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Muscles
Origin, Insertion, Innervation, Action
232
Anatomy
Graduate
08/26/2016

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Term
Trapezius
Definition
Origin: Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII toTXII

Insertion: Lateral one- third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

Innervation: Motor- accessory nerve [XI]; proprioception- C3 and C4

Action: Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, and lower fibers depress scapula
Term
Latissimus dorsi
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of TVIItoLVand sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X to XII

Insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8)

Action: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
Term
Levator scapulae
Definition
Origin: Transverse processes of CI to CIV

Insertion: Upper portion medial border of scapula

Innervation: C3 toC4and dorsal scapular nerve

Action: Elevates scapula
Term
Rhomboid major
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of TII toTV

Insertion: Medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle

Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Action: Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula
Term
Rhomboid minor
Definition
Origin: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII and TI

Insertion: Medial border of scapula at the spine of scapula

Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Action: Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula
Term
Serratus posterior superior
Definition
Origin: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII and supraspinous ligaments

Insertion: Upper border ofribsIItoV just lateral to their angles

Innervation: Anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves (T2 to T5)

Action: Elevates ribs II to V
Term
Serrates posterior inferior
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligaments

Insertion: Lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles

Innervation: Anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9 to T12)

Action: Depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts
Term
Splenius capitis
Definition
Origin: Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV

Insertion: Mastoid process, skull below lateral one-third of superior nuchal line

Innervation: Posterior rami middle cervical nerves

Action: Together-draw head backward, extending neck; individually-draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)
Term
Splenius cervicis
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of TIII to TVI

Insertion: Transverse processes of CI to CIII

Innervation: Posterior rami lower cervical nerves

Action: Together-extend neck; individually-draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)
Term
Iliocostalis lumborum
Definition
Origin: Sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower two thoracic vertebrae and their supraspinous ligaments, and the iliac crest

Insertion: Angles of the lower six or seven ribs

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Iliocostalis thoracis
Definition
Origin: Angles of the lower six ribs

Insertion: Angles of the upper six ribs and the transverse process of CVII

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Iliocostalis cervicis
Definition
Origin: Angles of ribs III to VI

Insertion: Transverse processes of CIV to CVI

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Longissimus thoracis
Definition
Origin: Blends with iliocostalis in lumbar region and is attached to transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: Transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and just lateral to the tubercles of the lower nine or ten ribs

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Longissimus cervicis
Definition
Origin: Transverse processes of upper four or five thoracic vertebrae

Insertion:Transverse processes of CII to CVI

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Longissimus capitis
Definition
Origin: Transverse processes of upper four or five thoracic vertebrae and articular processes of lower three or four cervical vertebrae

Insertion: Posterior margin of the mastoid process

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Spinalis thoracis
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of TX or TXI to LII

Insertion: Spinous processes of TI to TVIII (varies)

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Spinalis cervicis
Definition
Origin: Lower part of ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of CVII (sometimes TI to TII)

Insertion: Spinous process of CII (axis)

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Spinalis capitis
Definition
Origin: Usually blends with semispinalis capitis

Insertion: With semispinalis capitis

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Extends and laterally bends
vertebral column and head
Term
Semispinalis thoracis
Definition
Origin: Transverse processes of TVI to TX

Insertion: Spinous processes of upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae

Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Action: Extends head, neck, and
thorax and rotates them to opposite side
Term
Semispinalis cervicis
Definition
Origin: Transverse processes of upper five or six thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: Spinous processes of CII (axis) to CV

Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Action: Extends head, neck, and
thorax and rotates them to opposite side
Term
Semispinalis capitis
Definition
Origin: Transverse processes of TI to TVI (or TVII) and CVII and articular processes of CIV to CVI

Insertion: Medial area between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone

Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Action: Extends head, neck, and
thorax and rotates them to opposite side
Term
Multifidus
Definition
Origin: Sacrum, origin of erector spinae, posterior superior iliac spine, mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, and articular processes of lower four cervical vertebrae

Insertion:Base of spinous processes of all vertebrae from LV to CII (axis)

Innervation: Dorsal rami of region

Action: Stabilizes spine
Term
Rotatores lumborum
Definition
Origin: Mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: Spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae

Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Action: Stabilizes, extends, and rotates
spine
Term
Rotatores thoracis
Definition
Origin: Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae

Insertion:Spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae

Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Action: Stabilizes, extends, and rotates
spine
Term
Rotatores cervicis
Definition
Origin: Articular processes of cervical vertebrae

