Term
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Definition
| Two structures/regions on the same side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Two structures/regions on opposite sides of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| any tissue whose extracellular matrix has a greater volume than that of the cells in the tissue, i.e. blood, bone |
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Term
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Definition
| the x-ray film and the image cast upon it |
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Term
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Definition
| tissues that minimally attenuate x-rays, seen on the radiograph as the darkest, less sharply defined areas |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that greatly attenuate x-rays, seen as lighter and more sharply defined, i.e. bones |
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Term
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Definition
humerus
radius
ulna
metacarpals
phalanges
femur
tibia and fibula
metatarsals |
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Term
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Definition
| the embryonic tissue from which all bones develop |
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Term
| Intracartilaginous/endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| the process by which bony tissue replaces cartilaginous tissue |
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Term
| Primary center of ossification |
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Definition
| the single primary site in the the middle of the diaphysis of the bone where intracartilaginous ossification begins |
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Term
| secondary center of ossification |
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Definition
| For all bones except the femur, appear after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The end part of a long bone that develops from a secondary center of ossification |
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Term
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Definition
an area of hyaline cartilage that intervenes between the diaphysis and epiphysis
-radiolucent in radiographs because they consist of cartilage and not bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
cartilage-producing cells
-a zone of continuously proliferating chondrocytes lies in the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
-critical for longitudinal growth of long bones during childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| -the location where calcified cartilage is replaced by bony tissue, elongating the bone |
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Term
| Type I Salter-Harris fracture |
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Definition
| extends through only the epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| Type II Salter-Harris fracture |
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Definition
| Extends through epiphyseal plate and adjacent metaphysis |
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Term
| Type III Salter-Harris fracture |
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Definition
| extends through epiphyseal plate and the epiphysis |
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Term
| Type IV Salter-Harris fracture |
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Definition
| extends through epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, and metaphysis |
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Term
| Type V Salter-Harris fracture |
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Definition
| severe compression injury of the epiphyseal plate |
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Term
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Definition
| bone surfaces which contribute to a joint |
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Term
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Definition
-membrane-lined, fluid-filled cavity called a synovial cavity
-hyaline cartilage lines bones
-enclosed within a capsule of fibrous connective tissue
-greatest range and freedom of movement |
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Term
| isometric muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| isotonic muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle contraction which produces muscle shortening |
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Term
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Definition
| produces muscle lengthening |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle or member of a group of muscles chiefly responsible for a particular movement |
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Term
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Definition
the inelastic bands of connective tissue that typically extend between the belly of a skeletal muscle and one of its attachement sites
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Term
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Definition
| not parts of skeletal muscles, bind together bones or bodies of cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| any collection of connective tissue large enough to be described by the unaided eye |
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Term
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Definition
develops between late intrauterine life and 3-4 months of age
-concave posteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
-concave posteriorly
-develops 12-18 months after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerated thoracic curvature |
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Term
|
Definition
| exaggerated lumbar curvature |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal lateral curvature of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
most anterior part of vertebral arch
project posterolaterally from the body
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Term
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Definition
the most posterior parts of the vertebral arch
fuse with each other in the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| projects posteriorly from the region of union of the laminae |
