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Science Final Exam Revision
Musculoskeletal System
110
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/20/2012

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Cards

Term
What bones make up the Axial skeleton
Definition
Skull bones, ribcage and vertebrae
Term
Describe PROCESSES
Definition
Projections that form joints, they are attachment points for ligaments and tendons found in the elbow (olecranor process)
Term
Describe TROCHANTER
Definition
Large projections on the where large muscles attach ie: hip muscle.
Term
What is the function of the PARANASAL SINUSES
Definition
Humidifies and warms the air, reduce weight in the brain, helps to resonate the sound of our voice
Term
How many cranial bones are there
Definition
8 = frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid and ethnoid
Term
How many facial bones are there
Definition
14 = mandible, maxilla (2), zygomatic (2), nasal (2), lacrimal (2), palatine (2), Internal nasal conchae (2), vomer
Term
How is the vertebral column arranged
Definition
Made up of vertebrae 7 = vertical, 12 = thoracic, 5 = lumbar
Term
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton
Definition
Bones of the upper and lower limbs including girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
Term
Why is the clavicle bone easily broken
Definition
Because it is 's' shaped, unprotected from external forces, acts as a 'strut' and is quite slender
Term
What are the 3 bones of the pelvic girdle
Definition
Ileum, Ischium and Pubis
Term
What is the difference between a male and female pelvis
Definition
Male has a narrower, heavier and larger pelvis than a woman
Term
What is the function of the FIBROCARTILAGE
Definition
Acts as a shock absorber and allows flexibility
Term
What bones make up the sternum
Definition
Manubrium, Body, Xipoid
Term
Explain the difference between the male and femal pelvis?
Definition
Female has a wider pelvic opening to allow for childbirth, flared iliac crest, rounder pelvis than a male, male pubic arch is <90 degrees and the female is >90 degrees.
Term
What is the function of muscular tissue
Definition
Create motion, stabilize the body positions and maintain posture, generate heat through thermogenesis
Term
Describe skeletal muscle
Definition
Found in the skeleton, generates heat is multi nucleated and is voluntary ie: walking
Term
Describe cardiac muscle
Definition
Located in the heart, pumps the blood around the body, striated, has one central nucleus and is involuntary.
Term
Decribe smooth muscle
Definition
Found in the GI tract, functions in peristalsis has no striations and is involuntary
Term
Name the 3 types of muscle tissue
Definition
Skeletal muscle (voluntary), Smooth muscle (involuntary), Cardiac muscle (involuntary)
Term
What is the function of Aponeurosis (fascia)
Definition
Connects muscle to muscle
Term
What is the function of tendons
Definition
Connects muscle to bone
Term
What is the function of ligaments
Definition
Connect bone to bone
Term
Describe the skeletal muscle fiber sarcomere
Definition
Is a muscle cell made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
Term
What is the function of calcium in muscle contraction
Definition
Calcium is needed to uncover the myosin binding site so muscles can contract
Term
Describe Acetylcholine (ACH)
Definition
Is a neurotransmitter that is needed so muscles can contract
Term
What is the function of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium
Term
When do muscles form lactic acid
Definition
When they don't have enough oxygen
Term
Describe a prime mover (agonist)
Definition
The muscle responsible for causing the desired movement ie: bicep in flexing the arm
Term
Describe a Antagonist
Definition
Stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover
Term
Describe a Synergist
Definition
Supports the prime mover
Term
Describe a Fixator
Definition
Stabilises the joint
Term
Describe the Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Muscle that flexes and rotates the head also known as the 'prayer' muscle
Term
Why are injections put in the gleutus medius and not the gleutus maximus
Definition
To avoid the sciatic nerve because if can lead to irreverisable damage to the body such as paralysis
Term
Name the muscles of the hamstring
Definition
Semitendinosus, Bi-ceps femoris, Semimembranosus
Term
What tendon attaches the Gastrocnemius (calf)
Definition
Is attached by a tendon called the calcaneus
Term
Describe the synovial joint (diarthrosis)
Definition
Acheive movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. Most common and most moveable type of joint ie: ball and socket in the should and hip joints.
Term
Describe synovial fluid
Definition
Lubricates joints, reduces friction, absorbs shock and supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage.
Term
Location of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACH)
Definition
Lies inside the knee joint
Term
Location of the Patellar Ligament
Definition
Lies on the outside of the joint
Term
Describe the ball and socket joint
Definition
Has a ball surface of one bone which fits into a cuplike depression of another bone. Has most range of motion of any joint in the body ie: Shoulder and hip
Term
Describe Flexion
Definition
Decrease in the angle of movement
Term
Describe Extension
Definition
Increase in the angle of movement
Term
Describe Abduction
Definition
Movement away from the midline of the body
Term
Describe Adduction
Definition
Movement towards the midline of the body
Term
Describe Hyperextension
Definition
Can only be done by the neck, a continuation of extension beyond the normal extension
Term
Describe opposition joint movement
Definition
Motion of grasping of the thumb and fingers
Term
What is the function of the skeletal system
Definition
Acts as a structural framework, Attachment point for ligaments and tendons, Protects internal organs, Assists body movements, Helps in blood cell production, Stores triglycerides, Stores and releases salts of Calcium and Phosphorus.
Term
What is the function of tendons
Definition
Attaches bone to muscle (T-Bone)
Term
What is the function of ligaments
Definition
Attaches bone to bone
Term
Describe compact bone
Definition
External layer of the bone. Provides protection and support, forms the diaphsis (shaft) of long bones.
