Term
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Definition
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Term
What are muscles good for?
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Definition
| Movement, Stabilization, Posture, Generating Heat |
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Term
What is special about muscles?
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Definition
| Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, and Elasticity |
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Definition
| Cells contract and create "pulling" force. |
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Definition
| Nerve signals create impulses in plasma membrane of cell which stimulates contraction. |
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| Muscle tissue can be stretched by contraction of opposing muscles. |
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Definition
| Recoils to original length after being stretched. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth |
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Definition
| Voluntary striated muscle that you consciously control movement of. Found in all limbs and body walls. |
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Definition
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| Involuntary striated muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Found ONLY in walls of the heart. |
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Definition
| Involuntary, non-striated muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Found in walls of blood vessels and hollow internal organs. Aids in digestion. |
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Definition
| Only voluntary muscle in the body. |
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Definition
| Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles in the body. |
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Definition
| A cord-like fascial extension at the end of the muscle attaching it to the body by the intermingling of collagen fibers with those of the periosteum. |
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Definition
| Broad, sheet-like arrangement of fascia attaching muscle to muscle or bone. |
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Definition
| Collagen fibers of the periosteum that insert into the underlying bone. |
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Term
| Sharpey's fibers contractile unit |
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Definition
Collagen fibers of tendons blended with the collagen fibers of the periosteum.
NOT COMMON |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscle (in depth) |
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Definition
| Parallel striated muscle cells (fibers) surrounded by CT fibers. Capillary beds run parallel to fibers. |
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Term
| Skeletal muscles contract in response to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Striated appearance of Skeletal muscle is due to what? |
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Definition
| The arrangement of various myofilaments found within the contractile unit (sarcomeres) of the muscles. |
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| Other muscles contract to what? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine and neuropenephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell. Extends from one z-line to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, multi-nucleated, cylindrical cells with peripheral nuclei. |
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| Each skeletal muscle cell contains: |
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Definition
| Sarcoplasm, Sarcolemma, and Satellite cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasm of muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma membrane and basal lamina of muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found between plasma membrane and basal lamina. Considered to be stem cells. Repairs strains and tears in muscles. |
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Definition
| Give rise to form new myoblasts that fuse to form skeletal muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells composed of two parts: enlarged terminal cisternae (swollen sacs) that are connected by a smaller tubular system - sarcotubules. |
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Term
T tubules
(Transverse Tubules) |
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Definition
| Invaginations of muscle fiber cell membrane (sarcolemma) from the surface. |
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Term
| Where are T tubules found? |
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Definition
| Between the terminal cisternae of adjacent sarcomeres. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mass of myofilaments (actin and myosin) that occupy the bulk of the cytoplasm. Provide movement exhibited by muscle when it contracts. |
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Definition
| Two terminal cisternae, one on each side of a transverse tubule. |
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Term
| What penetrates the muscle cell and wraps around each myofibril? |
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Definition
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule systems |
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Term
| How do muscle cells contract? |
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Definition
| Actin myofilaments slide in over the myosin filaments, pulling Z lines behind them, shortening the sarcomere. As the sarcomere shortens, the muscle contracts. |
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Definition
| Pass inward from deep fascia of the limb to compartmentalize muscles. |
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Definition
| Dense connective tissue surrounding entire muscle. |
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Definition
- Surrounds bundles of fibers or fascicles.
- Creates pathway for blood vessels into muscle tissue.
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Definition
| Delicate, loose CT, investing each muscle fiber. |
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Term
| Each muscle makes contact with a nerve ending where? |
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Definition
| At the neuro-junction (synapse) between the nerve ending and the muscle cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression the synaptic knob sits on in muscle fibers. (Refer to diagram) |
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Definition
| One nerve ending and all the muscle cells it contacts. |
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| Ratio of Nerve fibers to Muscle Cells: |
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Definition
| Determines a delicate from a non-delicate muscle and (generally) defines level of control muscles exert on the structures they move. |
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Term
| Cardiac Muscles are found where? |
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Definition
| ONLY in the myocardium (muscular wall) of the heart. |
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Term
| Cardiac Muscle Cells are often referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compared to the size of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles are typically: |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Cardiac Muscles are capable of cell division and regeneration. |
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Definition
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| Union between two or more cardiac muscle cells is made easy by: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized junctional connections between adjacent cardiocytes. |
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Term
| Intercalated Discs are composed of: |
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Definition
2 main structural elements:
Occur at Z lines of the cardiac muscle sarcomere.
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Term
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Definition
| Myofibrils anchor and form a bridge between cells so cells pull together when sarcomeres contract. |
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Definition
| Allow ions and molecules to move between cells providing communication between cells. |
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Definition
| Short, spindle shaped cells that have a central nucleus and unorganized sarcomeres. |
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Term
| What do smooth muscles respond to? |
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Definition
| Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters initiate: |
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Definition
| Contraction in some smooth muscle and relaxation in others. |
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| Smooth muscle contracts in response to: |
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Definition
| Stretch of Lumen it surrounds |
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| True or False: Smooth Muscle is slower to contract than Skeletal Muscle and stays contracted longer. |
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Definition
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| 2 arrangements of smooth muscle |
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Definition
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Definition
| Poorly organized muscle fibers, found in walls of blood vessels and the iris of the eye. Contract in response to nerve impulses and hormones. |
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Definition
| Sheets of spindle shaped cells that are held together by gap junctions. |
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| Visceral smooth muscle is found in: |
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Definition
| Hollow organs (EX: stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus) arranged in two thick layers (outer longitudinally directed fibers and inner circularly directed fibers). |
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Term
| Smooth Muscle Cells (in depth) |
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Definition
- Have no t-tubules and exhibit poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Their nuclei can divide or increase in cell number.