Insertion: Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Action: Stabilizes, extends, and rotates
spine
Term
Levatores costarum
Definition
Origin:Short paired muscles arising from transverse processes of CVII to TXI

Insertion: The rib below vertebra of origin near tubercle

Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves

Action: Contraction elevates rib
Term
Interspinales
Definition
Origin: Short paired muscles attached to the spinous processes of contiguous vertebrae, one on each side of the interspinous ligament

Insertion: Adjacent spinous process

Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves

Action: Postural muscles that stabilize adjoining vertebra during movements of vertebral column
Term
Intertransversarii
Definition
Origin: Small muscles between the transverse processes of contiguous vertebrae

Insertion: Extend between adjacent transverse
processes of vertebrae

Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves

Action: Postural muscles that stabilize adjoining vertebra during movements of vertebral column
Term
Rectus capitis posterior major
Definition
Origin: Spinous process of axis (CII)

Insertion: Lateral portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line

Innervation: Posterior ramus of C1

Action: Extension of head; rotation of face to same side as muscle
Term
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Definition
Origin: Posterior tubercle of atlas (CI)

Insertion: Medial portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line

Innervation: Posterior ramus of C1

Action: Extension of head; rotation of face to same side as muscle
Term
Obliquus capitis superior
Definition
Origin: Transverse process of atlas (CI)

Insertion: Occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines

Innervation: Posterior ramus of C1

Action: Extension of head; rotation of face to same side as muscle
Term
Obliquus capitis inferior
Definition
Origin: Spinous process of axis (CII)

Insertion: Transverse process of atlas (CI)

Innervation: Posterior ramus of C1

Action: Extension of head; rotation of face to same side as muscle
Term
Pectoralis major
Definition
Origin: Medial half of clavicle and anterior surface of sternum, first seven costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique

Insertion: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Innervation: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Action: Adduction, medial rotation, and flexion of the humerus at the shoulder joint
Term
Subclavius
Definition
Origin: Rib I at junction between rib and costal cartilage

Insertion: Groove on inferior surface of middle third of clavicle

Innervation: Nerve to subclavius

Action: Pulls clavicle medially to stabilize sternoclavicular joint
Term
Pectoralis minor
Definition
Origin: Anterior surfaces of the third, fourth and fifth ribs, and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula

Innervation: Medial pectoral nerves

Action: Depresses tip of shoulder; protracts scapula
Term
External intercostal
Definition
Superior Attachment: Inferior margin of rib above

Inferior Attachment: Superior margin of rib below

Innervation: Intercostal nerves; T1- T11

Action: Most active during inspiration; supports intercostal space; moves ribs superiorly
Term
Internal intercostal
Definition
Superior Attachment: Lateral edge of costal groove of rib above

Inferior Attachment: Superior margin of rib below deep to the attachment of the related external intercostal

Innervation: Intercostal nerves; T1- T11

Action: Most active during expiration; supports intercostal space; moves ribs inferiorly
Term
Innermost intercostal
Definition
Superior Attachment: Medial edge of costal groove of rib above

Inferior Attachment: nternal aspect of superior margin of rib below

Innervation: Intercostal nerves; T1- T11

Action: Acts with internal intercostal muscles
Term
Subcostales
Definition
Superior Attachment: Internal surface (near angle) of lower ribs

Inferior Attachment: Internal surface of second or third rib below

Innervation: Related intercostal nerves

Action: May depress ribs
Term
Transversus thoracis
Definition
Origin: Inferior margins and internal surfaces of costal cartilages of second to sixth ribs Inferior margins and internal surfaces of costal cartilages of second to sixth ribs

Superior Attachment: Inferior margins and internal surfaces of costal cartilages of second to sixth ribs Inferior margins and internal surfaces of costal cartilages of second to sixth ribs

Inferior Attachment: nferior aspect of deep surface of body of sternum, xiphoid process and costal cartilages ribs IV-VII

Innervation: Related intercostal nerves

Action: Depresses costal cartilages
Term
External oblique
Definition
Origin: Muscular slips from the outer surfaces of the lower eight ribs (ribs V to XII)

Insertion: Lateral lip of iliac crest; aponeurosis ending in midline raphe (linea alba)

Innervation: Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)

Action: Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk to same side, turning anterior part of abdomen to opposite side
Term
Internal oblique
Definition
Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest between origins of external and transversus; lateral two-thirds of inguinal ligament