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Term
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Definition
| projects laterally on each side from the region of union between the pedicle and laminae |
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Term
| superior and inferior articular processes |
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Definition
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Term
| secondary cartilaginous joint |
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Definition
-aka symphysis
-articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage
-hyaline cartilage plates are united by a plate of fibrous cartilage
-bodies of vertebrae are connected this way |
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Term
|
Definition
discs of fibrous cartilage that unite the bodies of the vertebrae
-each named for the vertebrae immediately above it
-consists of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
central region of intervertebral disc
-gelatinous mass with high water content
-functions as a noncompressible but deformable pad of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrocartilaginous band of tissue that retains the nucleus pulposus in place |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal exit the spine immediately BELOW vertebrae of same name
-cervical exit the spine immediately ABOVE vertebra of the same name
-C8 exits between C7 and T1 |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from the unity of the anterior and posterior roots as they exit the intervertebral foramen |
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Term
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Definition
| the transverse segment of the spinal cord that gives rise to the anterior and posterior roots for each pair of spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| where the cell bodies of motor neurons or spinal cord segments reside |
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Term
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Definition
aka dorsal root ganglion, vertebral ganglion
where the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of each spinal cord segment reside |
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Term
|
Definition
stretch receptor in the skeletal muscle
part of the deep tendon reflex |
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Term
| homonymous lower motor neurons |
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Definition
-lower motor neurons that innervate the same skeletal muscle innervated by the sensory fibers
-reside in the same spinal cord segment into which the sensory fibers extend |
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Term
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Definition
the reflexive contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to a stretching stimulus
-abnormal reflexes indicate neuromuscular disease/injury |
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Term
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Definition
| the strip-like area of skin innervated by the cutaneous sensory neurons of a spinal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| the lower end of the spinal cord, lies at the level of the lower border of the body of the 1st lumbar vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of spinal nerve roots that descends below the conus medullaris |
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Term
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Definition
the membranes that envelope the brain and spinal cord
-spinal meninges are continuous with cranial meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost meningeal layer |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle layer of meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer of meninges |
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Term
|
Definition
-between the arachnoid and the pia mater
-filled with CSF |
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Term
|
Definition
-a clear, colorless fluid derived from blood plasma, -contains only a few lymphocytes
-protein concentration is lower than blood
-secreted into a series of four chambers within the brain and flows back to the subarachnoid space
-supports the brain and spinal cord in a fluid environment of uniform pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
-inflammation of the meninges
-viral, bacterial, parasitic
-symptoms due to increased intracranial pressure and inflamed sensory nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
collection of CSF from the subarachnoid space
-needle is inserted into the interspinous space between the spinous processes of the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae |
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Term
|
Definition
acromion
coracoid process
glenoid cavity
spine
inferior angle
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Term
| the point of the shoulder |
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Definition
| acquires its shape from the subcutaneous acromion |
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Term
| axillary nerve relationship to humerus |
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Definition
lies medial to the surgical neck of the humerus
most at risk of injury from fracture to surgical neck of humerus |
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Term
|
Definition
| medial end of clavicle to the manubrium of the sternum |
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Term
|
Definition
attaches the clavicle to the first costal cartilage
stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint |
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Term
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Definition
| joins lateral end of clavicle to the medial margin of the acromion of the shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
attaches the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula
stabilizes the acromoclavicular joint |
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Term
| grade I shoulder separartion |
|
Definition
simple sprain of the fibrous capsule of the acromioclavicular joint
-AP radiograph shows acromioclavicular and coraclavicular spaces of normal width |
