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Muscular System
for anatomy and physiology test
57
Anatomy
12th Grade
02/09/2009

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Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
-attaches to bone
-consists of origin, insertion, and body
Term
Origin
Definition
Stationary bone in given movement
Term
Insertion
Definition
Moveable bone in given movement
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
-bulk of the heart
-has cross striations
-has intercalate disks
-Keeps blood circulating
-incapable of mitosis
Term
Intercalate disks
Definition
dark bands where plasma membranes of adjacent cardiac fivers come in contact with eachother
Term
Tendon
Definition
Anchors muscles firmly to bones.
made of dense fibrous connective tissue
do not tear or pull from bone easily
Term
Bursae
Definition
fluid-filled sacs between some tendons and bones beneath them
Term
Synovial membrane
Definition
-secretes lubricating fluid that fills bursae
-makes it easier for tendon to slide over bone when tendon's muscle shortens
Term
Smooth Muscle (involunatary)
Definition
Spindle-Shaped cells, lacks striation, capable of mitosis, forms important part of blood cessel walls and hollow internal organs (gut, urethra, ureters, arteries/veins, and GI tract), less myosin and no troponin.
Term
Muscle Fibers
Definition
Specialized contractile cells grouped together and arranged in highly organized way
Term
Thin filament
Definition
Formed from protein (myosin)
Term
Thick Filament
Definition
Formed from protein (actin)
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
Serves as basic building block of skeletal muscle. Made of numerous actin/myosin myofilaments arranges so they appear as stripes of cross striations.
Term
Z-Lines
Definition
Dark bands separating the repeating units of sarcomeres
Term
Motor unit
Definition
single motor neuron, with muscle cells it innerbates (e.g Precise control in eye muscles)
Term
Threshold stimulus
Definition
Lowast level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract
Term
Twitch contraction
Definition
Jerky response to stimulus. Can be seen in isolated mucles. Small role in muscle activity
Term
Tetantic Contraction
Definition
More sustained and steady response that twitch. Formed from series of stumuli bombarding muscle in paid succession. Contractions combine to create sustained contraction (tetanus)
Term
Isotonic contraction
Definition
Produces small mocement in joint, muscle shortens and insertion end moves toward origin. ex: running, walking, breathing, lifting and twisting
Term
Isometric contraction
Definition
muscles do not shorten and no movement results. Muscles length gurning isometric contraction and relazation is equal. Size increases with repeated isometric contractions
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
Increase in muscle size due to excercise. Increase # or myofilament in each muscle fiber (isometric excercises and weight lifting)
Term
Strain
Definition
Resulting from overexertion or trauma. Results in myalgia
Term
Myalgia
Definition
Pain in muscles and involves over stratching or tearing of muscle fibers
Term
Poliomyelitis
Definition
Viral infection of the nerves that controls skeletal muscle movement. May be fatal.
Term
Myasthenia Gravis
Definition
Chrinic disease characterized by muscle weakness specially in face and throat;autoimmune.
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
Point of contact between nerve ending and muscle fiber
Term
Disuse atrophy
Definition
muscles shrink in mass due to prolonges inactivity
Term
Mypathies
Definition
Muscle disorders. Can be mild or severe
Term
Cramp
Definition
Painful muscles spasm cause by mild myositis or fibromyositis by can be a symptom of any irritation or of an ion and water imbalance (tetantic contraction)
Term
Contusion (muscle bruise)
Definition
local internal bleeding and inflamation
Term
Muscular dystrophy
Definition
a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy (wasting) of skeletal muscle tissues; can be fatal
Term
muscle fatigue
Definition
decrease in muscle contraction strength
Term
muscle tension
Definition
results in myalgia and stiffness in neck and back (may cause "stress headaches")
Term
Flexion
Definition
bending
Term
Extension
Definition
straightening or stretching
Term
abduction
Definition
moving part away from body aka moving arm out to the side
Term
adduction
Definition
moving part toward body aka bring arms down from elevated position
Term
rotation
Definition
movement around a longitudinal axis. shaking head no
Term
circumduction
Definition
moves part in circle
Term
supination
Definition
hand position with palm turned to anterior position
Term
pronation
Definition
occurs when yo turn palm of your hand so it faces posteriorly
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
top of foo is elevated with toes pointing upward. Flexing foot
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
bottom of foot is directed downward (standing on toes)
Term
fibromyostis
Definition
inflammation of tendon ("charley horse")
Term
treppe
Definition
staircase effect. Tension peak being slightly stronger than the one before it.
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells
Term
Troponin and tropomyosin
Definition
(myofilaments) they cover the active sites on the sctin myofilaments in the sarcomere, thus preventing contraction. Interact with calciium ions and creates a contraction.
Term
synergist
Definition
muscle that assists a prime mover
Term
tonic contraction
Definition
special type of skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture
Term
prime mover
Definition
the muscle responsible for producing a particular movement
Term
oxygen debt
Definition
continued increased metabolism that occurs in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that resulted from excerise.
Term
antagonist muscle
Definition
those having opposing actions; ex: muscles that flex the upper arm are antagonists to muscles that extend it.
Term
Sliding filament model: list steps of skeletal muscle contraction
Definition
1. Motor neuron releases acetylocholine at neuromuscular junction 2. calcium ions are released out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into muscle cell body 3. calcium ions bind to troponin and tropomyosin, uncovering active sites on actin 4. mysoin heads form bridges on and with active sites on actin 5. ATP broken down for energy 6. actin pulled over myosin as heads move like paddles
Term
Sliding Filament Model: List steps of skeletal muschle relaxation
Definition
1. calcium ions are pumped back into the arcoplasmic reticulum 2. Troponin and tropomosin cover active sites on actin 3. refractory period (5 millisecond; muscle cannot receive another stimulus)
Term
What causes burning sensation in muscles when you exercise?
Definition
lactic acid produced due to lack of ozygen which results in soreness
Term
MAjor functions of skeletal muscle
Definition
movement, posture, heat protection (hypothermia), fatigue
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