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Muscular System
Anatomy and physiology of the muscular system (prep for Chapter 10 and 11 Study Guide test)
133
Anatomy
12th Grade
03/30/2015

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Term
An entire skeletal muscle is covered by a coarse sheath called:
Endomysium
Periomysium
Epimysium
Aponeurosis
Definition
Epimysium (most superficial)
Wrong answers - endomysium is the deepest, with perimysium in the middle; aponeurosis is a sheet of connective tissue
Term
Muscles that are arranged like the feathers in a plume are described as:
Parallel
Convergent
Sphincter
Pennate
Definition
Pennate (think feather pen)
Wrong answers - parallel is what it sounds like, convergent have fibers going from wide to narrow, sphincter is not a type of muscle
Term
An aponeurosis is:
Broad and flat
Tube-shaped
Featherlike
None of the above
Definition
Broad and flat (it's basically a sheet of connective tissue)
Wrong answers - tube-shaped would describe a tendon, featherlike would describe fascia (though not exactly)
Term
Antagonists are muscles that:
Oppose prime movers
Facilitate prime movers
Stabilize muscles
Directly perform movements
Definition
Oppose prime movers (think enemies)
Wrong answers - synergists facilitate prime movers, fixators stabilize muscles, and prime movers (agonists) perform movements directly
Term
A fixed point about which a rod moves is called a:
Lever
Bone
Belly
Fulcrum
Definition
Fulcrum (part of a lever)
Term
In first-class levers the:
Fulcrum is between the load and force
Load is between the fulcrum and force
Force is between the fulcrum and load
Load and force are equal
Definition
Fulcrum is between the load and force
Wrong answers - second class levers have the load between the fulcrum and force, third class levers have the force between the fulcrum and load; whether load and force are equal has nothing to do with the class of lever
Term
The origin of a muscle is the point of attachment that moves when the muscle contracts - T/F
Definition
False - that's the insertion
Term
Skeletal muscles usually act in groups rather than individually - T/F
Definition
True
Term
Prime mover and agonist are synonymous - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The optimum angle of pull of a muscle is generally parallel to the long axis of the bone - T/F
Definition
False - the optimum angle is often a right angle to the long axis of the bone
Term
Tipping the head back, as in looking at the sky, is an example of a first class lever - T/F
Definition
True (fulcrum in the middle)
Term
Deltoid is named based on...
Definition
Shape
Term
Brachialis is named based on...
Definition
Location
Term
Sternocleidomastoid is named based on...
Definition
Points of attachment
Term
Quadriceps is named based on...
Definition
Number of heads
Term
Gluteus maximus is named based on...
Definition
Size of muscle
Term
Adductor is named based on...
Definition
Function
Term
Rectus is named based on...
Definition
Direction of fibers
Term
The buccinator muscle...
Definition
Allows for smiling
Term
The corrugator supercilli...
Definition
Wrinkling the forehead vertically
Term
The epicranius...
Definition
Raises the eyebrows
Term
The orbicularis oculi...
Definition
Closes the eyes
Term
The pterygoids...
Definition
Grate the teeth during mastication
Term
The sternocleidomastoid...
