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Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal System
365
Anatomy
Professional
02/21/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
ankyl/o
Definition
crooked or stiff
Term
arthr/o
Definition
joint (articulation)
Term
articul/o
Definition
joint (articulation)
Term
brachi/o
Definition
arm
Term
cervic/o
Definition
neck
Term
chondr/o
Definition
cartilage (gristle)
Term
cost/o
Definition
rib
Term
crani/o
Definition
skull
Term
dactyl/o
Definition
digit (finger or toe)
Term
fasci/o
Definition
fascia (a band)
Term
femor/o
Definition
femur
Term
fibr/o
Definition
fiber
Term
kyph/o
Definition
humpback
Term
lei/o
Definition
smooth
Term
lord/o
Definition
bent
Term
lumb/o
Definition
loin (lower back)
Term
myel/o
Definition
bone marrow or spinal cord
Term
my/o
Definition
muscle
Term
myos/o
Definition
muscle
Term
muscul/o
Definition
muscle
Term
oste/o
Definition
bone
Term
patell/o
Definition
knee cap
Term
pelv/i
Definition
hip bone or pelvic cavity
Term
pelv/o
Definition
hip bone or pelvice cavity
Term
radi/o
Definition
radius
Term
rhabd/o
Definition
rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
Term
sarc/o
Definition
flesh
Term
scoli/o
Definition
twisted
Term
spondyl/o
Definition
vertebra
Term
vertebr/o
Definition
vertebra
Term
stern/o
Definition
sternum (breastbone)
Term
ten/o
Definition
tendon (to stretch)
Term
tend/o
Definition
tendon (to stretch)
Term
tendin/o
Definition
tendon (to stretch)
Term
thorac/o
Definition
chest
Term
ton/o
Definition
tone or tension
Term
uln/o
Definition
ulna
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone
Term
bone
Definition
specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes forming the skeleton
Term
compact bone
Definition
tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending
Term
spongy (cancellous) bone
Definition
mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
Term
long bones
Definition
bones of arms and legs
Term
short bones
Definition
bones of wrists and ankles
Term
flat bones
Definition
bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis and skull
Term
irregular bones
Definition
bones of vertebrae and face
Term
sesamoid bones
Definition
round bones found near joints
Term
epiphysis
Definition
wide ends of a long bone (physis = growth)
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft of a long bone
Term
metaphysis
Definition
growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of long bone
Term
endosteum
Definition
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
Term
bone marrow
Definition
soft connective tissue within medullary cavities of bones
Term
red bone marrow
Definition
found in cavities of most bones in infants; functions in formation of red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; in adults, it is found most often in flat bones
Term
yellow bone marrow
Definition
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones, functions as storage for fat tissue, and is inactive in formation of blood cells
Term
periosteum
Definition
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
a gristle-like substance found on bones where they articulate
Term
articulation
Definition
a joint; the point where two bones come together
Term
bursa
Definition
a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
Term
disk (disc)
Definition
a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found betweein the vertebrae to reduce friction
Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition
the soft fibrocartilaginous, central portion of the intervertebral disk
Term
ligament
Definition
a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
Term
muscle
Definition
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
Term
striated (skeletal muscle)
Definition
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
muscle of the heart
Term
origin of a muscle
Definition
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
Term
insertion of a muscle
Definition
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
Term
tendon
Definition
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
Term
fascia
Definition
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
Term
coronal (frontal) plan
Definition
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Term
sagittal plan
Definition
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
Term
transverse plane
Definition
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Term
anterior (ventral)
Definition
front of the body
Term
posterior (dorsal)
Definition
back of the body
Term
anterior-posterior (AP)
Definition
from front to back; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam
Term
posterior-anterior (PA)
Definition
from back to front; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam
Term
superior (cephalic)
Definition
situated above another structure; toward the head
Term
inferior (caudal)
Definition
situated below another structure; away from the head
Term
proximal
Definition
toward the beginning or origin of a structure
Term
distal
Definition
away from the begining or origin of a structure
Term
medial
Definition
toward the middle (midline)
Term
lateral
Definition
toward the side
Term
axis
Definition
line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
Term
erect
Definition
normal standing position
Term
decubitus
Definition
lying down, especially in bed
Term
prone
Definition
lying face down and flat
Term
recumbent
Definition
lying down
Term
supine
Definition
horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back
Term
flexion
Definition
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bone is decreased