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Term
| grade II shoulder separation |
|
Definition
subluxation of the acriomioclavicular joint
-ligament damage in fibrous capsule only
-AP radiograph shows coraclavicular space of normal width, but an acromioclavicular space that is 50% wider than that measured in radiograph of pt's uninjured shoulder |
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Term
| Grade III shoulder separation |
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Definition
dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint; both fibrous capsule and coracoclavicular ligament are significantly disrupted;
AP radiograph shows both acromioclavicular and caracoclavicular spaces to be 50% wider than uninjured shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
a ring of fibrous cartilage that articulates with the humeral head;
rims the glenoid cavity of the scapula |
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Term
| Anterior dislocation of the humeral head |
|
Definition
the most common type of shoulder joint dislocation;
produced by trauma that drives the humeral head anteroinferiorly;
axillary nerve is most at risk from injury |
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Term
|
Definition
formed by the clavicle and scapula;
can extend the range of movements of the arm |
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|
Term
| shoulder joint: range of motion contributing features |
|
Definition
ball-and-socket configuration
small surface area of the glenoid cavity
comparatively lax fibrous capsule |
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Term
| movement of sternoclavicular joint |
|
Definition
-raises and lowers the shoulder
-protraction and retraction of the shoulder
-contributes to abduction and adduction of the arm |
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Term
|
Definition
the coordinated movements of the scapula and humerus during arm abduction;
lateral rotation of scapula contributes 1 degree for every 2 degrees provided by upward rotation of the humerus |
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Term
| contributors to abduction and adduction of the arm |
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Definition
| sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and shoulder joints |
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Term
|
Definition
hereditary defective ossification of the cranial bones and the clavicles; may have absence of clavicles
-can move shoulders anteriorly to touch each other |
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Term
|
Definition
-most commonly fractured bone of the body
-presents with shoulder displaced inferiorly, anteriorly, and medially |
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Term
|
Definition
suspends upper limb from vertebral column
innervated by accessory nerve
primary = shrugging the shoulder
one of two = lateral rotation of the scapula, part of raising arm above the shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by dorsal scapular nerve (C5), and nerve fibers from C3 and C4
-assists trapezius in raising shoulder
-medially rotate the scapula |
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Term
| rhomboid major and rhomboid minor |
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Definition
innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
retract and rotate the shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by long thoracic nerve
one of two = lateral rotation of the scapula
prime = protraction of the shoulder |
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Term
| serratus anterior paralysis |
|
Definition
from transection of the long thoracic nerve during a radical mastectomy
-results in a winged scapula when outstretched limb pushes anteriorly |
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the medial pectoral nerve
lower and protract the shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
lower the shoulder
innervated by the nerve to subclavius |
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Term
| muscles of the rotator cuff |
|
Definition
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis |
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the suprascapular nerve (C5 and C6)
initiates abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint from the anatomical position
assists deltoid in further arm abduction at the shoulder joint |
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the suprascapular nerve (C5 and C6)
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the axillary nerve (C5 and C6)
can externally rotate the arm
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves
can internally rotate the arm |
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the axillary nerve
-the prime mover for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint
-can flex, internally rotate, extend, and externally rotate the arm |
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves
can flex, adduct, and internally rotate the arm
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the lower subscapular nerve
can adduct and internally rotate the arm |
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Term
|
Definition
innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve
can extend, adduct, and internally rotate the arm |
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Term
|
Definition
1. heel strike, or initial contact phase (stance)
2. loading response phase (stance)
3. mid stance
4. terminal stance
5. pre-swing phase
6. initial swing phase
7. mid-swing phase
8. terminal swing phase |
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Term
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Definition
| brings the foot into full contact with the surface below; the body rocks forward over the heel of the newly planted foot; occurs during the LOADING response phase |
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Term
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Definition
| helps sustain forward body momentum in the mid stance phase, brings the upper body weight directly over the fully planted foot, happens in the MID STANCE phase |
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Term
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Definition
| advances the body ahead of the lower limb, helps sustain forward body momentum, happens during the TERMINAL stance phase |
