regions of the skin or integument system.

List them in order from superficial to deep.

Definition

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

note: epi meands above; hypo means below

Term
What two layers of integument are considered the "skin proper"?
Definition
Epidermis and Dermis
Term
What layer of the integumentary system is mostly adipose tissue?
Definition
Hypodermis
Term
What layer of the integumentary system is technically not part of skin?
Definition
Hypodermis
Term
What do we call the part of the integumentary system that connects skin to connective tissue?
Definition
Hypodermis
Term
What part of the integumentary system is the fascia that we saw during the cat dissection lab?
Definition
hypodermis
Term
Which part of the integument is referred to as the subcutaneous layer?
Definition
Hypodermis
Term

Name the layers of the integument that correlate with letters A & B?

[image]

Definition

[image]

A- epidermis

B - dermis

note: the adipose cells at the bottom of the section bracketed as B are the beginning of the hypodermis

Term
What type of cell constitutes the largest percentage of the epidermis?
Definition

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

[image]

Term
What is the principal benefit of having a keratinized layer covering our bodies?
Definition
The keratinization makes us water resistant, therefore we don't dry out (and don't fill with water simply by being in water).
Term
What do we call the cells that produce the fibrous protein keratin?
Definition

keratinocytes

[image]

Term
What do we call the cells that produce melanin?
Definition
melanocytes
Term

What percentage of the epidermis is composed of melanocytes?

[image]

Definition
Roughly 10 -25%
Term
What is the primary physiological function of melanin?
Definition
To protect cells from the damage of ultraviolet light.
Term
If a person's ancestors came from a latitude near to the equator, would you expect their skin to be darker or lighter than that of a person whose ancestors came from a latitude far from the equator?
Definition

Darker

[image]

Term
How many genes determine our skin color?
Definition

3

[image]

(these British babies are twins whose mother is of Nigerian and English heritage)

Term
What do we call the cells in the epidermis that help activate the immune system?
Definition

 Langerhans* cells, a type of Epidermal Dendritic cell 

* named after the 21 yr old German medical student who discovered them

Term
What do we call the fine touch receptors of the skin?
Definition
Tactile Merkel Cells
Term
Why is it so important to have antigen presenting immune cells (epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhans) in the skin?
Definition
Because the skin is avascular and therefore gets no immune response from blood
Term
What do we have more of on the skin that cells?
Definition

bacteria

[image]

birth begins the colonization of the baby by bacteria. 

Term
What function does the non-pathogenic bacteria on our skin fulfill?
Definition
It protects us by out-competing the pathogenic bacteria.
Term
What do we call the most superficial layer of skin cells?
Definition

stratum corneum 

(this layer contains dead cells, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin)

[image]

Term

What layer of skin is indicated by line #1?

What does the layer contain?

[image]

Definition
  • It is the Stratum Corneum (horny layer, apparently because its cells are toughened like an animal horn)
  • It contains dead skin cells, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin 

[image]

Term
  • What layer of skin is indicated by #2?
  • (note: this is thick skin)
  • What is the layer composed of?

[image]

Definition
  • Layer 2 is the Stratum Lucidum (clear layer, as in lucid)
  • It is composed of a few layers of flat dead keratinocytes.
  • NOTE: It is present only in thick skin and may not be on diagrams we are asked to label.

[image]

Term

What layer does line #3 point to?

What is this layer composed of?

[image]

Definition
  • The layer labelled 3 is the stratum granulosum (grainy layer)
  • This layer is composed of 3-5 layers of dying cells whose organelles are deteriorating and whose cytoplasm is full of granules. 

[image]

Term

What is the layer labelled #4 and what is it composed of?

[image]

Definition
  • Layer 4 is the Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer).
  • It is composed of several layers of keratinocytes united by desmosomes (which keep the cells tightly interlocked and prevent water loss)[image]
Term

What is the layer labelled #5 and what is it composed of?

[image]

Definition
  • Layer 5 is the deepest layer of the skin. It is the stratum basale
  • It contains one row of actively mitotic (capable of dividing) stem cells, occassional melanocytes are also present. 

