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Muscular Anatomy
Revision Term 1
66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/14/2016

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Name the three primary cells found in bone and describe their roles.
Definition

 

Osteoblasts – bone building cells (‘b’ for build),

osteoclasts – bone destroying cells (they chew bone – ‘c’ for chew).

Osteocytes – mature bone cells that help control bone remodeling

Term
What is the name of the connective tissue that covers bone.
Definition
Periosteum – a connective tissue layer that is not osseous material.
Term
Name and describe the three main sections of the skeleton.
Definition
Axial – skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, ribs; Appendicular – clavicle, scapulae, upper and lower limbs, coxal bones (hip bones); Thorax – sternum, thoracic vertebrae, ribs.
Term
Name the parts of a long bone.
Definition
Epiphysis (head), diaphysis (shaft), epiphyseal line, medullary cavity, neck
Term
What is inside the medulary cavity
Definition
Marrow – red marrow when developing, in adults yellow marrow (fat)
Term
Name 5 functions of muscle.
Definition
Thermogenesis, movement, posture, protection (eg abdominals), blood pump ie assists in venous blood return
Term
Name 5 functions of bone.
Definition
Support, fat storage, red blood cell production, storage for minerals, noise transduction (bones in the ear), protection, movement (as part of the musculoskeletal system), detoxification, endocrine organ, acid-base balance
Term
What does ossification mean, and what are the two types
Definition
Ossification is bone development. Intramembranous occurs from connective tissue (only for flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicles, maxilla); endochondrial is from cartilage and is for the rest of the bones.
Term
Give an example of each type of bone.
Definition
Long – the long bones in the limbs eg femur, humerus; Short – carpals, tarsals; Flat – skull bones, sternum; sesamoid – patella, pisiform; irregular – vertebrae, hips, facial
Term

Classify the following from largest to smallets:

myofibre, muscle belly, sarcomere, fascicle, myofibril, myofilament

Definition
Muscle belly, fascicle, myofiber, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament.
Term
What molecule is responsible to providing fuel for movement of muscles?
Definition
ATP
Term
Why does rigormortis occur?
Definition
Because ATP allows the myosin to disengage from the actin. When you die, the myosin that are in contact with actin can not release (no ATP), so they remain connected.
Term
What does calcium bind to and what are the results of this binding.
Definition
Calcium binds to the actin, so that myosin can then interact with it.
Term
Why do we need to eat (not just because we are hungry)
Definition
Food supplies the energy to resynthesizes more ATP. ATP when used breaks down into ADP and P. To make more ATP we need energy (food).
Term
What does ATP bind to and causing what reaction.
Definition
ATP binds to the myosin, so that it can detach from the actin and the reloads.
Term
What is an antagonistic pair.
Definition
Antagonistic pair are two muscles that lie on the opposite side of a joint and have opposing actions. E.g. biceps (flexes elbow) and triceps (extends elbow) are an antagonistic pair.
Term

Describe the difference between the following:

 

Sarcomere & sarcolema

Foraman & Fossa

Ligament & Tendon

Definition
Sarcomere – smallest functional unit of a muscle. Sarcolemma – membrane that surrounds a muscle fiber (cell membrane for a muscle cell). Foramen – a hole in a bone to allow nerves, blood vessels etc to pass through. Fossa – a (large) shallow depression in a bone. Ligament – connects bone to bone. Tendon – connects bone to muscle.
Term
1. Name the four rotator cuffs in order of most anterior, superior, posterior superior, posterior inferior.
Definition

Anterior  –  subscapularis.

 

Superior  –   supraspinatus.

 

Posterior superior - Infraspinatus

 

Posterior inferior - Teres minor

   

Term
Name three actions for the trapezius, one each for the upper, middle and lower fibers
Definition

Upper fibers – upward rotation and elevation of

  scapular.

 

Middle fibers –retraction of scapular.

 

Lower fibers - upward rotation and depression of scapula

 

Term
[image]
Definition
      • Humerus
      • 1.Greater tubercle
      • 2.Lesser tubercle
      • 4. Head (epiphysis)
      • 5. Neck
      • 7. Deltoid tuberosity
      • 10. Medial epicondyle
      • 12. Lateral epicondyle
Term
[image]
Definition
      • Scapula
      • 1. & 15. Acrommial process
      • 5. subscapular fossa
      • 6. medial border
      • 8. lateral border
      • 9. & 16. glenoid cavity
      • 10. supraspinous fossa
      • 11. spine
      • 12. infraspinous fossa
      • 14. coracoid process
Term
[image]
Definition

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

 

Origin - Manubrium and medial clavicle

 

Insertion - mastoid process on the temporal bone.