Definition
Flexes the head
Term
The external oblique compresses the abdomen - T/F
Definition
True (as does the internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis)
Term
The rectus abdominis flexes the trunk - T/F
Definition
True (also compresses abdomen and rotates trunk)
Term
The levator ani closes the anal canal - T/F
Definition
False - the sphincter ani externus does this
Term
The external intercostals function to elevate the ribs - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The coccygeus muscles and levator ani form most of the pelvic floor - T/F
Definition
True
Term
All of the following are rotator cuff muscles except:
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Definition
Deltoid (shoulder muscle that abducts arm)
Wrong answers - infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor
Term
The muscle that shrugs the shoulders is the:
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Trapezius
Pectoralis minor
Definition
Trapezius
Wrong answers - sternocleidomastoid (flexes/rotates head), deltoid (abducts arm), pectoralis major (adducts/flexes upper arm)
Term
The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the:
Triceps brachii
Triceps surae
Brachialis
Biceps brachii
Definition
Triceps brachii
Wrong answers - brachialis (extends forearm), triceps surae (leg muscle - actually the gastrocnemius and soleus), biceps brachii (flexes/supinates forearm)
Term
The olecranon process of the ulna is a site of insertion for the:
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii
Definition
Triceps brachii
Wrong answers - biceps brachii (insertion at radius), brachialis (insertion at coronoid process of ulna), brachioradialis (insertion at radius)
Term
Intrinsic muscles of the hand originate on the forearm and insert on the metacarpals - T/F
Definition
False - they fact that they are intrinsic means that these muscles originate and insert within the hand
Term
Carpal tunnel syndrome affects the median nerve - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The deltoid is a good example of a multifunction muscle - T/F
Definition
True - its main function is to abduct the upper arm but it also assists in the flexion and extension of the upper arm
Term
The pectoralis major flexes the upper arm - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The biceps brachii is an extensor muscle - T/F
Definition
False - the biceps brachii is a flexor
Term
The muscles of the quadriceps femoris include all of the following except:
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus femoris
Definition
Vastus femoris (which isn't a real muscle)
Wrong answers - vastus intermedius, lateralis, and medialis
Term
A common site for intramuscular injections is the:
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Definition
Gluteus medius
Term
Plantar flexion is achieved by the:
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus brevis
Soleus
Definition
Soleus (and gastrocnemius)
Wrong answers - tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion and inversion), tibialis posterior (plantar flexion AND inversion), peroneus brevis (eversion and dorsiflexion)
Term
The muscles of the hamstrings include all of the following except the:
Iliopsoas
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Definition
Iliopsoas (entirely different group of muscles)
Wrong answers - semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
Term
The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and soleus - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The iliopsoas is composed solely of the psoas major and the iliacus - T/F
Definition
False - also includes the psoas minor
Term
The vastus intermedius originates on the posterior surface of the femur - T/F
Definition
False - originates on the anterior surface
Term
Muscle attachment that does not move
Definition
Origin
Term
Agonist
Definition
Prime mover
Term
Opposes prime mover
Definition
Antagonist
Term
Rigid bar free to turn about its fulcrum
Definition
Lever
Term
Contracts at the same times as the prime mover
Definition
Synergist
Term
Muscle attachment that moves
Definition
Insertion
Term
Joint stabilizer
Definition
Fixator
Term
Maintaining optimal body position
Definition
Posture
Term
Patient Mr. Lynch
Spends hours on computer daily
Symptoms - weakness, pain, tingling in palm and radial aspect of hand
What condition could this be?
Which anatomical structures are most likely involved?
Which options for treatment are available?
Definition
Condition - Carpal tunnel syndrome
Anatomical structures - swollen tendon presses on median nerve; affects wrist, hand, fingers, with pain possibly radiating into forearm/shoulder
Treatment - anti-inflammatory injections, surgery to remove swollen tissue
Term
Body area appropriate for a 2 mL injection?
Definition
Deltoideus
Term
The deltoid is a...
Definition
Abductor
Term
The tibialis anterior is a...
Definition
Dorsiflexor
Term
The gastrocnemius is a...
Definition
Plantar flexor
Term
The biceps brachii is a...
Definition
Flexor
Term
The gluteus medius is a...
Definition
Extensor/rotator
Term
The soleus is a...
Definition
Plantar flexor
Term
The iliopsoas is a...
Definition
Flexor
Term
The pectoralis major is a...
Definition
Adductor/flexor
Term
The gluteus maximus is a...
Definition
Extensor/rotator
Term
The triceps brachii is a...
Definition
Extensor
Term
The sternocleidomastoid is a...
Definition
Flexor/rotator
Term
The trapezius is a...
Definition
Extensor
Term
The gracilis is a...
Definition
Adductor
Term
Anchors muscles to bones
Definition
Tendon
Term
Which of the following is not a general function of muscle tissue?
