Term
| All muscles contract toward the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| All bones have a/n ____ and a/n ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Origin and insertion of Temporalis: |
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Definition
O: temporal fossa
passes medial to zygomatic arch
I: coronoid process of mandible |
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Term
| Origin and insertion of Masseter: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "strap" muscles? |
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Definition
-sternohyoidius
-sternothyroidius |
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Term
| The muscles of the neck move the head which way? |
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Definition
| side to side, not up and down (nuchal ligament does that) |
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Term
| Muscle that allows for growling and pulling the lips back to bare the teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of the Triceps brachii: |
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Definition
| extend; pull olecranon up and back |
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Term
| Function of the Biceps brachii: |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of the Brachialis: |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus: |
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Definition
| move scapula forward and backward |
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Term
| Origin and insertion of the Deltoid: |
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Definition
O: acromion (or spine in horses)
I: brachium head |
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Term
| Why is it important to know where the strap muscles are? |
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Definition
| Must move them apart for tracheotomy. |
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Term
| Origin and insertion of Biceps brachii: |
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Definition
O: on scapula near glenoid cavity
I: proximal radius |
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Term
| Origin and insertion of Brachialis: |
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Definition
O: cranial humerus
I: cranial radius |
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Term
| What muscles compose the jugular furrow? Where do they lie in relation to one another? |
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Definition
-Brachiocephalic
-Sternocephalic
-Omohyoideus (between jug and carotid) |
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Term
| In what species is the jugular and carotid not separated very well? |
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Definition
| horse and ox; omohyoideus sits between Brachiocephalic and Sternocephalic to protect carotid |
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Term
| How are the external intercostal muscles oriented? What about the internal intercostals? |
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Definition
EXTERNAL
-they are more ventral
-go from craniodorsal to caudoventral
INTERNAL
-they are deeper
-cranioventral to caudodorsal (double check this) |
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Term
| If ____ muscles are cut during a thorax Sx, pneumothorax results. |
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Definition
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Term
Muscle groups dorsal to the spine?
Muscle groups ventral to the spine? |
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Definition
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Term
| When would an animal use its Psoas muscles? |
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Definition
-mounting, mating
-cats when reaching out to trip prey |
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Term
| The Psoas muscles surround the ____ muscles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of the psoas muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of the abdominal muscles as a whole? |
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Definition
-childbirth
-defecation
-vomiting
-coughing/hacking
-etc |
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Term
| What vertebrae are the epaxials by? What about the psoas? |
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Definition
| C2 - L6 for both, but some epaxials go to sacrum |
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Term
| When would an animal use its Epaxial muscles? |
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Definition
-shake off water
-twist/bend spine |
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Term
| List the abdominal muscles in order from outside to inside: |
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Definition
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal obliques
Internal abdominal obliques
Transverse abdominis |
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Term
| Landmarks of the paralumbar fossa: |
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Definition
-last rib
-lumbar vertebrae
-hooks
-internal abdominal obliques (forms caudal border) |
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Term
| What abdominal muscle has peritoneum covering its medial aspect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fraction of abdominal organs are protected by the skeleton dorsally, ventrally, and laterally? Which organs are? |
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Definition
1/2 are protected
-jejunum, uterus, kidneys are not; held in and protected by muscle |
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Term
| The linea alba is formed by what? |
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Definition
| aponeurosis of int. ab. obliques, ext. ab. obliques, and transverse abdominis |
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Term
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Definition
| A flat sheet or ribbon of tendonlike material that anchors a muscle or connects it with the part that the muscle moves. |
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Term
| What is the muscle "belly"? |
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Definition
| central portion of a muscle |
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Term
| Most muscles are attached to bones at both ends by tough fibrous connective tissue called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Broad sheets of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to other muscle or to bone: |
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Definition
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Term
| Most prominent aponeurosis is the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Straightening a joint is flexion or extension? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle or group of muscles that directly produces a desired movement |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle or group of muscles that directly opposes the action of the prime mover |
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Term
| Characteristics for which muscles are named: |
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Definition
-action
-shape
-location
-direction of fibers
-number of heads |
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Term
| Deltoid refers to what shape? What about serratus ventralis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Platysma: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-large sheet just under skin, covers ventral half of face
-O: raphe of dorsal neck
-I: commissure of lips
-draw lip commissure caudally (growl) |
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Term
| Masseter: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-most powerful chewing muscle
-O: ventral border of rostral half of zygomatic
-I: ventrolateral border of mandible
-raise mandible to close mouth |
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Term
| Temporalis: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-largest muscle of head, passes medial to zygomatic
-O: temporal fossa of parietal
-I: surrounds coronoid process
-raise mandible to close mouth |
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Term
| Trapezius and Splenius: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-O: fibrous raphe of neck, from T3-T9
-I: spine of scapula
-extend/raise head, elevate shoulder and draw it forward/backward |
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Term
| Serratus Ventralis: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-strong, fan-shaped covering caudal 1/2 neck and cranial 1/2 lateral thoracic wall.