Insertion: Inferior border of the lower three or four ribs; aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest and pectineal line

Innervation: Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1

Action: Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk and turns anterior part of abdomen to same side
Term
Transversus abdominis
Definition
Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia; medial lip of iliac crest; lateral one-third of inguinal ligament; costal cartilages lower six ribs (ribs VII to XII)

Insertion: Aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest and pectineal line

Innervation: Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1

Action: Compress abdominal contents
Term
Rectus abdominis
Definition
Origin: Pubic crest, pubic tubercle, and pubic symphysis

Insertion: Costal cartilages of ribs V to VII; xiphoid process

Innervation: Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)

Action: Compress abdominal contents; flex vertebral column; tense abdominal wall
Term
Pyramidalis
Definition
Origin: Front of pubis and pubic symphysis

Insertion: Into linea alba

Innervation: Anterior ramus of T12

Action: Tenses the linea alba
Term
Psoas major
Definition
Origin: Lateral surface of bodies of TXII and LI to LV vertebrae, transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, and the intervertebral discs between TXII and LI to LV vertebrae

Insertion: Lesser trochanter of the femur

Innervation: Anterior rami of L1 to L3

Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint
Term
Psoas minor
Definition
Origin: Lateral surface of bodies of TXII and LI vertebrae and intervening intervertebral disc

Insertion: Pectineal line of the pelvic brim and iliopubic eminence

Innervation: Anterior rami of L1

Action: Weak flexion of lumbar vertebral column
Term
Quadratus lumborum
Definition
Origin: Transverse process of LV vertebra, iliolumbar ligament, and iliac crest

Insertion:Transverse processes of LI to LIV vertebrae and inferior border of rib XII

Innervation: Anterior rami of T12 and L1 to L4

Action: Depress and stabilize rib XII and some lateral bending of trunk
Term
Iliacus
Definition
Origin: Upper two-thirds of iliac fossa, anterior sacroiliac and iliolumbar ligaments, and upper lateral surface of sacrum

Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2 to L4)

Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint
Term
Obturator internus
Definition
Origin: Anterolateral wall of true pelvis (deep surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone)

Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur

Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus L5, SI

Action: Lateral rotation of the extended hip joint; abduction of flexed hip
Term
Piriformis
Definition
Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum between anterior sacral foramina

Insertion: Medial side of superior border of greater trochanter of femur

Innervation: Branches from L5, SI, and S2

Action: Lateral rotation of the extended hip joint; abduction of flexed hip
Term
Levator ani
Definition
Origin: In a line around the pelvic wall beginning on the posterior aspect of the pubic bone and extending across the obturator internus muscle as a tendinous arch (thickening of the obturator internus fascia) to the ischial spine

Insertion: The anterior part is attached to the superior surface of the perineal membrane; the posterior part meets its partner on the other side at the perineal body, around the anal canal, and along the anococcygeal ligament

Innervation: Branches direct from the ventral ramus of S4, and by the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

Action: Contributes to the formation of the pelvic floor, which supports the pelvic viscera; maintains an angle between the rectum and anal canal. Reinforces the external anal sphincter and, in women, functions as a vaginal sphincter
Term
Coccygeus
Definition
Origin: Ischial spine and pelvic surface of the sacrospinous ligament

Insertion: Lateral margin of coccyx and related border of sacrum

Innervation: Branches from the anterior rami of S3 and S4

Action: Contributes to the formation of the pelvic floor, which supports the pelvic viscera; pulls coccyx forward after defecation
Term
External urethral sphincter
Definition
Origin: From the inferior ramus of the pubis on each side and adjacent walls of the deep perineal pouch

Insertion: Surrounds membranous part of urethra

Innervation: Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

Action: Compresses the membranous urethra; relaxes during micturition
Term
Deep transverse perineal
Definition
Origin: Medial aspect of ischial ramus

Insertion: Perineal body

Innervation: Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

Action: Stabilizes the position of the perineal body
Term
Compressor urethrae (in women only)
Definition
Origin: Ischiopubic ramus on each side

Insertion: Blends with partner on other side anterior to the urethra

Innervation: Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

Action: Functions as an accessory sphincter of the urethra
Term
Sphincter urethrovaginalis
Definition
Origin: Perineal body

Insertion: Passes forward lateral to the vagina to blend with partner on other side anterior to the urethra