[image]

Term
What role do desmosomes play in the skin and in which layer can they be found?
Definition

Desmosomes are in the stratum spinosum or spiny layer. They enable the cells to interlock creating a barrier that prevents water loss. 

[image]

Term
Which layer of the epidermis contains stem cells?
Definition
stratum basale
Term
How many layers are in the epidermis?
Definition

4-5

(not including the basement membrane)

Term
What layer is the deepest epiderminal layer that is firmly attached to the dermis?
Definition

stratum basale (basal layer)  

 

[image]

Term

What layers correspond with each letter in this thick skin?

[image]

Definition

A. Stratum Corneum 

B. Stratum Lucidum

C. Stratum Granulosum

D. Stratum Spinosum

E. Stratum Basale

 

Here is one mneumotic used to remember the layers, top to bottom: Cora Lucille's Granny Spins Baseballs [image]

 

Term
  • How long does skin cell turnover takes?
  • Note: this is a range of days
Definition
  • In class, our professor indicated that it takes about 14 days (presumably that's the journey from basale to corneum.)
  • He also included a PowerPoint note that stated 25- 45 days for that process. Perhaps this fact includes the cell's time on the surface once there.
  • Complete cell turnover occurs every 28 to 30 days in young adults, while the same process takes 45 to 50 days in elderly adults. (U.S. National Institude of Health)

 

Term
What is the alternate name for the stratum basale (or basel) layer of the epidermis?
Definition
stratum germinativum
Term
How many rows of stem cells are there in the stratum basale?
Definition
1
Term

What kind of skin includes the stratum lucidum (clear layer)?

What are two prominant places where it is found on the body?

Definition

Thick skin.

It is found on the palms and soles of the feet. 

Term
When the stratum lucidum layer is present, what layer is found beneath it?
Definition

stratum granulosum

(Mnemonic: Cora Lucille's Granny Spins Baseballs)

Term
How many rows of skin cells make up the stratum lucidum?
Definition
just a few
Term
What layers of the skin are composed of living cells?
Definition
  • Stratum Basale
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum (dying but not quite dead)
Term

What fraction of the entire width of the epidermis is composed of the Stratum Corneum or Horny Layer?

note: top layer

Definition

3/4 three quarters (roughly)

[image]

Term

Which layer of skin provides all of the following?

  1. Protection from abrasions and penetration
  2. Water resistance (waterproof accrd. to notes)
  3. Barrier against biological, chemical and physical assaults 
Definition
Stratum Corneum
Term
What is the collective name for the 2 layers below the epidermis?
Definition
Dermis
Term
What are the two layers that make up the dermis?
Definition

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

[image]

Term
  • Which kind of tissue predominates in the papillary layer of the dermis?
  • Which 2 kinds of fibers are seen in the layer?
  • Is the papillary layer vascular or avascular?
Definition
  • Tissue type: Areolar connective tissue 
  • Fibers: Collagen and elastic fibers (for strength and flexibility)
  • Vascular: red blood vessels are present. 
Term
Which layer of the dermis is characterized by vascular areolar (a loose) connective tissue, with collagen and elastic fibers?
Definition
Papillary Layer
Term

Papillae, for which the papillary layer of the dermis is named, means "nipple like extension", the uppermost part of which extends into the epidermis.


What 3 things do these dermal papillae contain and what function does each fulfill ?

Definition

Capillary loops - allow thermal regulation

Meissner's CorposclesFree nerve endings - both of which are sensory receptors

 

Term
Which type of this tissue is found in each of the two layers that make up the dermis?
Definition

connective tissue

papillary layer - loose connective tissue (areolar)

reticular layer- dense connective tissue (irregular)

Term
What are the 4 types of cells found in connective tissue of the dermis? Note which 2 are less frequently found.
Definition

Most commonly:

Fibroblasts

Macrophages

 

Less commonly:

Mast cells

White blood cells

Term
Which layer of the dermis makes up 80% of its thickness?
Definition

Reticular layer

[image]

Term
What are the 2 fibers that are in both the papillary and the reticular layer of the dermis?
Definition
collagen and elastin (elastic fibers)
Term
What type of fiber, present in both the papillary and reticular layer of the dermis, becomes less effective as we age?
Definition
Elastic fibers (elastin)
Term
What functional purpose do the epidermal ridges in our skin (most apparent in thick skin) fulfill?
Definition
They create friction or traction on the surface of the skin, like treads on a running shoe. They are sometimes called FRICTION RIDGES
Term

What forms the epidermal ridges visible on our finger tips and why is each person's supposedly unique?