 

Action - by itself will rotate head to opposite side. Together will flex neck.

Term
[image]
Definition

Romboid Major (inferior) and Rhomboid Minor (superior)


They retract the scapula and stabilize it.

Term
[image]
Definition

Supraspinatus - Shoulder abduction

 

 

Teres minor - Laterally rotates shoulder

(Supraspinatus and teres minor are also part of the rotator cuff group that help stabilize the shoulder joint.)

 

Teres major (lats little helper)- medially rotates, extends and adducts shoulder.

 

Serratus Anterior - upward rotation and protraction of scapular.  Also stabilizes scapular.

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Deltoid (posterior part shown) 

Action - as a whole abducts the shoulder.  Anterior part flexes/horizontally flexes and medially rotates shoulder, while posterior part extends/horizontally extends and laterally rotates shoulder.

 

Origin follows bones - lateral clavicle to acromial process to spine of scapula.

 

Insertion - deltoid tuberosity.

Term
[image]
Definition

Subscapularis - Also part of the rotator cuff group.  Medially rotates and stabilizes the shoulder joint.

 

 

 

Note:  any muscle that attaches to the anterior humerus is a medial rotator.  Any muscle that attaches to the posterior humerus is a lateral rotator.

Term

What are the primary actions of the following muscles:

      1. Rhomboid major
      2. Sternocleidomastoid
      3. Biceps brachii
      4. Triceps brachii
      5. Brachioradialis
      6. Coracobrachialis
Definition
  1. Rhomboid major - Retraction and fixes the shoulder
  2. Sternocleidomastoid - Alone will rotate the neck to the opposite side, together will flex the neck.
  3. Biceps brachii - Flexes the elbow and supinates the radioulnar joint.
  4. Triceps brachii - Extends the elbow.
  5. Brachioradialis - Flexes the elbow (especially in the neutral grip ie the hammering muscle).
  6. Coracobrachialis - adducts and flexes the shoulder.
Term
Name the three bones that make up the hip (from posteriorly to anteriorly)
Definition
Posteriorly - illium, then the ischium and then the pubis.
Term
Where is the temporal bone found?
Definition

 

Side of the skull.

Term

Which of these do you not find in Osseous tissue: 

        • Matrix
        • inorganic salts
        • collagenous fibres
        • periosteum
Definition
Periosteum
Term
In endochondrial ossification what does bone replace?
Definition
It replaces a cartilage model.
Term
What are the primary hip flexors?
Definition
The iliacus and the psoas major.
Term
What are a sarcolemma and a sarcomere?
Definition

Sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a myofiber.

 

A sarcomere is the smallest functional unit of a muscle.

Term
[image]
Definition

Deltoid (lateral) - Abducts the shoulder.

 

Pectoralis minor - forced breathing, also protracts and downwardly rotates the scapula.

Term
[image]
Definition
Teres major - Attaches to anterior of humerus, medially rotates
Term
[image]
Definition
Brachialis - main flexor of the elbow.
Term
[image]
Definition
Subscapularis - attaches anteriorly to humerus, medial rotator of shoulder.  Also part of the rotator cuff.
Term
[image]
Definition
Serratus anterior - Protracts and upwardly rotates the scapular also stabilizes it.
Term
[image]
Definition
Latissimus dorsi - extension, adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder. Attaches anteriorly to humerus.
Term
[image]
Definition
Triceps - only one muscle on posterior arm.  Attaches to olecranon process.  Elbow extension.
Term
[image]
Definition

1.  anterior superior iiac spine (ASIS)
2.  iliac crest
3.  posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
4.  posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
10. ischial tuberosity
11. obturator foramen
14. pubic bone
15. acetabulum (for head of femur)
16. anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

Term
[image]
Definition

1.  head or epophysis

2.  lesser tronchanter

3..linea aspera

4.  lateral condyle

5.  medial condyle

6.  shaft or diaphysis

7.  greater trachanter

9.  lateral epicondyle

10. medial epicondyle

Term
[image]
Definition

a) name the three lateral muscles -

external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis

 

b) name the two medial muscles - 

rectus abdominis.

