Term
| Name the three primary cells found in bone and describe their roles. |
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Definition
Osteoblasts – bone building cells (‘b’ for build),
osteoclasts – bone destroying cells (they chew bone – ‘c’ for chew).
Osteocytes – mature bone cells that help control bone remodeling |
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Term
| What is the name of the connective tissue that covers bone. |
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Definition
| Periosteum – a connective tissue layer that is not osseous material. |
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Term
| Name and describe the three main sections of the skeleton. |
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Definition
| Axial – skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, ribs; Appendicular – clavicle, scapulae, upper and lower limbs, coxal bones (hip bones); Thorax – sternum, thoracic vertebrae, ribs. |
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Term
| Name the parts of a long bone. |
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Definition
| Epiphysis (head), diaphysis (shaft), epiphyseal line, medullary cavity, neck |
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Term
| What is inside the medulary cavity |
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Definition
| Marrow – red marrow when developing, in adults yellow marrow (fat) |
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Term
| Name 5 functions of muscle. |
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Definition
| Thermogenesis, movement, posture, protection (eg abdominals), blood pump ie assists in venous blood return |
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Term
| Name 5 functions of bone. |
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Definition
| Support, fat storage, red blood cell production, storage for minerals, noise transduction (bones in the ear), protection, movement (as part of the musculoskeletal system), detoxification, endocrine organ, acid-base balance |
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Term
| What does ossification mean, and what are the two types |
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Definition
| Ossification is bone development. Intramembranous occurs from connective tissue (only for flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicles, maxilla); endochondrial is from cartilage and is for the rest of the bones. |
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Term
| Give an example of each type of bone. |
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Definition
| Long – the long bones in the limbs eg femur, humerus; Short – carpals, tarsals; Flat – skull bones, sternum; sesamoid – patella, pisiform; irregular – vertebrae, hips, facial |
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Term
Classify the following from largest to smallets:
myofibre, muscle belly, sarcomere, fascicle, myofibril, myofilament |
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Definition
| Muscle belly, fascicle, myofiber, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament. |
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Term
| What molecule is responsible to providing fuel for movement of muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does rigormortis occur? |
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Definition
| Because ATP allows the myosin to disengage from the actin. When you die, the myosin that are in contact with actin can not release (no ATP), so they remain connected. |
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Term
| What does calcium bind to and what are the results of this binding. |
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Definition
| Calcium binds to the actin, so that myosin can then interact with it. |
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Term
| Why do we need to eat (not just because we are hungry) |
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Definition
| Food supplies the energy to resynthesizes more ATP. ATP when used breaks down into ADP and P. To make more ATP we need energy (food). |
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Term
| What does ATP bind to and causing what reaction. |
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Definition
| ATP binds to the myosin, so that it can detach from the actin and the reloads. |
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Term
| What is an antagonistic pair. |
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Definition
| Antagonistic pair are two muscles that lie on the opposite side of a joint and have opposing actions. E.g. biceps (flexes elbow) and triceps (extends elbow) are an antagonistic pair. |
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Term
Describe the difference between the following:
Sarcomere & sarcolema
Foraman & Fossa
Ligament & Tendon |
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Definition
| Sarcomere – smallest functional unit of a muscle. Sarcolemma – membrane that surrounds a muscle fiber (cell membrane for a muscle cell). Foramen – a hole in a bone to allow nerves, blood vessels etc to pass through. Fossa – a (large) shallow depression in a bone. Ligament – connects bone to bone. Tendon – connects bone to muscle. |
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Term
| 1. Name the four rotator cuffs in order of most anterior, superior, posterior superior, posterior inferior. |
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Definition
Anterior – subscapularis.
Superior – supraspinatus.
Posterior superior - Infraspinatus
Posterior inferior - Teres minor
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Term
| Name three actions for the trapezius, one each for the upper, middle and lower fibers |
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Definition
Upper fibers – upward rotation and elevation of
scapular.
Middle fibers –retraction of scapular.
Lower fibers - upward rotation and depression of scapula
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Term
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Definition
- Humerus
- 1.Greater tubercle
- 2.Lesser tubercle
- 4. Head (epiphysis)
- 5. Neck
- 7. Deltoid tuberosity
- 10. Medial epicondyle
- 12. Lateral epicondyle
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Term
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Definition
- Scapula
- 1. & 15. Acrommial process
- 5. subscapular fossa
- 6. medial border
- 8. lateral border
- 9. & 16. glenoid cavity
- 10. supraspinous fossa
- 11. spine
- 12. infraspinous fossa
- 14. coracoid process
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Term
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Definition
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Origin - Manubrium and medial clavicle
Insertion - mastoid process on the temporal bone.