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Term
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Definition
| at the end of the pre-swing phase, where body weight is transferred from one lower limb to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a bowl-shaped ring of bones formed by the lef and right coxal bones, and the sacrum and coccyx |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cartilaginous joint that joings the pubic parts of the left and right coxal bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| a synovial join that joins the sacrum and the coccyx |
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Term
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Definition
| used by orthopedic surgeons to designate the proximal end of the femur, including the head and neck and greater and lesser trochanters |
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Term
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Definition
| usually a pair of fractures or a fracture accompanied by a dislocation; superior and inferior pelvic rami are most commonly fractured, dislocation of the pubic symphysis is more common; must assume bladder and urethra are damaged |
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Term
|
Definition
| more common in the elderly due to osteoporosis; subcapital fracture = immediately distal to the head of the femur within the fibrous capsule of the joint |
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|
Term
| slipped capital femoral epiphysis |
|
Definition
| common fracture of the growth plate on the head of the femur in adolescents, a Salter-Harris Type I fracture, due to changes in orientation of the epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| ligament to the head of the femur |
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Definition
| extends from the outer rim of the acetabulum to the fovea capitis; houses an artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur |
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Term
|
Definition
| an articulation of the hip joint; a ring of fibrous cartilage that encircles the outer ring of the acetabulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased volume of synovial fluid in the hip joint due to injury/infection; person is most comfortable seated with the painful thigh abducted and externally rotated which maximizes encapsulation of the femoral head and reduces tension in the synovial membrane |
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Term
| primary arthritis of the hip joint |
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Definition
| thinning of hyaline cartilage surfaces in the superior joint space |
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Term
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Definition
| extends the thigh, raises person from seated position, innervated by inferior gluteal nerve |
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Term
| role of gluteus maximus in walking |
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Definition
| in terminal swing, restrains forward movement of the thigh; in initial contact and loading response phases, opposes tendency of the body to fall forward at the hip joint |
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Term
|
Definition
| from paralysis of GM, lean the body trunk backward at heel strike in order to compensate and not fall forward |
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Term
| gluteus medius and gluteus minimus |
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Definition
| abduct the thigh, innervated by superior gluteal nerve |
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Term
| role of gluteus medius and minimus in gait |
|
Definition
| exert lateral pelvic tilting action during IC, LR, and MST phases, prevents hip join from sagging on contralateral side |
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Term
|
Definition
| an action to reduce the pain of compression caused by lateral tilting action, or due to paralysis; Pushes off of unaffected foot and leans to the affected side |
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Term
|
Definition
| abducts the thigh at the hip joint by tensing the iliotibial tract, innervated by the superior gluteal nerve; exerts a lateral pelvic tilting action |
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Term
| piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, and quadrate femoris |
|
Definition
| rotate the thigh at the hip joint, innervated by nerves derived from the sacral plexus |
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Term
|
Definition
| from the anterior rami of L4 and L5 (lumbosacral trunk) + S1, S2, S3, and S4, innervate all the gluteal muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| the largest nerve in the body, from the sacral plexus into gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen; may be injured in intramuscular injection |
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|
Term
| movements at the knee joint |
|
Definition
| flexion, extension, internal and external rotation of the lower leg |
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Term
|
Definition
| the deep fascia of the thigh, all muscles of the thigh lie deep to it, helps divide muscles into three muscle groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| three sheet-like layers that extend deeply from the fascia lata to attach to the femur; also help divide muscles into three groups |
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Term
| innervation and movement of posterior thigh muscles |
|
Definition
| sciatic nerve, extend the thigh at the hip, flex the leg at the knee |
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Term
|
Definition
| semitendinosis, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris |
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Term
| semimembranosus and semitendinosus features |
|
Definition
| tendon that extends about half the length of the muscle; origin at coxal bone, insert onto proximal parts of the tibia; can flex and internally rotate the leg; innervated by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve |
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Term
| terminal branches of sciatic nerve |