Innervation: Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

Action: Functions as an accessory sphincter of the urethra (also may facilitate closing the vagina)
Term
External Anal Sphincter Deep Part
Definition
Origin: Surrounds superior aspect of anal

Insertion:.....
Innervation: Pudendal nerve (S2 and S3) and branches directly from S4

Action: Closes anal canal
Term
External Anal Sphincter Superficial Part
Definition
Origin: Surrounds lower part of anal canal

Insertion: Anchored to perineal body and anococcygeal body
Innervation:.....
Action:.....
Term
External Anal Sphincter Subcutaneous Part
Definition
Origin: Surrounds anal aperture

Insertion:.....
Innervation:.....
Action:....
Term
Ischiocavernosus
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity and ramus

Insertion: Crus of penis and clitoris

Innervation: Pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

Action: Move blood from crura into the body of the erect penis and clitoris
Term
Bulbospongiosus
Definition
Origin: In women: perineal body In men: perineal body, midline raphe

Insertion: In women: bulb of vestibule, perineal membrane, body of clitoris, and corpus cavernosum
In men: bulbospongiosus, perineal membrane, corpus cavernosum

Innervation: Pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

Action: Move blood from attached parts of the clitoris and penis into the glans In men: removal of residual urine from urethra after urination; pulsatile emission of semen during ejaculation
Term
Superficial transverse perineal
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity and ramus

Insertion: Perineal body

Innervation: Pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

Action: Stabilize the perineal body
Term
Gemellus superior
Definition
Origin: External surface of ischial spine

Insertion: Along length of superior surface of the obturator internus tendon and into the medial side of greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

Action: Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint
Term
Gemellus inferior
Definition
Origin: Upper aspect of ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Along length of inferior surface of the obturator internus tendon and into the medial side of greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

Action: Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint
Term
Quadratus femoris
Definition
Origin: Lateral aspect of the ischium just anterior to the ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the proximal femur

Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

Action: Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint
Term
Gluteus minimus
Definition
Origin: External surface of ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines

Insertion: Linear facet on the anterolateral aspect of the greater trochanter

Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Action: Abducts femur at hip joint; holds pelvis secure over stance leg and prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking; medially rotates thigh
Term
Gluteus medius
Definition
Origin: External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

Insertion: Elongate facet on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter

Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Action: Abducts femur at hip joint; holds pelvis secure over stance leg and prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking; medially rotates thigh
Term
Gluteus maximus
Definition
Origin: Fascia covering gluteus medius, external surface of ilium behind posterior gluteal line, fascia of erector spinae, dorsal surface of lower sacrum, lateral margin of coccyx, external surface of sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion: Posterior aspect of iliotibial tract of fascia lata and gluteal tuberosity of proximal femur

Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Action: Powerful extensor of flexed femur at hip joint; lateral stabilizer of hip joint and knee joint; laterally rotates and abducts thigh
Term
Tensor fasciae latae
Definition
Origin: Lateral aspect of crest of ilium between anterior superior iliac spine and tubercle of the crest

Insertion: Iliotibial tract of fascia lata

Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Action: Stabilizes the knee in extension
Term
Vastus medialis
Definition
Origin: Femur-medial part of intertrochanteric line, pectineal line, medial lip of the linea aspera, medial supracondylar line

Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon and medial border of patella

Innervation: Femoral nerve [L2, L3, L4]

Action: Extends the leg at the knee joint
Term
Vastus intermedius
Definition
Origin: Femur-upper two-thirds of anterior and lateral surfaces

Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon and lateral margin of patella

Innervation: Femoral nerve [L2, L3, L4]

Action: Extends the leg at the knee joint
Term
Vastus lateralis
Definition
Origin: Femur-lateral part of intertrochanteric line, margin of greater trochanter, lateral margin of gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of the linea aspera

Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon

Innervation: Femoral nerve [L2, L3, L4]

Action: Extends the leg at the knee joint
Term
Rectus femoris
Definition
Origin: Straight head originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine; reflected head originates from the ilium just superior to the acetabulum

Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon

Innervation: Femoral nerve [L2, L3, L4]

Action: Flexes the thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg at the knee joint
Term
Sartorius
Definition
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: Medial surface of tibia just inferomedial to tibial tuberosity

Innervation: Femoral nerve [L2, L3]

Action: Flexes the thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg at the knee joint
Term
Gracilis
Definition
Origin: A line on the external surfaces of the body of the pubis, the inferior pubic ramus, and the ramus of the ischium

Insertion: Medial surface of proximal shaft of tibia

Innervation: Obturator nerve [L2, L3]