[image]

Definition
  • Dermal ridges (formed by the raised "nipple like" papilla in the papillary layer) form the basis of epidermal ridges. See illustration below.
  • These ridges alter as, in utero, babies press their hands against the embryonic sac and explore their environment.
  • This, apparently, modifies them, making even those of identical twins different. 

[image]

Term
Which direction of stretch do friction ridges (apparent in thick skin as hand or foot prints) allow?
Definition
lateral stretch
Term
When a frosenic scientist reads fingerprints, what residue are they actually viewing?
Definition

Sweat, from sweat glands on the friction ridges.

[image]

Term

What is the anatomical basis for the cleavage (or tension) lines on our bodies?

[image] 

Definition
Collagen fibers arranged in bundles form these lines.
Term
How are cleavage lines used by surgeons?
Definition
Surgeons cut along cleavage lines because such cuts will heal more  readily.
Term
What are the three pigaments that contribute to skin color?
Definition

melanin

carotene

hemoglobin

Term

What produces melanin?

Where does melanin go once it's produced?

Definition
  • melanocytes produce melanin
  • once produced, melanin migrates, or is fed into, keratinocytes.

 

Term
What does melanin protect our cell's nucleui from?
Definition

UV light

 

Term
What is the often visible result of local accumulations of melanin?
Definition

freckles and pigmented moles

[image]

Term

Melanocytes produces different colored melanin based on ones genetic makup. What colors are possible?

 

Definition

yellow to reddish brown to black

[image]

Term
Are people who use a tanning bed more likely to get skin cancer?
Definition

Yes!

[image]

Term
Which is the main coloring pigment in the body?
Definition
melanin
Term
What color does carotene impart to skin and where in our diet do we obtain this pigment from?
Definition

Carotene is yellow to orange and is abundant in certain vegetables, notably carrots. Apparently people even use beta carotene pills to give themselves tans. 

[image]

Term

What is responsible for the blanching or "whitening" of compresed skin?

[image]

Definition
The blood is being pressed from the area into surrounding tissue. The lack of hemoglobin in that area makes the skin appear paler.
Term

Why do some people "grow pale" with fear?

[image]

Definition

The blood leaves the surface of the body to assist the rest of the body in the flight or fight response. Because there is less blood at the surface of the body, the person appears pale. 

 

Term

What are the two main types of sweat glands?

Where is each located?

Definition

Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands 

  • Eccrine sweat glands: everywhere, especially abundant on the palms, soles, forehead
  • Apocrine sweat glands: underarms (axillary) and anogenital areas
Term
Which type of sweat gland produces orderless sweat?
Definition
Eccrine
Term
Which type of sweat gland is associated with odor and adolescence?
Definition
Apocrine
Term
Which appendage of the skin can produce a cooling effect in the body?
Definition
Eccrine sweat glands have a cooling effect because the sweat they release all over the body is mostly water and water holds heat.
Term
What do eccrine (or merocrine) sweat glands connect to in order to bring sweat to the surface of the body?
Definition
eccrine glands connect to pores
Term
What do the ducts of apocrine glands connect with to bring sweat to the surface of the body?
Definition
hair follicles
Term
What are the 6 components that make up sweat from eccrine glands?
Definition
  1. water
  2. NaCl (sodium chloride or salt)
  3. vitamin C
  4. antibodies
  5. dermicidin (a kind of natural antibiotic)
  6. metabolic wastes (urea)
Term
What is the relationship between eccrine gland sweat and infection?
Definition
Eccrine gland sweat protects us from infection.
Term

Look at this picture and identify the means by which eccrine sweat and apocrine sweat access the surface of the skin. 

