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Muscles
Study guide for muscle test
151
Anatomy
11th Grade
12/13/2011

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Term
aer
Definition
air
Term
syn
Definition
together
Term
hyper
Definition
above
Term
tonos
Definition
tention
Term
peri
Definition
around
Term
epi
Definition
on
Term
di
Definition
twice
Term
mys
Definition
muscle
Term
endo
Definition
inside
Term
metron
Definition
measure
Term
an
Definition
without
Term
bi
Definition
two
Term
iso
Definition
equal
Term
trophy
Definition
nourishing
Term
platys
Definition
flat
Term
5 functions of the muscular system:
Definition
-produce movement
-maintain posture and boyd position
-support soft tissue
-guard entrances exits
-maintain body temp
Term
skeletal muscle consists of 4 components:
Definition
-connective tissues
-blood vessels
-nerves
-muscle tissues
Term
difference between a muscle cell and a muscle fiber
Definition
same thing
Term
there are ______ layers of connective tissue. These layers come together at the end of the muscle to form a _________. This attaches to the ____________ of the bone.
Definition
3, tendon, periosteum
Term
Purpose of blood vessels
Definition
deliver oxygen and nutrients to help produciton of ATP
Term
Amount and location of the nerve muscles
Definition
all over, many
Term
What are muscle cells like?
Definition
enourmous lengthwise, multinucleate, protein synthesis happens in nublei
Term
function of t-tubule
Definition
form passageways through musscle fiber, coordinate contractions of muscle fiber due to chemicals flowing freely
Term
What are actin and myosin?
Definition
Actin- protein found in thin filaments
Myosin- protein found in thick filament
Both make up myofilaments
Term
Cisternae contain?
Definition
high concentrations of calcium ions
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber, Z line to Z line
Term
Z line
Definition
Boundaries of each sarcomere, were actin overlaps
Term
M line
Definition
Middle of thick filaments
Term
A Band
Definition
Beginning to end of thick filament
Term
I Band
Definition
Beginning to end of thin filament
Term
thick filament
Definition
myosin
Term
thin filament
Definition
actin
Term
tropomyosin
Definition
protection for active sites on actin molecules
Term
Troponin
Definition
calcium binds to and then opens up active site
Term
Muscle contraction at molecular level?
Definition
When calcium connects to troponin the tropomyosin is moved away from active sites. Myosin then binds to actin and then there is a contraction
Term
Know where Cisternae (aka sarcoplasmic reticulum), t-tubules, sarcomere, I band, thin filament, A band, thick filament, crossbridges, and M line of diagram
Definition
see packet
Term
Describe muscle contraction on submicroscopic level
Definition
Cross bridges on the thick filaments attatch to the thin filaments. This then contracts pulling the thin filaments towards the M line. The Z line moves closer to the A band making the I band smaller while the A band stays the same
Term
Neuromuscular junction? Where does it occur?
Definition
ve meets muslce, lots of them, communication between the nervous system and skeletal muscle fiber
Term
synaptic terminal
Definition
extended ending of each branch
Term
Any chemical released by neurons for communication purposes is called a ___________, the one used at neuromuscular joints is _________.
Definition
neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
Term
The end part of the nerve is the ______________, the acetylcholine travels across a space called the ____________ to the membrane of the muscle called the __________________.
Definition
synaptic terminal, synoptic cleft, morot endplate
Term
An electrical impulse from the neuron is called an _____________.
Definition
action potential
Term
Action potential
Definition
ions going across cell membrane until it reaches the end of the nerve
Term
Steps of controlling a muscular contraction
Definition
1)release of acetylcholine; synaptic terminal releases contents into the synaptic cleft due to action potential
2)ACh binds at motor end plate; induces an action potential in the sarcolemma
3)Action potential travels down the transverse tubules, triggering the release of calcium, AChe removes the acetylcholine(which is recycled) from the synaptic cleft
4)Calcium binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin which opens up the active sites
Term
Contraction cycle continues until:
Definition
calcium ion concentrations return to normal resting levels
Term
Science behind rigor mortis
Definition
skeletal muscles run out of ATP and without ATP crossbridges cannot detatch form active sites, decomposition breaks it down so it doesn't remain
Term
tension
Definition
muscle cells contract and pull, crossbridges pull toward center
Term
resistance
Definition
passive force that opposes movement EX: weightlifting equipment
Term
compression
Definition
push applied to an object
Term
amount of tension produced by and individual muscle fiber depends on:
Definition
the number of pivoting crossbridges
Term
amount of tension produced by a whole muscle depends on:
Definition
-frequency of stimulation
-number of muscle fibers activated
Term
All-or-none? What does it apply to?
Definition
the muscle fiber is either producing tension or is relaxed, not inbetween, applies to muscle fiber only
Term
Aerobic metabolism requires _________ and occurs in the _________.
Definition
oxygen, mitochondria
Term
Clycolysis is _____________ and occurs in the __________.
Definition
anaerobic, cytoplasm
Term
When at rest the mitochondria suppies _________.
