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Muscular Tissue & System
Muscles, etc.
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/22/2008

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Term
muscle tissue characteristics
Definition
1. excitability-notable response to stimuli
2. contractility-shortens
3. extensibility-can stretch
4. elasticity-returns to original shape
Term
muscle tissue function
Definition
1. body movement
2. maintenance of posture
3. temperature regulation
4. support and movement of materials
5. support
Term
Gross "large" muscle structure
Definition
1. Epimysium-around entire muscle organ
2. Fasciculi(Fascicles)-A group or bundle of muscle fibers
3. Perimysium-surrounds or defines a fascicle
4. Endomysium-around each muscle cell
5. Sarcolemma-cell membrane of muscle cell
6. Muscle cell, muscle fiber, or myofiber
Term
Types of Muscle Tissue
Definition
-Skeletal, striated, or voluntary
-Cardiac or heart
-Smooth, non-striated, visceral, or involuntary
Term
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Definition
Fascia: Flat or membranous sheet of connective tissue
Term
Superficial fascia
Definition
Also called "hypodermis" or "subcutaneous" tissue
Term
Deep fascia
Definition
Deep fascia is the type associated with muscles-it binds and separates muscles, strengthens them, and allows for movement. It gives rise to the epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons, aponeuroses, and tendon sheaths associated with skeletal muscles
Term
Muscle Attachment
Definition
-Tendon: conn. tissue layers merge to form fibrous tendon
-Aponeurosis: thin, flattened sheet
-Origin: less mobile attachment of muscle
-Insertion: more mobile attachment of muscle
-Gaster(belly)
Term
Blood and Nerve supply to skeletal muscle-Typical:
Definition
one artery and one or two veins with a nerve, each muscle cell in close contact with one or more capillaries; each muscle fiber innervated by a nerve process
Term
Histology: microstructure or a skeletal muscle cell (fiber)
Definition
1. Muscle cell(fiber) or myofiber
2. Sarcolemma-plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiver
3. Sarcoplasm-cytoplasm of muscle fiber
4. Sarcoplasm reticulum-series of membrane enclosed channels; comparable to E.R.
5. T-tubule (transverse tubule)-at right angles to long axis of cell; opens to outside of sarcolemma-thus contains extracellular fluid
6. Triad-Consists of T-tubule and adjacent terminal cisternae
Term
Histology: (continued)
Definition
7. Myofibrils
a) thin actin myofilaments
b) thick (myosin)
c) structural proteins
8. Sarcomere
Term
Actin
Definition
Contractile; have myosin binding sites; bean or pea shaped; twisted together into a helix
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
Cover myosin binding sites on actin in a relaxed muscle fiber
Term
Troponin
Definition
Holds tropomyosin strands together
Term
Myosin
Definition
Looks like two golf clubs twisted together; a "motor" protein-uses ATP to push or pull molecules
Term
Cross bridges (myosin heads)
Definition
The golf club heads; have actin binding sites
Term
Structural Proteins
Definition
Not as abundant as contractile proteins (actin and myosin); approx. a dozen types; for alignment, stability, elasticity, extensibility, etc. of myofibrils
Term
Titin (connectin)
Definition
"huge" like a "titan"
One example is titan=gigantic=anchors thick filaments to the Z line (disc); helps in recoil after contraction
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
Stack or unit of myofilaments; from z line to z line
Term
Z lines (discs)
Definition
Define sarcomere; pass through 1 band
Term
A (anisotropic) band
Definition
thick and thin myofilaments
Term
I (isotropic) band
Definition
Thin myofilaments only
Term
H zone
Definition
Thick myofilaments only
Term
M line
Definition
Middle of H zone
Term
Note #1
Definition
Expanded ends of sarcop lasmic reticulum: contains Ca ions-needed for contraction
Term
The sliding filament mechanism: muscle contraction
According to this theory, what happens during contraction to the following stuctures?
Definition
Thin myofilamets: move inwards
Sarcomeres: Shortens
Length of thick/thin myofilaments: Stays the same
Width of Hzone: Shortens to gone
Cross bridges(myosin head): make on-off contact with actin
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
Identify/Understand:
Nerve
Motor Neuron
Axon
Axon Terminals
Synaptic end bulbs(plates, feet, knobs)
Synaptic Vessels: store and release neurotransmitters
Synapse
Term
Neuromuscular (myoneural) junctions
Definition
Understand
pg. 300
Term
Muscle tone
Definition
Muscle tension @ rest
"fit"
Term
Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Definition
1. Myoblasts
2. Satellite Cells
Term
Myoblasts
Definition
Embryonic muscle cells; fuse to form skeletal muscle fiber
Term
Myoblasts
Definition
Embryonic muscle cells; fuse to form skeletal muscle fiber
Term
Satellite cells
Definition
Those myoblasts(immature cells) that remain in adult fibers; have potential to repair
Term
Types of skeletal muscle fibers
Definition
Red and White muscle fibes
Term
Red vs. White skeletal muscle fibers
Definition
Red:
More Myoglobin
More Mitochondria
Greater vascular supply (capillaries)
Small to Intermediate fiber diameter