[image]

Definition

Eccrine sweat accesses the surface of the skin via sweat pores

Apocrine sweat accesses the surface of the skin via fair follicles

[image]

Term

What appendage of the integumentary system is pictured in microscopic view below?

[image]

Definition

Eccrine sweat glands

[image]

Term
What are the 3 main components of apocrine sweat?
Definition

It is composed of sweat, fatty substances and proteins 

  • (note: our notes say that the apocrine glands produce sebum but this may not be correct. other sources only note sebacous glands as a source of sebum.)
Term

When do the apocrine glands become active?

What is one theory of their evolutionary purpose?

Definition

Apocrine glands become active at puperty.

They are theorized to be a sexual scent gland.

Term
How does the appearance between eccrine sweat and apocrine sweat (or sebum) differ?
Definition
The sweat from apocrine glands, appears milky because of the proteins in it, where eccrine sweat is clear.
Term
  • What are the two types of modified apocrine glands we learned about?
  • Where are they located?
  • What does each produce?
Definition

Ceruminous glands - in external ear - produce ear wax

Mammary glands- in breast tissue - produce milk

[image]

Term
In addition to the apocrine sweat glands, what other appendage of the skin becomes active at puperty?
Definition

Sebaceous (oil) glands

 

Term
What appendage to the skin do sebaceous or oil glands connect to?
Definition
hair follicles
Term
What appendage to the skin is responsible for making hair and skin soft?
Definition
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Term
What occurs when dirt or dead skin cells gets trapped in a sebacous gland?
Definition

blackheads and/or whiteheads

(sources differ on the cause of each)

Term

What appendages of the skin is shown in the microscope slide below?

[image]

Definition

HF- hair follicle

SG - Sebacous (oil) gland

Term
What is the main compoent of sebum?
Definition
oily holocrine secretion
Term
What is the relationship between sebum and bacteria?
Definition

sebum is bactericidal, meaning it kills bacteria. 

 

Term
Evolutionarily, humans have rid themselves of hair, yet they retain it in some areas. What 4 major functions (including the 3 relating to the scalp) does the hair we have fulfill?
Definition
  • Alerting the body to the presence of insects
  • Guarding the scalp against:
    • physical trauma
    • heat loss
    • sunlight
Term
What functions do the eyelashes fulfill?
Definition
They protect the eyes
Term
What 2 things do the dead keratinized cells of our hair consist of?
Definition

dead keratinized cell contain:

hard keratin and the hair pigment melanin. 

Term
What 2 things can account for the lack of color in grey and white hair?
Definition

decreased production of melanin 

increased air bubbles in shaft blocking the melanin

Term
What do we call the type of hair thinning that can occur in men and women and usually occurs after 40?
Definition

Alopecia

[image]

Term
Is there a pattern to alopecia hair thinning?
Definition

nope.

[image]

Term

What type of hair loss generally starts in front and works towards the back of the skull?

[image]

Definition
male pattern baldness
Term
What type of hair loss is genetically determined and sex influenced?
Definition

True (frank) baldness

[image]

Term
What type of hair loss is associated with an insensitivity to testosterone?
Definition
True (frank) baldness
Term
What type of hair loss is caused by follicular response to the sex hormone DHT?
Definition
Male pattern baldness.
Term
What is the largest organ in the human body?
Definition
the skin
Term
What is the main function of the skin?
Definition
protection!
Term
What are the three types of protection the skin (or integumentary system) provides us with?
Definition
  1. Chemical protection
  2. Physical/mechanical barriers
  3. Biological barriers
Term

In what two ways does the skin offers chemical protection?

What does chemical protection protect from?