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Definition
| tibial and common fibular nerves; division usually occurs in the lower part of the back of the thigh, but may occur higher up |
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Term
|
Definition
| thigh muscle with two heads of origin; both heads can flex and externally rotate the leg but only the long head can extend the thigh; long head is innervated by tibial portion, short head is innervated by common fibular portion |
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|
Term
| role of hamstrings in walking gait |
|
Definition
| IC, LR, and TSW phases; assists gluteus maximus |
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|
Term
| spinal nerves involved in flexion of leg at knee |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| obturator and femoral nerves |
|
Definition
| arise from lumbar plexus; contributed to by L2, L3, L4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divided into an adductor part and a hamstring part; adductor part innervated by the obturator nerve, hamstring part innervated by the tibial part of the sciatic; also helps gluteus maximus during gait |
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Term
|
Definition
| can adduct the thigh, flex the leg, and internally rotate the leg; innervated by the obturator nerve; acts to flex the thigh during the early part of the initial swing phase which accelerates forward movement of the thigh |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| adducts the thigh; innervated by the obturator nerve |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| externally rotates the thigh; innervated by the obturator nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can adduct the thigh; innervated by the obturator nerve; also helps flex the thigh during walking accelerating forward movement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| attached laterally to the anterior superior iliac spine and medially to the pubic tubercle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| can flex and adduct the thigh; innervated by femoral and obturator nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of the iliacus and psoas major; the most powerful flexor of the thigh, the flexor of the trunk of the body when arising from a seated position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| innervation of psoas major |
|
Definition
| branches of the anterior rami of L1, L2, and L3 |
|
|
Term
| quadriceps femoris muscles |
|
Definition
| vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris; share a common tendon of insertion that inserts onto the tibial tuberosity; the only muscles that can extend the leg; innervated by the femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the portion of the quadriceps femoris tendon that extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| the quadriceps femoris tendon reflex test |
|
Definition
| assesses spinal cord reflex activity in the L2, L3 and L4 spinal cord segments |
|
|
Term
| quadriceps femoris role in gait |
|
Definition
| extends the leg in preparation for hell strike, opposes the tendency of the leg to be flexed at the knee |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flexion, abduction, and external rotation of the thigh at the hip; innervated by the femoral nerve |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| begins deep to the inguinal ligament as a continuation of the external iliac artery |
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Term
|
Definition
| bordered by the adductor longus, sartorius, and inguinal ligament |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a continuation of the femoral artery that begins in the hiatus of adductor magnus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 4 arteries that branch off the posterior aspect of the deep artery of the thigh; chief source of blood supply to the hamstrings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from the extracapsular vascular ring around the base of the neck of the femur; the chief source of blood supply to the head of the femur |
|
|
Term
| avascular necrosis of the head of the femur |
|
Definition
| due to loss of blood to the head of the femur; caused in the elderly by displaced intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck; subcapital fracture = intracapsular fracture |
|
|
Term
| roots of the brachial plexus |
|
Definition
| ANTERIOR RAMI of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 |
|
|
Term
| 5 major nerves of the upper limb |
|
Definition
1) Musculocutaneous: arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
2) Ulnar: from the medial cord
3) Median: from both the medial and lateral cords
4) Axillary: from the posterior cord
5) Radial nerves: from the posterior cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Major nerve of the upper limb
Most risk of injury from a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Major nerve of the upper limb
Most at risk of injury from a fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fracture at the distal end of the radius;
Distal fragment is both:
• posteriorly displaced
• posteriorly angulated |
|
|
Term
| pulled elbow (Nursemaids elbow) |
|
Definition
Injury of an upward pull on a young child’s upper limb to prevent the young child from falling down while walking
-↑ pull → momentarily subluxes head of the radius from capitulum of the humerus
-Subluxation may produce a transverse tear in the annular ligament of the proximal radioulnar joint → upper torn part of the annular ligament slipping over the head of the radius.
Head of the radius moves ↑ into its normal position,
- pinching the upper part of the annular ligament between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius.
Radiographs of a pulled elbow are normal |
|
|
Term
| Biceps Brachii and Brachialis |
|
Definition
(innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve)
-C5 & C6 provide most of the nerve fibers that innervate the muscles.
-Major flexors of the forearm at the elbow joint. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(innervated by the radial nerve)
-C7 and C8 provide most of the nerve fibers that innervate
-The sole extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motor deficits which result from (most) severe injury of the C5 and C6 roots or upper trunk of the brachial plexus.