Term
How do weak abdominal muscles contribute to lower back pain.
Definition
Strong core muscles as the obliques and transverse abdominals help to even out the weight of the upper body around the waist.  Weak muscles put more pressure on the lower back.
Term
How does muscle activity change when we go from normal breathing to forced breathing>
Definition
Normal breathing uses only the diaphragm and intercostals.  forced breathing involves the use of other muscles such as the pec minor, levator scapular, serrated anterior, SCM, scalenes.
Term
What are the primary hip flexors?
Definition
Psoas major, iliacus, rectus femorus
Term
What are the primary lateral hip rotators?
Definition

Gluteus maximus &

PGOGOQ

 

Term
How does tensor fascia latae act as a postural muscle?
Definition
The fascia latae is a band of connective tissue that surrounds the whole leg.  It thickens laterally into the ITB which crosses the knee. The tensor fascia latae tenses this band (some glute max fibers also insert into this fascia).  when the knee is in full extension ie standing or walking (supporting the leg) this group helps to lock the knee.  Try standing with your knees locked and it is easy - the band is holding it tight.  Now slightly crack your knees - now your quads have to work to stop knee flexion and it is much harder.
Term
What is the primary hip extensor?
Definition
Glute max - which is why power athletes eg sprinters, tennis players have big butts.
Term
How do Gluteus maximmmus and gluteus medius/minimus act as antagonists?
Definition
They rotate the hip in different directions.  That is, glut max laterally and glute med/min medially.
Term
[image]
Definition

Name 1, 2 & 3. What are the insertion points for the three muscles?

 

1. Gluteus maximus and it comes most posteriorly. Inserts into the gluteal tuberosity and ITB.

 

2 is gluteus medius and inserts into the greater trochanter It starts at the iliac crest.

 

3. is gluteus minimus and it also inserts into the greater trochanter.  It starts midway down the ilium.

 

 

Term
Name the quadricep muscles and which one is a two joint muscle?
Definition

Rectus femorus is the two jointed muscle as it crosses the hip to attach to the AIIS.  

The three vasti attach fromm the femur and are the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and the vastus intermedius.

 

Term
What is the origin of the hamstrings?
Definition
The hamstrings all come from the ischial tuberosity.  The exception is the short head of the biceps femoris which commmes from the linear aspera on the femur.
Term
Which hamstring has two heads and where does the short head originate from and what does it do?
Definition

 The hamstrings all come from the ischial tuberosity.  The exception is the short head of the biceps femoris which commmes from the linear aspera on the femur.

 

The short only crosses one joint - the knee joint.  So it can only flex the knee.

Term
From superior to inferior order the following:  adductor brevis, adductor longus, pectineus, psoas major.
Definition

Psoas major

pectineus

adductor brevis

adductor longus

 

Remember, brevis is hidden by pectineus and longus

Term
What is the largest adductor?
Definition
Adductor magnus
Term
Which calf muscle is a two join muscle and what does it do?
Definition
Gastrocnemius crosses the ankle and the knee.  So it plantar flexes the ankle and flexes the knee.
Term
Where does the soleus originate from?
Definition
Soleus originates from the head of the fibula and upper posterior tibia.
Term
What muscles are antagonists to the adductors?
Definition
The abductors, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
Term
[image]
Definition

Name, action, origin and insertion?

 

Biceps Femoris - extends hip (long head only) and flexes knee.  Ishcial tuberosity and linea aspera and down the lateral side of the head of the fibula.

Term
[image]
Definition

Name, action, origin and insertion?


Adductor magnus - adducts the hip.  Has other actions, but it gets complicated.  Comes from the ischial ruberosity and the ramus of the pubis and goes to the linea aspera down to the mmedial condyle of the femur.

Term
[image]
Definition

Name, action, origin and insertion?

 

Pectineus - this i rectangular in shape (unlike the brevis which fans out at its insertion).  Fromm the pubis to inferior to the lesser trochanter (correctly it is the pectineal line of the femur?.  Adducts and flexes hip.

Term
[image]
Definition

Name, action, origin and insertion?

 

Adductor brevis - adducts hip.  Comes from the pubis and goes to the inferior part of lesser trochanter.
Term
[image]
Definition

Name, action, origin and insertion?

 

Soleus - as for brevis, It is a major plantar flexor and also helps us to stand up straight (we would fall forward without it).  It is also a major muscle pump.
Term
[image]
Definition

Name, action, origin and insertion?

 

Rectus Femoris - It inserts into the patella and the tendon goes down into the tibial tuberosity.  Flexes the hip and extends the knee.
Term
[image]
Definition

Name, action, origin and insertion?

 

Gluteus minimus - originates halfway down the illium and not at the crest (like the medius).  Goes to the greater trochanter.  Abduct the hip - used in walking, especially on the supporting leg.
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