Definition
most the ATP the muscles need
Term
when contracting they can provide only ________ of the needed ATP.
Definition
1/3
Term
If anaerobic glycolysis provides only ______ ATP, compared to _______ ATP made through aerobic metablism.
Definition
2, 36
Term
Why do cells go through anaerobic glycolysis?
Definition
absence of oxygen
Term
Where does lactic acid come from and why is it bad?
Definition
Pyravic acid is converted to lactic acid because the glycolysis produces acid faster than it can be used by the mitochondria, lactic acid lowers pH and alters the normal funcioning of key enzymes that control chemical reactions, muscle fivers cannot continue to contractq
Term
Muscle fatigue for a sprinter
Definition
ATP is provided by glycolysis, rising lactic acid levels lower tissue pH and muscle cannot function normally
Term
Muscle fatigue for marathon runner
Definition
maintain aerobic conditions, won't occur until glycogen and other reserves are depleted
Term
Why does a person continue to breath heavily after exercising?
Definition
recovery period- focuses on removal of lactic acid to supply enough oxygen to supply the oxygen debt- preexercion levels of ATP get everything back to regular levels
Term
Fast twitch muscles
Definition
-contract in .01 seconds or less following stimulation
-larger in diameter
-more powerful contractions
-activity is primarily supported by glocolysis and fatigue fast
-anaerobic
EX: white meat, wings and breast of bird
Term
slow twitch muscles
Definition
-1/2 diameter
-3x longer to contract
-can continue contraction for a longer period of time
-more oxygen supply and storage
-larger amount of mitochondria
-aerobic
EX: dark meat, legs
Term
Slow and fast twitch in humans?
Definition
humans have mixed muscles, no definite set muscles- naturally fast twitch(good fast runner) is something you are born with
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
-striped in appearance
-fatigues
-hundreds of nuclei
-muscles on bones
-contracts and movement
-voluntary
-controlled by brain nerves
Term
Cardiac muscles
Definition
-Zebra like with dark spots
-doesn't fatigue
-inter calleted disks
-heart muscle
-contracts
-involuntary
-controlled by brain nerves
Term
Smooth muscles
Definition
-Zebra and smooth
-Z lines, M lines, etc, are all mixed
-not in sarcomeres
-1 nucleous
-surrounding organs, lining
-protection
-controlled by brain nerves but doesn't have to, reacts to surroundings as well
-involuntary
Term
origin
Definition
where the muscle begins- remains stationary
Term
insertion
Definition
muscle ends at here- moves
Term
action
Definition
contracts to produce a specific one of these
Term
prime mover or agonist
Definition
muscle whose contractions are chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement EX: biceps brachii
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscles whose actions oppose the movement produced by another muscle- may also be a prime mover EX: triceps to biceps
Term
synergist
Definition
muscle that helps the prime mover work efficiently- may provide additional pull near the insertion or stabilize the point of origin EX: gastrocnemus and soleus
Term
fixators
Definition
preventing movement of another joint, stabilize the origin of a prime mover by preventing movement at another joint
Term
Draw a Sarcomere
Definition
See packet
Term
Know Human muscles
Definition
See packet
Term
The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches muscle to bone is called a
Definition
tendon
Term
The command to contract is distrubuted throughout a muscle fiber by the
Definition
transverse tubules
Term
7-1 skeletal muscle
Definition
see packet
Term
The thin filaments of a sarcomere consist of
Definition
actin
Term
the thick filaments of a sarcomere consist of
Definition
myosin
Term
Thin filaments at either end of the sarcomere are attached to interconnecting filaments that make up the
Definition
z lines
Term
The region of the sarcomere containing the thick filaments is the
Definition
a band
Term
the cross-bridges are a part of the ______ molecules
Definition
myosin
Term
7-2 Sarcomere structure
Definition
see packet
Term
Active sites on the actin become available for binding when
Definition
calcium binds to troponin
Term
In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, calcium ions are released from the
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum/cisternae
Term
The neurotransmitter released from the synaptic vesicles which intiates an action potential in the sarcolemma is
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
Mitochondrial activities are relatively efficient, but their rate of ATP generation is limited by the
Definition
availability of oxygen
Term
When muscles are actively contracting, the process requires large amounts of energy in the form of
Definition
ATP
Term
When energy reserves in a muscle are exhausted or lactic acid levels increase
Definition
fatigue occurs
Term
When at rest the mitochondria suppies _________.
Definition
most the ATP the muscles need
Term
when contracting they can provide only ________ of the needed ATP.
Definition
1/3
Term
If anaerobic glycolysis provides only ______ ATP, compared to _______ ATP made through aerobic metablism.
Definition
2, 36
Term
Why do cells go through anaerobic glycolysis?
Definition
absence of oxygen
Term
Where does lactic acid come from and why is it bad?