Term
extension
Definition
straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
Term
abduction
Definition
movement away from the body
Term
adduction
Definition
movement towards the body
Term
rotation
Definition
circular movement around an axis
Term
eversion
Definition
turning outward
Term
inversion
Definition
turning inward
Term
supination
Definition
turning upward or forward of the palmar surface or plantar surface
Term
pronation
Definition
turning downward or backward of the palmar surface or plantar surface
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
bending of the foot or the toes upward
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
Term
range of motion
Definition
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements
Term
goniometer
Definition
instrument used to measure joint angles
Term
arthralgia
Definition
joint pain
Term
atrophy
Definition
shrinking of tissue such as muscle
Term
creptitation or crepitus
Definition
grating sound made by movement of some joints or cracking bones
Term
exostosis
Definition
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
Term
flaccid
Definition
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
increase in the size of tissue such as muscle
Term
hypotonia
Definition
reduced muscle tone or tension
Term
myalgia or myodynia
Definition
muscle pain
Term
ostealgia or osteodynia
Definition
bone pain
Term
rigor or rigidity
Definition
stiffness; stiff muscle
Term
spasm
Definition
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
Term
spastic
Definition
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
Term
tetany
Definition
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
Term
tremor
Definition
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
Term
ankylosis
Definition
stiff joint condition
Term
arthritis
Definition
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness ,warmth, and limitation of motion
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
the most common form of arthritis that especially effects weight bearing joints; characterized by erosion of articular cartilage
Term
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Definition
most crippling form of arthritis characterized by a chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes causing ankylosis and deformity
Term
gouty arthritis
Definition
acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint (especially the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia
Term
hyperuricemia
Definition
an excessive level of uric acid in the blood
Term
bony necrosis or sequestrum
Definition
dead bone tissue from loss of blood supply such as can occur after a fracture
Term
bunion
Definition
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
Term
bursitis
Definition
inflammation of a bursa
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
contition that results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist, characterized by pain, numbness, tingling in the wrist and fingers and weak grip
Term
chondromalacia
Definition
softening of cartilage
Term
epiphysitis
Definition
inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone
Term
fracture
Definition
a broken or cracked bone
Term
closed fracture
Definition
a broken bone with no open wound
Term
open fracture
Definition
compound fracture; a broken bone with an open wound
Term
simple fracture
Definition
a nondisplaced fracture involving one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair
Term
complex fracture
Definition
a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
Term
fracture line
Definition
line made by broken bone
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
broken in may little pieces
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
Term
herniated disc
Definition
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
Term
myeloma
Definition
bone marrow tumor
Term
leiomyoma
Definition
smooth muscle tumor
Term
leiomyosarcoma
Definition
malignant smooth muscle tumer
Term
rhabdomyoma
Definition
skeletal muscle tumor
Term
rhabdomyosarcoma
Definition
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles
Term
osteoma
Definition
bone tumor
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
type of malignant bone tumor
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
Term
rickets
Definition
osteomalacia in children (causes bone deformity)
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and liable to fracture
Term
kyphosis
Definition
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine
Term
lordosis
Definition
abnormal anteriour curvature of the lumbar spine
Term
scoliosis
Definition
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)
Term
spondylolisthesis
Definition
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
Term
spondylosis
Definition
stiff, immobile condition of the vertebrae due to joint degeneration
Term
sprain
Definition
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
Term
subluxation
Definition
a partial dislocation
Term
tendinitis or tendonitis
Definition
inflammation of a tendon
Term
electromyogram (EMG)
Definition
a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle at rest and during contraction to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
a non ionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize structures
Term
nuclear medicine
Definition
ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
Term
bone scan
Definition
radionuclide image of bone tissue to detect tumor, malignancy etc.
Term
radiography
Definition
x-ray imaging; an ionizing technique commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, joints, etc.