Term
Describe spongey bone
Definition
Lightweight, provides tissue support, forms much of the epiphysis and internal cavity of long bones
Term
Describe cartilage
Definition
Poorly vascularized connective tissue
Term
What are the 3 fiber types of cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage
Term
Describe Periosteum
Definition
Outside layer of the bone, made up of irregular connective tissue
Term
Describe Endosteum
Definition
Membrane that lines the medullary cavity. Composed of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and connective tissue
Term
What is an osteoblast
Definition
Bone building cell. They synthesize and secrete collagen fibres and other organic compounds
Term
What is an osteocyte
Definition
Mature osteoblast
Term
What is an osteoclast
Definition
Large bone breakdown cell
Term
What is the location of the Diaphysis
Definition
Shaft of the long bone
Term
What is the location of the Epiphyses
Definition
Distal and proximal ends of long bones
Term
Describe the Epiphseal plate
Definition
Found in babies through to adolesents. Where rapid cell division occurs so we can grow tall
Term
Describe the Epiphyseal line
Definition
Found in adults, when growth has stopped and cartilage has hardened to form bone
Term
What are the minerals essential for growth and remodeling
Definition
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride and manganese
Term
What is the importance of vitamins
Definition
For bone metabolism
Term
What is the importance of Vitamin D
Definition
Makes bones strong and also promotes absorption of calcium in food
Term
Function of Parathyroid
Definition
Takes calcium out of the bone and back into the blood (supports osteoclasts)
Term
Function of calcitonin
Definition
Takes calcium out of the blood and puts it into the bones
Term
Name the 5 different blood vessels
Definition
Veins, venules, arteries, arterioles and capillaries
Term
What is the function of arteries
Definition
To carry blood away from the heart
Term
What is the function of veins
Definition
To carry blood toward the heart
Term
Describe blood reservoirs
Definition
Reservoirs is where blood is held. Veins and venules is where most of the blood sits when the body is at rest
Term
What is the difference between veins and arteries
Definition
Thin walls, less smooth muscle, elastic tissue, operate at low pressure, valves to stop backflow of blood
Term
What is the function of capillary beds
Definition
This is the site where exchange of gases, water, wastes and hormones occur between blood and tissue
Term
Describe Hydrostatic pressure
Definition
Force that pushes substances or fluids ou of the vessel
Term
Describe Osmotic pressure
Definition
Force that attracts water to themselves, osmotic pressure are proteins and sodium choloride
Term
Describe Lymph
Definition
Excess fluids in the capillary bed
Term
Describe Venous return
Definition
Volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins ie: breathing creates a suction pressure that aids blood towards the heart
Term
Describe the Skeletal pump
Definition
The action of muscles to milk blood in 1 direction (due to valves)
Term
Describe the Respiratory pump
Definition
A mechanism that helps to pump blood back to the heart during respiration
Term
What is the control center for the heart beat and breathing
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Term
Describe the pulmonary circulation
Definition
Blood leaves the r/side of the heart to the lungs and returns back to the heart
Term
Describe systemic circulation
Definition
Blood leaves the l/side of the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart
Term
What are the functions of blood
Definition
Transport gases, nutrients and hormones, regulates our body PH and temperature, provides protection through its clotting mechanisms
Term
How many litres of blood in the human body
Definition
5 litres
Term
Describe the blood composition
Definition
45% cells, 55% blood plasma
Term
Name the 5 types of white blood cells
Definition
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Esoinophils, Basophils
(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
Term
Which white blood cells are also phagocytes
Definition
Netrophils and monocytes
Term
What is the function of Platelets
Definition
Promote blood clotting
Term
What is a Reticulocyte
Definition
Is an immature red blood cell
Term
What is a Erythrocyte
Definition
A mature red blood cell
Term
How are red blood cells structured to enable them to function
Definition
It is a bi concave disc shape which allows the increase of the surface area and it has no nucleus making more room for haemoglobin, making it more efficient for oxygen transportation
Term
Where are red blood cells produced
Definition
In the red bone marrow
Term
What are the 3 mechanisms of coagulation
Definition
1. Vascualar spasm (vessel contracts, 2. Formation of platelet plug
3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
Term
What is the function of plasmin
Definition
Plasmin is the enzyme that actively dissolves clots
Term
How are blood groups determined
Definition
To determine what blood group you are, you have proteins on the surface known as antigens or surcace markers. These markers can be A, B, or O antigens
Term
Explain the structure of the "Upper" respiratory tract
Definition
Nose, pharynx and associated structures
Term
Explain the structure of the "Lower" respiratory tract
Definition
Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Term
Function of the Conducting Zone
Definition
Is involved with the transport of air to and from the lungs
Term
Function of the Respiratory Zone
Definition
Is the main site of gas exchange.
Term
Structure and function of the Epiglottis
Definition
Is a flap of elastic cartilage covered with a mucus membrane. Guards the entrance of the glottis to stop food from going into the lungs.
Term
Explain the function of the Type II alveolar cell
Definition
Secretes a substance called surfactant that prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation by reducing the surface tension of water.
Term
All arteries carry oxygenated blood except
Definition
Pulmonary arteries
Term
What is the name of the double layered membrane that lines the lungs
Definition
Visceral pleura
Term
What is the importance of oxygen
Definition
Oxygen must be present for us to live, oxygen is neded to generate ATP and it enables us to break down the food we eat
Term
Explain External Respiration (pulmonary)
Definition
Is gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood
Term
Explain Internal Respiration
Definition
Is gas exchange between systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body
Term
What is Tidal Volume
Definition
Is the volume of air you can breath in and out during quiet breathing
Term
How is Oxygen transported in the blood
Definition
It attaches to hemoglobin, dissolves in plasma
Term
How is C02 transported in the blood
Definition
It attaches to hemoglobin, dissolves in plasma and transported as bicarbonate ion
Term
Where is the inspiratory centre
Definition
Medulla oblongata
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