Definition
Low pH secretions (acid mantle) and defensins retard bacterial activity.   
Term
What is one name for the low pH secretions that protect the skin by retarding bacterial activity?
Definition

acid mantle

[image]

apparently one can also purchase a product that claims to restore such a mantle

Term
What are the three components of the biological barrier offered by the integumentary system?
Definition
  • Dendritic cells (a kind of immune cell)
  • Macrophages (defense cells)
  • DNA
Term
One function of the integumentary's physical/mechanical barrier, is the blocking of water and water soluble substances. What 2 components of the skin give it this ability?
Definition
keratin & glycolipids
Term
How do keratin and glycolipids act as a physical/mechanical barrier in the skin?
Definition
they keep water and water soluble substances out
Term
What is the relationship between the physical/mechanical barrier of skin and and the penetration of lipid soluble substances?
Definition
The physical/mechanical barrier of skin limits the penetration of lipid soluble substances. 
Term
What are the 4 types of substances that the skin allows to penetrate its physical/mechanical barrier?
Definition
  • plant oleoresins (such as poison ivy)
  • organic solvents
  • salts of heavy metal (such as mercury) &
  • some drugs (such as nicotine administered by patch, or testosterone by gel)
Term
How much water, on average, does a person lose each day due to insensible perspiration?
Definition
500 ml (half a liter) at normal temperature
Term
What is the function of insensible perspiration?
Definition
insensible perspiration helps to regulate body temperature
Term

What occurs to dermal vessels when body temperature increases?

What is the usual result?

Definition

vasodilation (blood vessels dilate)

and temperature goes down

Term
What do we call the sweating that we're aware of?
Definition
sensible perspiration
Term
What combinations of reactions in the integumentary system work to keep the body cool in a hot enviroment?
Definition

sensible perperation via increased sweat gland activity

temperature regulation via vasodilation 

Term
Name several cutaneous sensations that the skin is capable of?
Definition

temperature 

touch 

pain

wet/dry

texture

Term
Our notes reference four metabolic functions that the skin is capable of. What are they?
Definition
  • Synthesis of vitamin D precursor (we discussed this the most)
  • Synthesis of collagenase
  • Chemical conversion of carcinogens
  • Cheminal conversion of some hormones

 

Term
How much of the body's blood supply is stored in the skin till we need it?
Definition
5% of the total volume of blood
Term
What does the skin excrete and via what appendage does this excretion occur ?
Definition
The skin excretes nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat via sweat glands
Term
Are most skin tumors benign or malignant?
Definition
benign (they do not metastasize)
Term
What are the two risk factors for skin cancer?
Definition

Overexposure to UV radiation

Frequent irritation of the skin

Term
What do some skin lotions contain that can fix damaged DNA?
Definition

enzymes in liposomes

(the liposomes deliver the enzymes because they can get through the skin)

Term
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
Definition
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma 
Term
Which type of skin cancer is least likely to be malignant?
Definition
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Term
Which is the second most common and second most harmful type of skin cancer?
Definition
squamous cell carcinoma
Term
Which is the most dangerous carcinoma?
Definition
melanoma
Term
What cells are effected in basal cell carcinoma, where are they located in the skin?
Definition
basal cells, in the lowest layer of the epidermis.
Term
At what levels does squamous cell carcinoma occur?
Definition
the spinosum layer of the epidermis
Term
Why are skin cancers typically less dangerous than other cancers?
Definition
Because the skin is avascular making it less likely for the cancer cells to enter the blood and metastasize to other parts of the body.
Term
What types of cells are affected by melanoma?
Definition
melanin producing melanocytes
Term
Which type of skin cancer is characterized by fairly rapid development and lesions that stick out?
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma
Term
Which type of skin cancer involves the basale cells proliferating and slowly invading the dermis and hypodermis?
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma
Term
Which type of skin cancer is cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases.
Definition
basal cell carcinoma
Term

Which cells are affected in squamous cell carcinoma? 

Which layer are they on?

Definition
  • The keratinocytes of the stratum spinososum layer
  • note: stratum spinosum is directly above the stratum basal (aka stratum germinativum) where basal cell carcinoma is found

[image]

Term

What type of skin cancer is seen in each of the following images?