-O: transverse processes of C3-C7, ribs 1-8
-I: serrated mediodorsal part of scapula
-primary muscle to support trunk and move it forward/back in relation to limb |
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Term
| Pectoral: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-O: sternum
-I: humerus
-superficial pectoral: adducts and advances limb (extend shoulder)
-deep pectoral: adducts and retracts limb |
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Term
| Brachiocephalicus: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-O: brachium
-I: skull
-divided in 2 by clavicle remnants
-cleidobrachialis, cleidocephalicus
-flex neck laterally, pull limb forward |
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Term
| Sternocephalicus: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-O: manubrium
-I: carnivores: occipital area and mastoid; horse: mandible
-pull head down; muscle small bc gravity |
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Term
| Sternohyoid and Sternothyroid: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-"strap" muscles
-O: manubrium
-I: hyoid bones
-pull tongue caudally via hyoid
-cover entire ventral trachea, must move for tracheotomy |
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Term
| Omohyoideus: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-small, fleshy muscle found in ox and horse only
-O: fascia for shoulder joint
-I: hyoid bones
-separates external jugular from common carotid artery in cranial neck |
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Term
| Deltoid: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-O: spine of scapula
-I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
-flexes shoulder joint |
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Term
| Supraspinatus: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-O: supraspinous fossa of scapula
-I: tendon inserts on greater & lesser tubercles of humerus
-extends the shoulder |
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Term
| Infraspinatus: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-O: infraspinous fossa of scapula
-I: greater tubercle of humerus
-extends and flexes shoulder |
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Term
| Nuchal ligament: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-yellow, elastic CT
-O: upper cervical vertebrae and skull
-I: spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
-helps support head
-supraspinous bursa formed by nuchal ligament can harbor Brucella abortus (fistulous withers) |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled sac or cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint |
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Term
|
Definition
-brachiocephalicus
-sternocephalicus
-deep wall in:
horse/ox: omohyoideus
ruminant: sternomastoid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Biceps Brachii: location, action, importance |
|
Definition
-O: 2 heads on supraglenoid tubercle on distal cranial scapula
-tendon of origin crosses shoulder joint
-I: tendon of insertion on proximal cranial end of radius
-major muscle that flexes elbow |
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Term
| Triceps Brachii: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-fills in triangular space between scapula, humerus, olecranon
-O: 3 heads on distolateral caudal edge of scapula
-I: olecranon
-major extensor muscle of elbow |
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Term
| Brachialis: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-O: proximal caudal aspect of humerus
-extends laterally along brachial groove of humerus, over flexor surface of elbow
-I: radial tuberosity
-flexes elbow |
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Term
| Pronator and Supinator muscles |
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Definition
-O: distal humerus
-I: radius
*in carnivores! |
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Term
| Muscles distal to the elbow are an important collection of... |
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Definition
| digital extensors and flexors |
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Term
| Digital extensors and flexors are named how? Give an example. |
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Definition
-actions and locations
-extensor carpi radius: extends the carpus, located over radius |
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Term
| Where in the limbs are there no muscle bodies? |
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Definition
-manus and pes
-aka distal to carpus or tarsus |
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Term
| Epaxial muscles are sometimes called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Expaxial muscles work in groups to move the backbone in several different ways. Name and describe these motions: |
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Definition
-Flex (bend forward)
-Extend (bend backward)
-Abduct (bend to the side)
-Adduct (bend back to midline)
-Rotate (twist the backbone) |
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Term
| Aside from moving the back, what other functions do the epaxial muscles have? |
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Definition
-raise head and neck
-rotate head
-raise trunk
-aid in inspiration
-shake off water |
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Term
| The epaxial muscles exend from where to where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epaxials are divided into 3 groups based on ___. What are they? |
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Definition
-closeness to vertebrae
-iliocostalis group (most lateral)
-longissimus group (intermediate)
-transversospinalis group (most medial) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-most lateral epaxials
-overlapping muscles from ilium to transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, the ribs, and transverse process of C7
-fix/stabilize or extend vertebral column
-aid in inspiration by pulling ribs caudally |
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Term
|
Definition
-intermediate epaxials
-from ilium to head