Term
arthrogram
Definition
an x-ray of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
Term
diskogram
Definition
an x-ray of an intervertebral disk after injection of a contrast medium
Term
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Definition
an x-ray scan that measures bone mineral density of the spine and extremities to diagnose osteoporosis, determine fracture risk, and monitor treatment
Term
computed tomography (CT) or computed axial tomography (CAT)
Definition
a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a 2-D or 3-D image
Term
sonography
Definition
ultrasound imaging, a nonionizing technique useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention such as that performed during arthroscopy
Term
amputation
Definition
partial or complete removal of a limb
Term
arthrocentesis
Definition
puncture for aspiration of a joint
Term
arthrodesis
Definition
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
Term
arthroplasty
Definition
repair or reconstruction of a joint
Term
arthroscopy
Definition
procedure using a arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
Term
bone grafting
Definition
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
Term
bursectomy
Definition
excision of a bursa
Term
myoplasty
Definition
repair of muscle
Term
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
Definition
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bring bones back into alignment and fixing them into place, often utilizing plates, screws, pins, etc.
Term
osteoplasty
Definition
repair of bone
Term
osteomy
Definition
an incision into bone
Term
spondylosyndesis
Definition
spinal fusion
Term
tenotomy
Definition
division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
Term
closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
Definition
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
Term
casting
Definition
use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body party to immobilize it during healing
Term
splinting
Definition
use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support from a cast
Term
traction (Tx)
Definition
application of pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
Term
closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
Definition
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position
Term
orthosis
Definition
use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or provide limb support
Term
physical therapy (PT)
Definition
treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities (methods) such as exercise, hydrotherapy, and ultrasound
Term
prosthesis
Definition
an artificial replacement for a diseased or missing body part such as a hip, joint or limb
Term
analgesic
Definition
a drug that relieves pain
Term
narcotic
Definition
a potent analgesic that has addictive properties
Term
anti-inflammatory
Definition
a drug that reduces inflammation
Term
antipyretic
Definition
a drug that relieves fever
Term
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Definition
a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-anflammatory and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis
Term
angi/o
vas/o
vascul/o
Definition
vessel
Term
aort/o
Definition
aorta
Term
arteri/o
Definition
artery
Term
ather/o
Definition
fatty (lipid) paste
Term
atri/o
Definition
atrium
Term
cardi/o
Definition
heart
Term
coron/o
Definition
circle or crown
Term
my/o
Definition
muscle
Term
pector/o
steth/o
Definition
chest
Term
sphygm/o
Definition
pulse
Term
thrombo
Definition
clot
Term
ven/o
phleb/p
Definition
vein
Term
varic/o
Definition
swollen, twisted vein
Term
ventricul/o
Definition
ventricle (belly or pouch)
Term
atrium
Definition
upper right and left chambers of the heart
Term
endocardium
Definition
membrane lining the cavities of the heart
Term
epicardium
Definition
membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
Term
interatrial septum
Definition
partition between right and left atrium
Term
interventricular septum
Definition
partition between the right and left ventricle
Term
myocardium
Definition
heart muscle
Term
pericardium
Definition
protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid in between
Term
parietal pericardium
Definition
outer layer
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers
Term
visceral pericardium
Definition
layer closest to the heart
Term
ventricle
Definition
lower right and left chambers of the heart
Term
heart valves
Definition
structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
Term
aortic valve
Definition
heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
Term
mitral or bicuspid valve
Definition
heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
Term
pulmonary semilunar valve
Definition
heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Term
valves of the veins
Definition
valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart
Term
arteries
Definition
vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
Term
aorta
Definition
large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
Term
arterioles
Definition
small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
Term
capillaries
Definition
tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
Term
venules
Definition
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
Term
veins
Definition
vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
Term
systemic circulation
Definition
circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
Term
coronary circulation
Definition
circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases
Term
diastole
Definition
to expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
Term
systole
Definition
to contract; period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery
Term
normotension
Definition
normal blood pressure
Term
hypotension
Definition
low blood pressure
Term
hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure
Term
sinoatrial node (SA node)
Definition
the pacemaker; highly specialized neurological tissue, embedded in the wall of the right atrium, responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node
Term
atrioventricular node
Definition
neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His
Term
bundle of His
Definition
neurologicla fibers, extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches, that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers
Term
Purkinje fibers (network)
Definition
fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
Term
polarization
Definition
resting; resting state of a myocardial cell
Term
depolarization
Definition
change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction
Term
repolarization
Definition
recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
Term
normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
Definition
regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (average rate of 60 to 100 beats/minute)
Term