White:
"fast" fibers
anaerobic
type 2b
Term
Skeletal Muscle Fiber comparisons
Definition
pg. 303 text
pg. 111 workbook
*diagram of comparisons listed
fast, intermediate, and slow fibers
Term
Note #2
Definition
Most skeletal muscles contail all 3 fiber types; proportions of each type varies depending on genetic factors; some muscles lack slow or fast fibers
Term
Note #3
Definition
Training appears to be able to change proportions of fiber types
Term
Parallel Fibers
Definition
-Fasciculi parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle
-Flat tendon
-Quadrilateral shape
-Example: Stylohyoid muscle
Term
Fusiform Fibers
Definition
-Modified parallel; muscle tapes
-Example: Digastric muscle
Term
Convergent(triangular) fibers
Definition
-Broad origin converging to a point
-Muscle has basic "D" or triangular shape
-Example: pectoralis major
Term
Pennate Muscle fibers
Definition
-Fasciculi short compared to length of muscle
Example:
Unipennate-extensor digitorum longus muscle
Bipennate-Rectus Femoris
Multipennate-Deltoid
Circular-Orbicularis oris/oculi & pyloric sphincter
-tendon extends length of muscle
-fasciculi at obligque angle to tendon
Term
Antagonistic Muscles
Definition
Prime mover(agonist)
Ex. Biceps brachii
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Example: Triceps brachii

Q: Is the triceps brachii always considered to be an antagonistic muscle?
Term
Synergists
Definition
Muscle that assists with prime mover, etc.
Example: Extensors of forearm act as synergists with flexor muscles of the fingers(prime movers) when making a fist
Term
Fixators
Definition
Example: Muscles such as the pectoralis minor, trapezius, rhomboids, and others that stabilize or "fix" the scapula so that the deltoid(prime mover) can more efficiently abduct the arm
Term
Naming Skeletal Muscles
Chart on text pp. 309
Definition
-Direction of Fibers
-By Location
-By size
-By number of origins
-By shape
-By origin and insertion
-By actions
Term
Skeletal Muscle Movement
Definition
1. Origin
2. Insertion
3. Belly (gaster)
Term
Lever
Definition
A rigid structure; moves around a fixed point
Term
Fulcrum(ful)
Definition
The pivot point
Term
Resistance(r) or weight
Definition
That which must be overcome by the force or effort supplied by the muscle
Term
Effort(e) or Force(f)
Definition
Supplied by Muscle to overcome the weight or resistance
Term
Types of Levers:
Definition
First Class
Second Class
Third Class
Term
First Class Lever:
Definition
"seesaw" E-Ful-R
*Fulcrum in the middle
Example: Where atlas articulates with head(atlantooccipital joint)
Occurence: Not common in body; may or may not be advantageous
Term
Note #4
Definition
Advantageous implies high mechanical advantage-one can overcome the resistance with less force or effort

Disadvantegous implies low mechanical advantage-one must expend more force or effort to overcome the resistance-but-this allows for greater control and precision of movement
Term
Second Class Lever
Definition
"wheelbarrow" Ful-R-E
*Resistance(weight) in the middle
Example: Moving at the ball of the foot-"toe raises"
Occurence: Not common in the body; always advantageous
Term
Third Class Lever
Definition
"fishing pole" Ful-E-R
*Effor(force) in the middle
Example: Flexing the forearm at the elbow joint
Occurence: Common in the body; always disadvantageous
Term
Mnemonic
Definition
Lever Systems allow for "FRE" movement

F=ful in center
R=resistance in center
E=effort in center
Term
Leverage implies...
Definition
advantageous
Term
Muscle Tissue Comparisons
Cardiac & Smooth
Definition
Workbook pg. 116-117
Text pg. 312-313
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