-The muscles may be partially or completely paralyzed by excessive traction on the upper parts of the brachial plexus include:
-Upper limb muscles- sole/major innervation = C5 and/or C6 nerve fibers
-Significant damage to both C5 and C6 nerve fibers, the most important muscular actions compromised or lost by such damage are actions of:
-supraspinatus, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, and supinator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior forearm muscle whose sole action is supination of the forearm |
|
|
Term
| paralysis of the supraspinatus and deltoid |
|
Definition
| inability to abduct the arm at the shoulder joint; entire upper limb hangs in a deadened fashion beside the trunk of the body |
|
|
Term
| paralysis of biceps brachii and brachialis |
|
Definition
| profound weakness of flexion of the forearm |
|
|
Term
| paralysis of biceps brachii and supinator |
|
Definition
| inability to supinate the forearm; forearm is more pronated than usual |
|
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Term
| what composes the wrist joint? |
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Definition
| carpals: scaphoid, lunate, atriquetrum; with distal end of radius and the articular disc |
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Term
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Definition
| all anterior forearm muscles (except the one that adducts the hand and the medial half of the one that flexes the 4th and 5th digits at their DIPs); skin at the tips of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and lateral half of the ring finger |
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Term
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Definition
| compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel; sensory deficitis in the hand and weakness of the thenar muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| medial 1/2 of the muscle that flexes ring and little fingers at the DIP joint; the muscle that adducts the hand; skin at the tips of the little finger and the medial half of the ring finger |
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Term
| movements of the posterior muscles of the forearm |
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Definition
| supinate the forearm; extend, abduct, and adduct the hand at the wrist and metacarpal joints; abduct the thumb; extend thumb and fingers at MCP and IP joints |
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Term
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Definition
| innervates all posterior forearm muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| provides most nerve fibers that control flexion of thumb and fingers at IP joints |
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Term
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Definition
| severe injury to the radial nerve in the axilla or arm significantly weakens or paralyzes the posterior forearm muscles which can extend the hand at the wrist or midcarpal joints |
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Term
| most commonly fractured carpal |
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Definition
| scaphoid; tenderness on application of pressure to the anatomical snuffbox |
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Term
| most commonly dislocated carpal |
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Definition
| lunate; can put pressure on the medial nerve of the carpal tunnel |
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Term
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Definition
| innervated by the ulnar nerve; abducts the fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| innervated by the ulnar nerve; adducts the fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| innervated by the median nerve; abduct, flex, and oppose the thumb; |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis of thenar eminence muscles; pt unable to touch thumb to base of little finger |
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Term
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Definition
| innervated by the ulnar nerve; adducts the thumb |
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Term
| hypothenar eminence muscles |
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Definition
| innervated by the ulnar nerve; abduction and opposition of the little finger |
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Term
| Which spinal nerve provides most of the nerve fibers that control abduction and adduction of the fingers at their metacarpopharyngeal joints? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| request patient to touch the base of the little finger with the tip of the thumb |
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Term
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Definition
| have patient hold a piece of paper tightly between the ring and middle fingers (can't hold tightly if palmar and dorsal interossei are paralyzed) |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| due to severe injury of C8 and T1 roots or lower trunk of the brachial plexus; can not abduct the fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| semimembranosus, semitendinosus, long head of biceps femoris |
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Term
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Definition
| largest artery of the thigh; begins as a continuation of the external iliac artery; enters deep to inguinal ligament; exits passing through the hiatus of adductor magnus |
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Term
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Definition
| branches of the femoral artery that supply the neck and head of the femur |
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Term
| medial collateral ligament |
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Definition
| supports the capsule of the knee on the medial side |
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Term
| anterior crucate ligament |
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Definition
| extends from anterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau to the lateral femoral condyle; lies within the capsule but not within the synovial cavity of the knee joint |
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Term
| The Unhappy Triad of O'Donoghue |
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Definition
| a torn MCL, a ruptured ACL, and a torn medial meniscus |
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Term
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Definition
| a fluid-filled herniation of the synovial membrane lining the posterior aspect of the knee joint; usually a swollen gastrocnemius or semimembranous bursa; almost always a complication of chronic swelling of the knee joint's synovial cavity (as in rheumatoid arthritis) |
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Term
| posterior crucate ligament |
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Definition
| extends from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateaus to the medial femoral epicondyle |
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Term
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Definition
| an extension of the joint's (knee) synovial cavity |
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Term
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Definition
prepatellar, superficial infrapatellar, deep infrapatellar.
