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Muscles #2
Metabolism, Skeletal Muscle Types, Effects of Exercise, Steroids, Smooth Muscle
25
Anatomy
12th Grade
01/24/2010

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Term
How does the muscle get more ATP?
Definition
-break down of creatine phosphate
-aerobic respiration
-anaerobic respiration
Term
Creatine Phosphate
Definition
-high energy compound
-transfers phosphate from CP to ADP
Term
Anaerobic respiration
Definition
-blood can't supply muscles with O2 fast enough
-glucose -> pyruvate -> lactic acid
Term
Very short duration, very strenuous exercise
Definition
ATP and Creatine Phosphate stores
Term
Moderate-long duration, moderately strenuous
Definition
-aerobic and anaerobic
-burning fats and carbs
Term
long duration, less strenuous
Definition
-aerobic
-burning mostly fats
Term
muscle fatigue conditions
Definition
-decrease in ATP levels
-decrease in glucose/glycogen levels
-ionic balance around sarcolemma esp K and Na
-Ca leaks out of muscle cells that are worked a lot
Term
Accumulation of lactic acid?
Definition
-special membrane channels in muscle cells for lactic acid bring it back into cell, turns it to pyruvate and returns to Krebs cycle if O2 is available
Term
ionic balance around sarcolemma
Definition
-when electrical signal travels Na and K switch places across membrane
-Na/K pump (needs ATP): compound in membrane that "switches" them back
-ion balance is not right and membrane is slow to respond to nerve stimulation
Term
Recovery Period
Definition
1. body is trying to remove and use lactic acid
2. body is trying to rebuild energy stores
3. some lactic acid remains in muscle or close to muscle -> back into muscle
4. lactic acid in blood is swept away
-all processes require o2 and energy
Term
Effects of aerobic exercise (endurance)
Definition
-More mitochondria per cell
-higher myoglobin content of cells
-more capillaries around cells
-more production of lipases
-more production of all enzymes

-greater efficiency of aerobic respiration
-greater endurance, slower to fatigue, less lactic acid buildup
Term
Benefits of Anaerobic exercise (strength)
Definition
-more myofilaments per cell
-greater strength of CT sheaths
-more glycogen storage
-slight increase in the # of mitochondria
-increase in muscle size and strength
Term
Smooth Muscle microscopic structure
Definition
-very small
-one nucleus
-no t-tubules
-microfilaments aren't arranged in parallel rows
-cells have endomysium, but no peri-or epi-
Term
organization of smooth muscle
Definition
-usually held by cartilage and elastic fibers
-arranged in thick sheets
Term
when cells of the circular layer contract
Definition
space decreases
Term
when longitudinal layer contracts
Definition
tube in shortened
Term
myosin head ATPase activity
Definition
slow-slow
fast-fast
Term
diameter of fibers
Definition
slow-small
fast-large
Term
color
Definition
slow-red
fast-white
Term
myoglobin content
Definition
slow-high
fast-low
Term
capillary supply
Definition
slow-high
fast-low
Term
mitochondria
Definition
slow-many
fast-few
Term
glycogen storage at rest
Definition
slow-less
fast-more
Term
slow twitch
Definition
-fatigues slowly
-does a lot of aerobic respiration
-endurance
Term
fast twitch
Definition
-fatigues rapidly
-primarily anaerobic
-strength, speed, short duration
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