Action - by itself will rotate head to opposite side. Together will flex neck. |
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Term
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Definition
Romboid Major (inferior) and Rhomboid Minor (superior)
They retract the scapula and stabilize it. |
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Term
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Definition
Supraspinatus - Shoulder abduction
Teres minor - Laterally rotates shoulder
(Supraspinatus and teres minor are also part of the rotator cuff group that help stabilize the shoulder joint.)
Teres major (lats little helper)- medially rotates, extends and adducts shoulder.
Serratus Anterior - upward rotation and protraction of scapular. Also stabilizes scapular.
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Term
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Definition
Deltoid (posterior part shown)
Action - as a whole abducts the shoulder. Anterior part flexes/horizontally flexes and medially rotates shoulder, while posterior part extends/horizontally extends and laterally rotates shoulder.
Origin follows bones - lateral clavicle to acromial process to spine of scapula.
Insertion - deltoid tuberosity. |
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Term
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Definition
Subscapularis - Also part of the rotator cuff group. Medially rotates and stabilizes the shoulder joint.
Note: any muscle that attaches to the anterior humerus is a medial rotator. Any muscle that attaches to the posterior humerus is a lateral rotator. |
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Term
What are the primary actions of the following muscles:
- Rhomboid major
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Biceps brachii
- Triceps brachii
- Brachioradialis
- Coracobrachialis
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Definition
- Rhomboid major - Retraction and fixes the shoulder
- Sternocleidomastoid - Alone will rotate the neck to the opposite side, together will flex the neck.
- Biceps brachii - Flexes the elbow and supinates the radioulnar joint.
- Triceps brachii - Extends the elbow.
- Brachioradialis - Flexes the elbow (especially in the neutral grip ie the hammering muscle).
- Coracobrachialis - adducts and flexes the shoulder.
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Term
| Name the three bones that make up the hip (from posteriorly to anteriorly) |
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Definition
| Posteriorly - illium, then the ischium and then the pubis. |
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Term
| Where is the temporal bone found? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of these do you not find in Osseous tissue:
- Matrix
- inorganic salts
- collagenous fibres
- periosteum
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Definition
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Term
| In endochondrial ossification what does bone replace? |
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Definition
| It replaces a cartilage model. |
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Term
| What are the primary hip flexors? |
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Definition
| The iliacus and the psoas major. |
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Term
| What are a sarcolemma and a sarcomere? |
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Definition
Sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a myofiber.
A sarcomere is the smallest functional unit of a muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
Deltoid (lateral) - Abducts the shoulder.
Pectoralis minor - forced breathing, also protracts and downwardly rotates the scapula. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teres major - Attaches to anterior of humerus, medially rotates |
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Term
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Definition
| Brachialis - main flexor of the elbow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subscapularis - attaches anteriorly to humerus, medial rotator of shoulder. Also part of the rotator cuff. |
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Term
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Definition
| Serratus anterior - Protracts and upwardly rotates the scapular also stabilizes it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latissimus dorsi - extension, adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder. Attaches anteriorly to humerus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triceps - only one muscle on posterior arm. Attaches to olecranon process. Elbow extension. |
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Term
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Definition
1. anterior superior iiac spine (ASIS)
2. iliac crest
3. posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
4. posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
10. ischial tuberosity
11. obturator foramen
14. pubic bone
15. acetabulum (for head of femur)
16. anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) |
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Term
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Definition
1. head or epophysis
2. lesser tronchanter
3..linea aspera
4. lateral condyle
5. medial condyle
6. shaft or diaphysis
7. greater trachanter
9. lateral epicondyle
10. medial epicondyle |
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Term
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Definition
a) name the three lateral muscles -
external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis
b) name the two medial muscles -
rectus abdominis. |
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Term
| How do weak abdominal muscles contribute to lower back pain. |
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Definition
| Strong core muscles as the obliques and transverse abdominals help to even out the weight of the upper body around the waist. Weak muscles put more pressure on the lower back. |
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Term
| How does muscle activity change when we go from normal breathing to forced breathing> |
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Definition
| Normal breathing uses only the diaphragm and intercostals. forced breathing involves the use of other muscles such as the pec minor, levator scapular, serrated anterior, SCM, scalenes. |
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Term
| What are the primary hip flexors? |
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Definition
| Psoas major, iliacus, rectus femorus |
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Term
| What are the primary lateral hip rotators? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does tensor fascia latae act as a postural muscle? |
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Definition
| The fascia latae is a band of connective tissue that surrounds the whole leg. It thickens laterally into the ITB which crosses the knee. The tensor fascia latae tenses this band (some glute max fibers also insert into this fascia). when the knee is in full extension ie standing or walking (supporting the leg) this group helps to lock the knee. Try standing with your knees locked and it is easy - the band is holding it tight. Now slightly crack your knees - now your quads have to work to stop knee flexion and it is much harder. |
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Term
| What is the primary hip extensor? |
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Definition
| Glute max - which is why power athletes eg sprinters, tennis players have big butts. |
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Term
| How do Gluteus maximmmus and gluteus medius/minimus act as antagonists? |
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Definition
| They rotate the hip in different directions. That is, glut max laterally and glute med/min medially. |
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Term
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Definition
Name 1, 2 & 3. What are the insertion points for the three muscles?