Movement
Protection
Heat production
Posture
Definition
Protection
Term
The skeletal muscle fiber characteristic of excitability directly results in these cells being capable of:
Responding to nerve signals
Shortening
Returning to resting length
Producing heat
Definition
Responding to nerve signals
Wrong answers - Shortening and returning to resting length are both results of muscle structure and the interaction of myofilaments; muscles produce heat due to the chemical reactions within them
Term
The correct order of arrangement of skeletal muscle cells, from largest to smallest, is:
Fiber, myofibril, myofilament
Myofibril, myofilament, fiber
Myofilament, myofibril, fiber
Fiber, myofilament, myofibril
Definition
Fiber, myofibril, myofilament
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is:
A system of transverse tubules that extend at a right angle to the long axis of the cell
A segment of the myofibril between two successive Z lines
A unique name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
None of the above
Definition
None of the above
Wrong answers - the system of transverse tubules are T tubules, a segment of myofibril between Z lines is a sarcomere, and a muscle fiber's plasma membrane is the sarcolemma
Term
Which of the following are myofilament proteins?
Troponin
Tropomyosin
A and B
None of the above
Definition
A and B (both troponin and tropomyosin are part of thin filaments)
Term
The contractile unit of a myofibril is the:
Sarcomere
Triad
Sarcolemma
Cross bridge
Definition
Sarcomere
Wrong answers - the triad is the arrangement of SR and T tubules, the sarcolemma is the plasma membrane, and a cross bridge is the connection between the myosin head and an actin receptor
Term
The chief function of the T tubule is to:
Provide nutrients to the muscle fiber
Allow the fiber to contract
Allow the electrical signal to move deep into the cell
Allow the generation of new muscle fibers
Definition
Allow the electrical signal to move deep into the cell
Wrong answers - blood vessels provide nutrients, myofilaments allow the fiber to contract, and stem cells allow for the generation of new muscle fibers
Term
Myosin heads are also called:
Cross bridges
Motor endplates
Synapses
Motor neurons
Definition
Cross bridges
Wrong answers - Motor endplates are the points on a muscle fiber where acetylcholine is received, synapses are the points on the motor neurons that transmit to the effector, motor neurons are the nerves communicating with muscle fibers
Term
During muscle contraction, Ca2+ is released from:
Synaptic cleft
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasm
Definition
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Wrong answers - the synaptic cleft releases neurotransmitters, mitochondria release ATP, and the sarcoplasm doesn't release anything
Term
The region of a muscle fiber where a motor neuron connects ot the muscle fiber is called the:
Synaptic vesicle
Motor end-plate
H band
None of the above
Definition
Motor end-plate
Wrong answers - a synaptic vesicle carries a neurotransmitter across the synapse to a receptor and an H band is part of a sarcomere
Term
The thick myofilament is myosin, whereas actin is the thin myofilament - T/F
Definition
True
Term
Skeletal muscle has a poor ability to stretch - T/F
Definition
False - skeletal muscle has lots of elastic fibers
Term
A T tubule sandwiched between sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum is called a codon - T/F
Definition
False - this is called a triad
Term
Actin, tropinin, and tropomyosin are present on the thin myofilament - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The I band resides within a single sarcomere - T/F
Definition
True (though it may appear otherwise)
Term
Rigor mortis is caused by a lack of ATP to "turn off" muscle contraction - T/F
Definition
True
Term
the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum - T/F
Definition
False - actually called the sarcolemma
Term
Anaerobic respiration is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP - T/F
Definition
False - aerobic respiration is the first choice
Term
Oxygen molecules in the sarcoplasm are bound to the myoglobin molecule - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The all-or-none principle states that muscle fibers will contract with all possible force when stimulated to threshold, or they will not contract at all - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The principal component(s) of a motor unit is/are:
One somatic motor neuron
The muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron
None of the above
A and B
Definition
A and B
Term
The staircase phenomenon is also know as:
Tetanus
Electromyography
Wave summation
Treppe
Definition
Treppe
Wrong answers - tetanus refers to muscle contraction resulting from the maximum stimulation, electromyography is a produce by which a muscle is stimulated with electricity to test contraction, wave summation refers to the fact that as the frequency of stimulation is increased, the strength of contraction also increases
Term
Skeletal muscles are innervated by:
Somatic motor neurons
Autonomic motor neurons
A and B
Internal stimulation
Definition
Somatic motor neurons
Wrong answers - autonomic neurons influence involuntary motions in internal organs and internal stimulation is responsible for the contraction of cardiac and single-unit smooth muscle
Term
Which of the following statements concerning isometric contractions is true?