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| Locations of Smooth Muscle |
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Definition
- In walls of all blood vessels (EXCEPT heart).
- In organized layers in the walls of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
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Definition
- Pattern of repeated contractions.
- Results from self-exciting fibers which spreads to adjacent cells.
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Term
| Example of Rhythmaticity: |
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Definition
| Peristalsis- slow contractile waves of the GI tract that results from fibers stimulating each other. |
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Definition
| Muscles that are associated with the axial skeleton. |
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Definition
| Muscles of facial expression and mastication |
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Term
| Muscles of facial expression |
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Definition
-frontalis
-oribicularis oculi
-orbicularis oris
-zygomaticus major |
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Definition
| tightly close the eye or the mouth |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Elevates the eyebrow, wrinkles forehead |
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Definition
| Elevates the corner of the mouth |
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Definition
| Depresses the corner of the mouth |
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Definition
| Tenses the skin and fascia of the neck |
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Term
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Definition
-temporalis
-masseter
-lateral pterygoid
-medial pterygoid
These 4 muscles act directly on the mandible for chewing (mastication).
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Term
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Definition
| Closes and RETRACTS the mandible. All others close and PROTRACT the mandible. |
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Term
| Muscles of the Oral Cavity |
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Definition
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Term
Muscles of the head
Extraocular Muscles |
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Definition
rectus muscles
-lateral rectus
-medial rectus
-superior rectus
-inferior rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique |
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Definition
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Definition
sternocleidomastoid = sterno (sternum) cleido (clavicle) and mastoid process
-divides the neck into two triangles, the anterior and posterior. |
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Definition
| Rotates and orients the face cranially |
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Definition
Has numerous thin, flat, strap like muscles that attach to it. Aid in swallowing and also can move the larynx.
Divided into:
Suprahyoids- strap-like muscles above the hyoid.
Infrahyoids- strap-like muscles below the hyoid. |
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Term
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Definition
Muscles of the thoracic wall: composed of 3 layers superficial to deep:
-external intercostals
-internal intercostals
-innermost intercostals (not see from exterior)
Found between ribs. |
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Term
| Muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall: |
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Definition
-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transversus abdominis
These muscles are innervated by the ventral rami of spinal nerves. |
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Term
| Superficial muscles of the back: |
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Definition
-splenius capitis
-levator scapulae
-rhomboids
-trapezius |
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Term
| Deep muscles of the back: |
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Definition
Referred to as erector spinae muscles.
(Postural) responsible for flexing/extending the spine |
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Term
| Serratus posterior superior and inferior: |
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Definition
Act as fascial retinacula holding the deeper muscle group in place (like seatbelts).
-Supplied by the dorsal ramus of each spinal nerve that is crossed. |
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Term
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Definition
Usually indicated within name.
EX: brachialis located in arm. (brachium=arm)
&
intercostals are muscles between the rib (costal=rib)
&
flexor pollicis brevis is a thumb muscle (pollicis=thumb) |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral-towards the outside
Medial-towards the middle
Intermediate-between
Internal-within
External-outside |
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Term
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Medialis |
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Definition
-Lateral muscle in the anterior thigh.
-Intermediate muscle of the anterior thigh.
-Medial most muscle in the anterior thigh. |
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Term
| Shape: Muscles are named for particular shapes. |
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Definition
EX:
Deltoid (delta=triangle)
Trapezius (two halves together form a trapezoid)
Rhomboid (major and minor are shaped as a rhombus)
Biceps Brachii (spindle shaped) |
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| Examples of Relative Sizes of Muscles: |
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Definition
Max-imus
Min-imus
Medi-us
Long-us
Brev-is
Gluteus Maximus is large.
Gluteus Medius is intermediate.
Gluteus Minimus is small. |
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Term
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Definition
Specific names of muscles sometimes reflect the direction of the muscle fibers.
EX: rectus = fibers run in straight lines parallel to body's axis.
-Oblique running fibers travel "obliquely" to the midline. |
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Term
| Locations of Attachments (Origin and Insertions): |
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Definition
Most muscles have 2 bony attachments, one called the origin (proximal attachment) is the least movable, and insertion (distal attachment) is the more movable.
EX: brachioradialis originates at the brachium and inserts on the radius. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles that have more than one origin (2 heads) are sometimes indicated by the terms biceps (2 heads), triceps (3 heads), or quadriceps (4 heads). |
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Term
Use what you know to determine the meaning of a bone by the name:
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus |
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Definition
Extensor: Extends
Carpi: Wrist
Radialis: Lies along the Radius of the forearm.
Longus: This muscle is longer than others, such as the brevis. |
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