1. Gluteus maximus and it comes most posteriorly. Inserts into the gluteal tuberosity and ITB.
2 is gluteus medius and inserts into the greater trochanter It starts at the iliac crest.
3. is gluteus minimus and it also inserts into the greater trochanter. It starts midway down the ilium.
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Term
| Name the quadricep muscles and which one is a two joint muscle? |
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Definition
Rectus femorus is the two jointed muscle as it crosses the hip to attach to the AIIS.
The three vasti attach fromm the femur and are the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and the vastus intermedius.
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Term
| What is the origin of the hamstrings? |
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Definition
| The hamstrings all come from the ischial tuberosity. The exception is the short head of the biceps femoris which commmes from the linear aspera on the femur. |
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Term
| Which hamstring has two heads and where does the short head originate from and what does it do? |
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Definition
The hamstrings all come from the ischial tuberosity. The exception is the short head of the biceps femoris which commmes from the linear aspera on the femur.
The short only crosses one joint - the knee joint. So it can only flex the knee. |
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Term
| From superior to inferior order the following: adductor brevis, adductor longus, pectineus, psoas major. |
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Definition
Psoas major
pectineus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
Remember, brevis is hidden by pectineus and longus |
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Term
| What is the largest adductor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which calf muscle is a two join muscle and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Gastrocnemius crosses the ankle and the knee. So it plantar flexes the ankle and flexes the knee. |
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Term
| Where does the soleus originate from? |
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Definition
| Soleus originates from the head of the fibula and upper posterior tibia. |
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Term
| What muscles are antagonists to the adductors? |
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Definition
| The abductors, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. |
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Term
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Definition
Name, action, origin and insertion?
Biceps Femoris - extends hip (long head only) and flexes knee. Ishcial tuberosity and linea aspera and down the lateral side of the head of the fibula. |
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Term
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Definition
Name, action, origin and insertion?
Adductor magnus - adducts the hip. Has other actions, but it gets complicated. Comes from the ischial ruberosity and the ramus of the pubis and goes to the linea aspera down to the mmedial condyle of the femur. |
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Term
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Definition
Name, action, origin and insertion?
Pectineus - this i rectangular in shape (unlike the brevis which fans out at its insertion). Fromm the pubis to inferior to the lesser trochanter (correctly it is the pectineal line of the femur?. Adducts and flexes hip. |
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Term
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Definition
Name, action, origin and insertion?
Adductor brevis - adducts hip. Comes from the pubis and goes to the inferior part of lesser trochanter. |
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Term
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Definition
Name, action, origin and insertion?
Soleus - as for brevis, It is a major plantar flexor and also helps us to stand up straight (we would fall forward without it). It is also a major muscle pump. |
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Term
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Definition
Name, action, origin and insertion?
Rectus Femoris - It inserts into the patella and the tendon goes down into the tibial tuberosity. Flexes the hip and extends the knee. |
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Term
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Definition
Name, action, origin and insertion?
Gluteus minimus - originates halfway down the illium and not at the crest (like the medius). Goes to the greater trochanter. Abduct the hip - used in walking, especially on the supporting leg. |
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