Do not communicate with the knee's synovial cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
the seven bones of the hindfoot and midfoot;
talus and calcaneus = hindfoot
medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid, and navicular = midfoot |
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Term
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Definition
medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula articulate with the uppermost part of the talus
movements: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthens the medial side of the ankle joint's fibrous capsule |
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Term
| avulsion of the medial malleolus |
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Definition
| a fracture of the medial malleolus near its attachment to the deltoid ligament; under conditions in which the deltoid ligament is severely stretched, it is more common that the medial malleolus fractures than the deltoid ligament tears |
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Term
| three ligaments of the lateral side of the ankle joint |
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Definition
| anterior talofibular ligament (most commonly torn in accidents); calcaneofibular ligament; posterior talofibular ligament |
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Term
| injury to the anterior talofibular ligament |
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Definition
| common mechanism = sudden application of a marked inversion force on a plantarflexed foot; commonly torn near its fibular attachment = point tenderness is greatest anteroinferior to the lateral malleolus; anterolateral aspect of the ankle becomes painful and swollen within a few hours following the injury |
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Term
| Functional subtalar joint |
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Definition
| 3 articulations between talus and calcaneus |
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Term
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Definition
2 articulations:
-between talus and navicular
-between calcaneus and cuboid |
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Term
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Definition
| adduction and inversion; foot rotates internally and sole of the foot faces slightly medially ; functional subtalar and transverse tarsal joints are relatively immobile and tightly packed |
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Term
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Definition
| abduction and eversion; foot rotates externally and lateral edge of the foot is raised so that the sole of the foot faces slightly laterally; functional subtalar and transverse tarsal joints are mobile and relatively loosely packed |
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Term
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Definition
| innervates the posterior leg muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| -gastrocnemius, posterior tibialis, soleus |
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Term
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Definition
| chief plantar flexor of the foot; inserts at Achilles tendon, innervated by S1 and S2 nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two chief supinators of the foot; tibial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| chief plantar flexor of the foot; inserts at achilles tendon, innervation S1 and S2 fibers |
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Term
| Achilles tendon reflex test |
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Definition
| assesses spinal cord reflex activity in the S1 and S2 spinal cord segment levels |
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Term
| relation of posterior leg muscles to gait |
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Definition
| gastrocnemius and soleus help define the ankle rocker action during the MST phase and forefoot rocker action in the TST phase |
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Term
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Definition
| enters the leg, winds around the lateral aspect of the neck of the fibula and divides into deep fibular and superficial fibular nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| innervates anterior leg muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus; chief dorsiflexors of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| chief dorsiflexor of the foot; prime mover for extensio of big toe (L5 fibers) |
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Term
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Definition
| chief dorsiflexor + one of two chief supinators |
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Term
| extensor digitorum longus |
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Definition
| chief dorsiflexor; prime mover for extension of the lateral four toes |
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Term
| relation of anterior leg muscles to gait |
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Definition
| dorsiflex the foot at toe off to neutral position at MSW phase; define heel rocker action at LR phase |
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Term
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Definition
| person can not dorsiflex the foot in the first half of the swing period or maintain a neutral position of the ankle in the later part of the swing period; compensation by high steppage gait |
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Term
| superficial fibular nerve |
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Definition
| innervates the lateral leg muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| fibularis longus and fibularis brevis; chief pronators of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| receive lymph from superficial tissues of the lateral side of the foot, the posterolateral aspect of the leg and the deep tissues of the foot and leg |
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Term
| vertical superficial inguinal lymph nodes |
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Definition
| receive lymph from all superficial tissues of lower limb except those of the gluteal region and those drained by the popliteal lymph nodes |
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Term
| horizontal superficial inguinal lymph nodes |
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Definition
| receive lymph from the urethra, lower half of anal canal, external genitalia of both sexes; drain lymph from anterolateral abdominal wall and superficial tissues of the gluteal region |
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Term
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Definition
| pain occurs anywhere along the course of the sciatic nerve and its branches; most common cause is herniation of an intervertebral disc in the lumbar region of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| 4th and 5th = most commonly herniated; 4th lumbar disc herniation = compression of roots of L5; 5th lumbar disc herniation = compression of roots of S1 |
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