Action: Adducts thigh at hip joint and flexes leg at knee joint
Term
Pectineus
Definition
Origin: Pectineal line (pecten pubis) and adjacent bone of pelvis

Insertion: Oblique line extending from base of lesser trochanter to linea aspera on posterior surface of proximal femur

Innervation: Femoral nerve [L2, L3]

Action: Adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint
Term
Adductor longus
Definition
Origin: External surface of body of pubis (triangular depression inferior to pubic crest and lateral to pubic symphysis)

Insertion: Linea aspera on middle one-third of shaft of femur

Innervation: Obturator nerve (anterior division) [L2, L3, L4]

Action: Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip
Term
Adductor brevis
Definition
Origin: External surface of body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus

Insertion: Posterior surface of proximal femur and upper one-third of linea aspera

Innervation: Obturator nerve [L2, L3]

Action: Adducts thigh at hip joint
Term
Adductor magnus-adductor part
Definition
Origin: Ischiopubic ramus

Insertion: Posterior surface of proximal femur, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line

Innervation: Obturator nerve [L2, L3, L4]

Action: Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint
Term
Adductor magnus-Hamstring part
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Adductor tubercle and supracondylar line

Innervation: Sciatic nerve (tibial division) [L2, L3, L4]

Action: Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint
Term
Obturator externus
Definition
Origin: External surface of obturator membrane and adjacent bone

Insertion: Trochanteric fossa

Innervation: Obturator nerve (posterior division) [L3, L4]

Action: Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
Term
Biceps femoris
Definition
Origin: Long head- inferomedial part of the upper area of the ischial tuberosity; short head-lateral lip of linea aspera

Insertion: Head of fibula

Innervation: Sciatic nerve [L5, S1, S2]

Action: Flexes leg at knee joint; extends and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates leg at knee joint
Term
Semitendinosus
Definition
Origin: Inferomedial part of the upper area of the ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Medial surface of proximal tibia

Innervation: Sciatic nerve [L5, S1, S2]

Action: Flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint; medially rotates thigh at hip joint and leg at knee joint
Term
Semimembranosus
Definition
Origin: Superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Groove and adjacent bone on medial and posterior surface of medial tibial condyle