ateriosclerosis
Definition
thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of the arterial walls
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
buildup of fatty substances within the walls of arteries
Term
atheromatous plaque
Definition
a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)
Term
thrombus
Definition
a stationary blood clot
Term
embolus
Definition
a clot carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges
Term
stenosis
Definition
condition of narrowing of a part
Term
constriction
Definition
compression of a part
Term
occlusion
Definition
plugging; obstruction or a closing off
Term
ischemia
Definition
to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
Term
perfusion deficit
Definition
a lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc
Term
infarct
Definition
to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia as a result of occlusion of a blood vessel
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
Term
aneurysm
Definition
a widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, the aorta or an artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness
Term
saccular
Definition
a sac-like bulge on one side
Term
fusiform
Definition
a spindle-shaped bulge
Term
dissecting
Definition
a split or tear of the vessel wall
Term
claudication
Definition
to limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; it is caused by inadequate blood supply
Term
diaphoresis
Definition
profuse sweating
Term
heart murmur
Definition
an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
Term
palpitation
Definition
subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heartbeats
Term
vegetation
Definition
to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a result of an infection such as bacterial endocarditis
Term
arrhythmia
Definition
any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
Term
bradycardia
Definition
slow heart rate
Term
fibrillation
Definition
chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular
Term
flutter
Definition
extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular
Term
heart block
Definition
an interference with the normal electrical conduction of the heart defined by the location of the block
Term
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
Definition
a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)
Term
tachycardia
Definition
fast heart rate
Term
arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
Definition
a degenerative condition of the arteries characterized by thickening of the inner lining, loss of elasticity, and susceptibility to rupture - seen most often in the aged or smokers
Term
bacterial endocarditis
Definition
a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves
Term
cardiac tamponade
Definition
compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
Term
cardiomyopathy
Definition
a general term for disease of the heart muscle
Term
congenital anomaly of the heart
Definition
malformations of the heart present at birth
Term
atrial septal defect (ASD)
Definition
an opening in the septum separating the atria
Term
coarctation of the aorta
Definition
narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body
Term
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Definition
an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by the failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth
Term
tetralogy of Fallot
Definition
an anomaly that consists of four defects: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, malposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
Term
ventricular septal defect
Definition
an opening in the septum separating the ventricles
Term
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Definition
failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to met the demands of the body, resulting in a bottleneck of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body
Term
cor pulmonale
Definition
a condtion of enlargement of the right ventricle as a result of chronic disease within the lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs
Term
coronary artery disease
Definition
a condition affecting the arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium - most often caused by atherosclerosis
Term
hypertension (HTN)
Definition
persistently high blood pressure
Term
essential (primary) hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure attributed to no single cause, but risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia and heredity factors
Term
secondary hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease (kidney disease)
Term
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Definition
protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
Term
myocardial infarction (MI)
Definition
heart attack; death of myocardial tissue owing to loss of blood as a result of an occlusion of a coronary artery
Term
myocarditis
Definition
inflammation of the myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection
Term
pericarditis
Definition
inflammation of the pericardium
Term
phlebitis
Definition
inflammation of a vein
Term
rheumatic heart disease
Definition
damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever ( a streptococcal infection)
Term
thrombophlebitis
Definition
inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
Term
varicose veins
Definition
abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in the legs
Term
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Definition
formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the iliac and femoral veins
Term
auscultation
Definition
a physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope
Term
bruit
Definition
noise; an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within
Term
gallop
Definition
an abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction
Term
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Definition
an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P, Q, R, S, T, corresponding to events of the cardiac cycle
Term
stress electrocardiogram
Definition
an ECG of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or ergometer; useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia and infarction
Term
Holter ambulatory monitor
Definition
a portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart of 24 hours - useful in detecting periodic abnormalities
Term
intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)
Definition
invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias
Term
intracardiac catheter ablation
Definition
use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying mycardial tissue at sites generating abnormal electrical pathways
Term
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Definition
magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
Term
nuclear medicine imaging of the heart
Definition
radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize structures and analyze functions
Term
myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan
Definition
a scan of the heart muscle after an intravenous injection of an isotope that is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart
Term
myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan
Definition
a nuclear scan of the heart taken after the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or administration of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise in patients who are unable to ambulate
Term
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart
Definition
use of nuclear isotopes and computed tomography techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be taken at rest or with stress
Term
radiology
Definition
x-ray imaging
Term
angiography
Definition
an x-ray of the blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
Term
angiogram
Definition
a record obtained by angiography
Term
coronary angiogram
Definition
an x-ray of the blood vessels of the heart
Term
arteriogram
Definition
an x-ray of a particular artery
Term
aortogram
Definition
an x-ray of the aorta
Term
vengram
Definition
an x-ray of a vein
Term
cardiac catheterization
Definition
introduction of a flexible, narrow tube through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries
Term
left heart catheterizaiton
Definition
an x-ray of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries
Term
right heart catheterization
Definition
measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart
Term
ventriculogram
Definition
an x-ray visualizing the ventricles
Term
stroke volume (SV)
Definition
measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction
Term
cardiac output (CO)
Definition
measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of the heart per minute
Term
ejection fraction
Definition
measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
Term
sonography
Definition
sonographic imaging
Term
echocardiography (ECHO)
Definition
recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion
Term
stress echocardiogram (stress ECHO)
Definition
an echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or administration of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate
Term
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
Definition
an echocardiogram image of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
Term
Doppler sonography
Definition
an ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency, or flow through the heart, chambers, valves, etc.
Term
intravascular sonography
Definition
ultrasound images made after a sonographic transducer is placed at the tip of a catheter within a blood vessel - done to evaluate pathological conditions such as buildup of plaque
Term
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Definition
grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue
Term
anastomosis
Definition
opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other
Term
endarterectomy
Definition
incision and coring of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup
Term
transmyocardial revascularization (TMR)
Definition
a laser technique used to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow, thereby relieving angina in patients with advanced coronary artery disease
Term
valve replacement
Definition
surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial one (animal tissue or synthetic material)
Term
valvuloplasty
Definition
repair of a heart valve
Term
endovascular surgery
Definition
interventional procedures performed endoscopically at the time of cardiac catheterization
Term
angioscopy
Definition
use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope accompanied by an irrigation system, a camera, a video recorder, and a monitor that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and select a mode of therapy
Term
atherectomy
Definition
excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexbile catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
Term
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Definition
a method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating it to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium
Term
intravascular stent
Definition
implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and ensure its patency (openness)
Term
defibrillation
Definition
termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivery of an electrical stimulus to the heart, most commonly by applying electrodes of the defibrillator to the chest wall
Term
defibrillator
Definition
a device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation
Term
cardioversion
Definition
termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
Term
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
Definition
an implanted, battery operated device with rate-sensing leads that monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
Term
pacemaker
Definition
a device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract
Term
thrombolytic therapy
Definition
dissolution of thrombi drugs
Term
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
Definition
a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in the treatment of hypertension
Term
antianginal
Definition
a drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris
Term
antiarrhythmic
Definition
a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmias
Term
anticoagulant
Definition
a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
Term
antihypertensive
Definition
a drug that lowers blood pressure
Term
beta-adrenergic blocking agents
beta blockers
Definition
agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension
Term
calcium channel blockers
Definition
agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions in heart muscle cells causing a slowing of the heart rate, lessening the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels that cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectori, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
Term
cardiotonic
Definition
a drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart commonly used to treat congestive heart failure
Term
diureticc
Definition
a drug that increases the secretion of urine commonly prescribed to treat hypertension
Term
hypolipidemic
Definition
a drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
Term
statins
Definition
agents that lower cholesterol in the blood by inhibiting the effect of HMG CoA reductase , a liver enzyme responsible for producing cholesterol
Term
thrombolytic agents
Definition
drugs used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots)
Term
vasoconstrictor
Definition
a drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
Term
vasodilator
Definition
a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow
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