The length of the muscle changes
Muscle tension decreases
Join movements are swift
Muscle length remains constant
Definition
Muscle length remains constant
Term
Physiological muscle fatigue is caused by:
Relative lack of ATP
Oxygen debt
Lack of will
None of the above
Definition
Relative lack of ATP
Wrong answers - oxygen debt causes lack of ATP, lack of will causes psychological muscle fatigue
Term
Increase in muscle size is called:
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Treppe
Definition
Hypertrophy
Wrong answers - hyperplasia refers to the proliferation of any cells, atrophy refers to the degeneration of muscle, and treppe is the staircase phenomenon in muscle contraction
Term
Endurance training is also called:
Definition
Aerobic training
Wrong answers - isometrics are are strength exercises in which muscle length does not change, hypertrophy is muscle building, anaerobic training is non-endurance training
Term
A muscle contracts the instant it is stimulated - T/F
Definition
False - it contracts only after the impulse has reached the SR and Ca2+ has been released
Term
Isotonic contraction is a contraction in which the tone or tension within a muscle remains the same, but the length of the muscle changes - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The longer a muscle is stretched prior to contraction, the more tension it will be able to generate - T/F
Definition
True (partially) - if it's stretched too far, it won't be able to contract effectively
Term
Muscles with more tone than normal are described as flaccid - T/F
Definition
False - these muscles are spastic
Term
What type of muscle is located in the walls of the digestive tract?
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
What type of muscle contains many nuclei near the sarcolemma?
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
What type of muscle is voluntary?
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
What type of muscle isn't striated?
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
What type of muscle is striated an has a single nucleus?
Definition
Cardiac muscle
Term
What type of muscle has a principal function of peristalsis?
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
What type of muscle has larger T tubules that form diads with SR?
Definition
Cardiac muscle
Term
What type of muscle has principle functions of movement of bones, heat production, and posture?
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
What type of muscle contains intercalated disks?
Definition
Cardiac muscle
Term
What type of muscle has a poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
Muscle strains are characterized by...
Definition
Myalgia (muscle pain)
Term
Crush injuries can cause ____ to accumulate in the blood and result in kidney failure
Definition
Myoglobin (stores O2 in muscles)
Term
A viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement is known as...
Definition
Poliomyelitis
Term
___ is a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissues
Definition
Muscular dystrophy
Term
___ is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction
Definition
Myasthenia gravis
Term
Thick and thin...
Definition
Myofilaments
Term
Smooth, sustained muscle contraction
Definition
Tetanus
Term
Same length
Definition
Isometric
Term
Transverse structure unique to muscle cells
Definition
T tubules
Term
Motor neuron plus the muscle fibers
Definition
Motor unit
Term
Junction between nerve endings and muscle fibers
Definition
Neuromuscular
Term
Plasma membrane of striated muscle fiber
Definition
Sarcolemma
Term
Principle that states a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all
Definition
All or none
Term
Same tension
Definition
Isotonic
Term
Fine subunit of muscle fiber
Definition
Myofibril
Term
Linda is successful at distance running but not sprinting. How does this relate to muscle fiber types?
Definition
Linda most likely has more slow muscle fibers (well adapted to endurance) than fast muscle fibers (well adapted for speed).
Term
What physiological phenomenon is responsible for the stiffness of dead bodies? Why do muscles display this stiffness?
Definition
Rigor mortis
Caused by a deficit of ATP - myosin heads cannot disconnect from actin
Term
When a muscle does not shorten and no movement results, the contraction is:
Isometric
Isotonic
Twitch
Tentanic
Definition
Isometric
Wrong answers - isotonic would imply no change in tension, twitch would imply a quick spasm, and tetanic would imply a smooth, extended contraction
Term
What happens if a given muscle cell is stimulated by a threshold stimulus?
It shows an "all-or-none" response
It shows a tetanus response
It shows a subminimal response
All of the above
Definition
It shows an "all-or-none" response
Term
If muscle cells are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction will decrease, resulting in fatigue - T/F
Definition
True
Term
Weakness of abdominal muscles can lead to a hernia - T/F
Definition
True
Term
There are two types of smooth muscle: visceral and multiunit - T/F
Definition
True
Term
The length/tension relationship states that the maximal strength a muscle can develop is related to the length of its fibers - T/F
Definition
True
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