Innervation: Sciatic nerve [L5, S1, S2]
Action: Flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint; medially rotates thigh at hip joint and leg at knee joint
Term
Gastrocnemius
Definition
Origin:Medial head-posterior surface of distal femur just superior to medial condyle; lateral head-upper posterolateral surface of lateral femoral condyle
Insertion: Via calcaneal tendon, to posterior surface of calcaneus
Innervation: Tibial nerve [S1, S2]
Action: Plantarflexes foot and flexes knee
Term
Plantaris
Definition
Origin: Inferior part of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament of knee
Insertion:Via calcaneal tendon, to posterior surface of calcaneus
Innervation:Tibial nerve [S1, S2]
Action:Plantarflexes foot and flexes knee
Term
Soleus
Definition
Origin: Soleal line and medial border of tibia; posterior aspect of fibular head and adjacent surfaces of neck and proximal shaft; tendinous arch between tibial and fibular attachments
Insertion:Via calcaneal tendon, to posterior surface of calcaneus
Innervation: Tibial nerve [S1, S2]
Action: Plantarflexes foot
Term
Popliteus
Definition
Origin: Lateral femoral condyle
Insertion:Posterior surface of proximal tibia
Innervation: Tibial nerve [L4 to S1]
Action:Stabilizes knee joint (resists lateral rotation of tibia on femur) Unlocks knee joint (laterally rotates femur on fixed tibia)
Term
Flexor hallucis longus
Definition
Origin:Posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane
Insertion:Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe
Innervation:Tibial nerve [S2, S3]
Action:Flexes great toe
Term
Flexor digitorum longus
Definition
Origin: Medial side of posterior surface of the tibia
Insertion:Plantar surfaces of bases of distal phalanges of the lateral four toes
Innervation:Tibial nerve [S2, S3]
Action:Flexes lateral four toes
Term
Tibialis posterior
Definition
Origin:Posterior surfaces of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula
Insertion:Mainly to tuberosity of navicular and adjacent region of medial cuneiform
Innervation:Tibial nerve [L4, L5]
Action:Inversion and plantarflexion of foot; support of medial arch of foot during walking
Term
Fibularis longus
Definition
Origin:Upper lateral surface of fibula, head of fibula, and occasionally the lateral tibial condyle
Insertion:Undersurface of lateral sides of distal end of medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I
Innervation:Superficial fibular nerve [L5, S1, S2]
Action:Eversion and plantarflexion of foot; supports arches of foot
Term
Fibularis brevis
Definition
Origin:Lower two-thirds of lateral surface of shaft of fibula
Insertion:Lateral tubercle at base of metatarsal V
Innervation:Superficial fibular nerve [L5, S1, S2]
Action:Eversion of foot
Term
Tibialis anterior
Definition
Origin:Lateral surface of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane
Insertion:Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and adjacent surfaces on base of metatarsal I
Innervation:Deep fibular nerve [L4, L5]
Action:Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint; inversion of foot; dynamic support of medial arch of foot
Term
Extensor hallucis longus
Definition
Origin:Middle one-half of medial surface of fibula and adjacent surface of interosseous membrane
Insertion:Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe
Innervation:Deep fibular nerve [L5,S1]
Action:Extension of great toe and dorsiflexion of foot
Term
Extensor digitorum longus
Definition
Origin:Proximal one-half of medial surface of fibula and related surface of lateral tibial condyle
Insertion:Via dorsal digital expansions into bases of distal and middle phalanges of lateral four toes
Innervation:Deep fibular nerve [L5, S1]
Action:Extension of lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of foot
Term
Fibularis tertius
Definition
Origin:Distal part of medial surface of fibula
Insertion:Dorsomedial surface of base of metatarsal V
Innervation:Deep fibular nerve [L5, S1]
Action:Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
Term
Extensor digitorum brevis
Definition
Origin:Superolateral surface of the calcaneus
Insertion:Base of proximal phalanx of great toe and lateral sides of the tendons of extensor digitorum longus of toes II to IV
Innervation:Deep fibular nerve [S1, S2]
Action:Extension of metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe and extension of toes II to IV
Term
Abductor hallucis
Definition
Origin:Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity
Insertion:Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Innervation:Medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve [S1, S2, S3]
Action:Abducts and flexes great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
Term
Flexor digitorum brevis
Definition
Origin:Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
Insertion:Sides of plantar surface of middle phalanges of lateral four toes
Innervation:Medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve [S1, S2, S3]
Action:Flexes lateral four toes at proximal interphalangeal joint
Term
Abductor digiti minimi
Definition
Origin:Lateral and medial processes of calcaneal tuberosity, and band of connective tissue connecting calcaneus with base of metatarsal V
Insertion:Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
Innervation:Lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve [S1, S2, S3]
Action:Abducts little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
Term
Quadratus plantae
Definition
Origin:Medial surface of calcaneus and lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity
Insertion:Lateral side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus in proximal sole of the foot
Innervation:Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S1, S2, S3]
Action:Assists flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toesIItoV
Term
Lumbricals
Definition
Origin:First lumbrical-medial side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus associated with toe II; second, third, and fourth lumbricals-adjacent surfaces of adjacent tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Insertion:Medial free margins of extensor hoods of toesIItoV
Innervation:First lumbrical- medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve; second, third, and fourth lumbricals-lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve [S2, S3]
Action:Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints
Term
Flexor hallucis brevis
Definition
Origin:Plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiform; tendon of tibialis posterior
Insertion:Lateral and medial sides of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe
Innervation:Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S1, S2]
Action:Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe
Term
Adductor hallucis
Definition
Origin:Transverse head-ligaments associated with metatarsophalangeal joints of lateral three toes; oblique head- bases of metatarsals II to IV and from sheath covering fibularis longus
Insertion:Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Innervation:Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S2, S3]
Action:Adducts great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
Term
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Definition
Origin:Base of metatarsal V and related sheath of fibularis longus tendon
Insertion:Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
Innervation:Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S2, S3]
Action:Flexes little toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
Term
Dorsal interosse
Definition
Origin:Sides of adjacent metatarsals
Insertion:Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of toes II to IV
Innervation:Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve; first and second dorsal interossei also innervated by deep fibular nerve [S2, S3]
Action:Abduction of toes II to IV at metatarsophalangeal joints; resist extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of interphalangeal joints
Term
Plantar interossei
Definition
Origin:Medial sides of metatarsals of toes III to V
Insertion:Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of toes III to V
Innervation:Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve [S2, S3]
Action:Adduction of toes III to V at metatarsophalangeal joints; resist extension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joints
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