Definition
Pyravic acid is converted to lactic acid because the glycolysis produces acid faster than it can be used by the mitochondria, lactic acid lowers pH and alters the normal funcioning of key enzymes that control chemical reactions, muscle fivers cannot continue to contractq
Term
Muscle fatigue for a sprinter
Definition
ATP is provided by glycolysis, rising lactic acid levels lower tissue pH and muscle cannot function normally
Term
Muscle fatigue for marathon runner
Definition
maintain aerobic conditions, won't occur until glycogen and other reserves are depleted
Term
Why does a person continue to breath heavily after exercising?
Definition
recovery period- focuses on removal of lactic acid to supply enough oxygen to supply the oxygen debt- preexercion levels of ATP get everything back to regular levels
Term
Fast twitch muscles
Definition
-contract in .01 seconds or less following stimulation
-larger in diameter
-more powerful contractions
-activity is primarily supported by glocolysis and fatigue fast
-anaerobic
EX: white meat, wings and breast of bird
Term
slow twitch muscles
Definition
-1/2 diameter
-3x longer to contract
-can continue contraction for a longer period of time
-more oxygen supply and storage
-larger amount of mitochondria
-aerobic
EX: dark meat, legs
Term
Slow and fast twitch in humans?
Definition
humans have mixed muscles, no definite set muscles- naturally fast twitch(good fast runner) is something you are born with
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
-striped in appearance
-fatigues
-hundreds of nuclei
-muscles on bones
-contracts and movement
-voluntary
-controlled by brain nerves
Term
Cardiac muscles
Definition
-Zebra like with dark spots
-doesn't fatigue
-inter calleted disks
-heart muscle
-contracts
-involuntary
-controlled by brain nerves
Term
Smooth muscles
Definition
-Zebra and smooth
-Z lines, M lines, etc, are all mixed
-not in sarcomeres
-1 nucleous
-surrounding organs, lining
-protection
-controlled by brain nerves but doesn't have to, reacts to surroundings as well
Term
a resting muscle generates most of its ATP by
Definition
aerobic resperation
Term
The type of muscle fibers that produce powerful contractions but fatigue rapidly are
Definition
Fast fibers
Term
The type of muscle fiber that is best adapted for endurance is the
Definition
slow fiber
Term
Extensive blood vessels, mitochondria, and myoglobin are found in the greates concentration in
Definition
slow fibers
Term
The amount of oxygen used in the recovery period to restore normal preexertion conditions is referred to as the
Definition
oxygen- date
Term
An example of an activity that requires anaerobic endurance is
Definition
50 yard dash
Term
The quadriceps are a group of anterior thigh muscles which include the
Definition
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
Term
The hamstrings are a group of posteriour thigh muscles which include the
Definition
semitendenosus, biceps femoris, semimembranosus
Term
7-4 and 7-5 Full body muscles
Definition
See packet
Term
The gracilis will _______ the leg
Definition
adduct
Term
the filament that slides
Definition
actin
Term
a unit of muscle that is made of actin and myosin
Definition
sarcomere
Term
The rectus femoris will _______ the lower leg
Definition
extend
Term
a major lower back muscle
Definition
latissimus dorsi
Term
the deltoid will ________ the arm
Definition
abduct
Term
Major upper back muscle
Definition
trapeius
Term
Thick filaments that have cross bridges
Definition
myosin
Term
These connect muscle to bone
Definition
tendon
Term
Calf muscles
Definition
Gastrocnemius, soleus, ahille's tendon, tibialis anterior
Term
Hamstring Group
Definition
Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus,Sartorius, Gracilis, adductor longus
Term
Quadriceps Group
Definition
Rectus Femoris, Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Term
Gastrocnemius function
Definition
Planterflexion
Term
Soleus function
Definition
planterflexion
Term
Tibialis anterior function
Definition
dorsiflexion
Term
Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus function
Definition
Hip extension, knee flexion
Term
Srtorius function
Definition
Flex knee,lateral rotation of hip (doornob like)
Term
Gracilis function
Definition
adduction of leg and hip
Term
adductor longus function
Definition
adduction leg and hip
Term
Function of quads
Definition
pull leg forward-hip flexion, knee extension
Term
all vastuses function
Definition
flex hip and extend knee
Term
Gluteus Medius function
Definition
abduction
Term
Gluteus Maximus function
Definition
extension of hip
Term
Latissimus Dorsi function
Definition
Shoulder extension-adduction
Term
Trapezius function
Definition
does lots, multpile actions depending on which parts are contracting
Term
Abdominal wall function
Definition
flexion of vertebrae
Term
obliques function
Definition
lateral flexion, for purpose of multiple movements
Term
deltoid function
Definition
abduction
Term
Triceps function
Definition
extension
Term
brachialis and biceps brachii function
Definition
flex elbow and inserts on scapula
Term
Pectoralis Major Function
Definition
flexion with shoulder and adduction
Term
Pectoralis Minor
Definition
protraction, and depression of the shoulder
Term
Sternocleidomastoid function
Definition
attaches at masoid process, rotation, lateral flexion, head shake "no" side to side
Term
Masseter function
Definition
elevation
Term
frontalis function
Definition
raises eyebrows
Term
Platysma function
Definition
depresses mandible, attaches at mandible
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