[image]

Definition
[image]
Term
Where is squamous cell carcinoma most often seen on the body?
Definition
  • On areas of frequent sun exposure:
  • scalp
  • ears
  • lower lip
  • hands

[image] 

Term
  • What  are the 2 general courses of treatment for squamous cell carcinoma?
  • What is the prognosis?
Definition
  • General course of treatment is either radiation or surgical removal.
  • Prognosis is good.
Term
Which type of skin cancer is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy?
Definition
melanoma
Term

What is the general, two part, course of treatment for melanoma?

[image]

Definition
wide surgical excision and immunotherapy
Term
What are the ABCD rules of melanoma detection?
Definition

[image]

  • Asymmetry: the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
  • Border: exhibits indentations
  • Color: black, brown, tan sometimes red or blue. Two toned is not good
  • Diameter: larger tan 6mm or the size of an eraser

 

Term
What are the 4 causes of burns that we learned about?
Definition
  • Heat
  • Electricity
  • Radiation 
  • Chemical
Term
What is the most common type of burn?
Definition

Heat burn

(e.g. fire)

Term
What type of burn is a sunburn?
Definition
Heat & radiation
Term

What are the two most immediate threats with burns?

What is the danger of these threats, i.e. what might they lead to?

Definition

dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

They lead to renal (kidney) shut down and circulatory shock

Term
What 3 things happen to the skin when it is burned?
Definition
  • tissue damage
  • denatured proteins
  • cell death
Term
What is the RULE OF NINES used for?
Definition

To estimate volume of fluid loss from burns

(and to understand the spread of the burns)

Term
  • Note what % of the total body area is indicated by each letter. Assume both the anterior and posterior areas are indicated.
  • a. anterior and posterior of head and neck
  • b. anterior and posterior of a single arm
  • c. anterior and posterior of trunk
  • d. genital region
  • e. anterior and posterior of a single leg

[image]

Definition
  • a. anterior and posterior of head and neck - 9%
  • b. anterior and posterior of a single upper limb - 9%
  • c. anterior and posterior of trunk - 36% (9 x 4)
  • d. genital region - 1%
  • e. anterior and posterior of a single lower limb - 18%
  • [image]
Term
What "degrees" of burn are considered partial thickness burns?
Definition
first and second degree burns
Term

What layer(s) of the skin are damaged with a first degree burn?

[image]

Definition
Epidermal layers are damaged in a first degree burn
Term
What 3 effects is someone with a first degree burn likely to experience?
Definition
localized redness, edema (swelling) and pain
Term
Why does someone with a sunburn often feel hot, even when they are no longer in the sun?
Definition
They have lost the functionality of cooling.
Term
Which type of burn results in no pain, at least at the outset? Why?
Definition
3rd degree burns. Nerves are damaged, or destroyed so no pain can be felt.
Term
Why layers of skin are damaged in a second degree burn?
Definition
Epidermis and upper dermal levels
Term
What type of burn leads to blisters?
Definition

Second degree burn

[image]

Term
What part of the dermis is damaged in a second degree burn?
Definition
papillary layer of the dermis
Term
What is the outcome for most 1st and 2nd degree burns?
Definition
Usually these burns heal.
Term
What is the major danger when the dermis is exposed through 2nd degree burns?
Definition

Infection from bacteria or viruses. 

There is no protection because there is no epidermis. 

Term
What layers of the skin are damaged by 3rd degree burns?
Definition
3rd degree burns go all the way through the dermis
Term
What 4 colors are commonly seen in third degree burns?
Definition
They vary from white to grey to cherry red or black
Term
What type of burn does not initially result in edema?
Definition
3rd degree burns
Term
What is generally used to replace skin lost to third degree burns?
Definition

skin grafts

[image]

Term
What are 4 long term effects of 3rd degree burns
Definition
  1. scar tissue
  2. sensation loss
  3. thermoregulation imbalance
  4. fluid retention

 

Term
If a burn victim with third degree burns is classified as critical, what is the minimum % of the body affected?
Definition
Greater than 10%
Term
If a burn victim with 2nd degree burns is classified as critical, what is the minimum % of the body affected?
Definition
Greater than 25%
Term
What 3 areas of the body classify burns as critical even if those burns do not meet the required critical %?
Definition
hands, face and feet
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