-further divided into thoracolumbar, cervical, and capital divisions |
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Term
| Longissimus lumborum and Longissimus thoracis: |
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Definition
-extend vertebral column and raise cranial body from pelvis
-responsible for sudden raising of caudal body (eg stand on haunches, horse getting up) |
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Term
|
Definition
-from transverse processes of C7 to caudal thoracic vertebrae
-extend neck, turn neck to side |
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Term
|
Definition
-from T3 to mastoid process
-extend the neck, extend and rotate atlanto-occiptal |
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Term
|
Definition
-most medical epaxials
-join vertebrae to one another
-from ilium to skull
-fix and rotate spine, raise head and neck, rotate atlas
-divided into 6 muscle groups |
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Term
| Name and describe the divisions of the tranversospinalis muscles: |
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Definition
Semispinalis: raise neck
Multifidus: fix spine
Rotatores: rotate thoracic vertebrae
Interspinales: fix spine
Rectus capitis: extend atlanto-occipital joint
Obliquus capitis: rotate atlas on axis |
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Term
| Inspiration involves the ribs moving (which direct?) and the diaphragm moving (which direction?) |
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Definition
| ribs forward, diaphragm caudally |
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Term
| Expiration involves the ribs moving (which direction?) and the diaphragm moving (which direction?) |
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Definition
| ribs backward, diaphragm forward |
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Term
| 3 most recognizable and easily seen muscles involved in breathing: |
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Definition
-external intercostals
-internal intercostal
-diaphragm |
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Term
| External Intercostals: location, action, importance |
|
Definition
-in intercostal spaces
-fibers run caudoventrally between adjacent ribs
-expand thorax by pulling ribs forward = inspiration |
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Term
| Internal Intercostals: location, action, importance |
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Definition
-in intercostal spaces, deep to externals
-fibers run cranioventrally between adjacent ribs
-reduce transverse diameter of thorax by pulling ribs backward = expiration |
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Term
| Diaphragm: define and describe its actions |
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Definition
-moves caudally to ^volume of thorax = inspiration
-moves cranially to decrease volume of thorax = expiration
-musculotendinous plate b/t thorax and abdominal cavities |
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Term
| Where does the diaphragm attach? |
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Definition
| -periph to lumbar vertebrae, ribs, and sternum |
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Term
| Fibers of the diaphragm arise from skeletal parts and radiate toward the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the diaphragm? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Diaphragm is anatomically divided into four parts: |
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Definition
-lumbar (crura)
-tendinous
-costal
-sternal |
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Term
| At what lumbar vertebrae do the diaphragm's crura attach? What passes through here? |
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Definition
L1-L3
aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct, vena azygos |
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Term
| Just ventral and to the right of the aortic hiatus, in the right diaphragmatic crura, is the: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes through the esophageal hiatus? |
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Definition
| esophagus, 2 vagal nerve trunks |
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Term
| Describe the central tendon of diaphragm. |
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Definition
| strong, thin, fibrous sheet with slit-like passage = foramen vena cava |
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Term
| Describe the location of the costal part of the diaphragm: |
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Definition
| attaches to costal wall from last rib cranially to approximately rib 7 at sternum |
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Term
| Describe the location of the sternal part of the diaphragm: |
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Definition
| -musculotendinous attachment of muscle fibers to sternum at level of rib 7 approximately |
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Term
| The muscles of the abdomen do what to the abdominal viscera? What is the term for this function, and what does this help with? |
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Definition
| compress them; abdominal press; aids expiration, urination, defecation, and parturition |
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Term
| The muscles of the abdomen form the (directional) abdominal wall. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Abdominal muscles from the outside inward: |
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Definition
-external abdominal oblique
-internal abdominal oblique
-rectus abdominis
-transversus abdominis |
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Term
| External Abdominal Oblique |
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Definition
-sheet-like muscle extending from ribs and thoracolumbar fascia and its muscle fibers
-run obliquely caudoventrally to linea alba
-its aponeuroses surround rectus abdominis |
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Term
| The linea alba is formed by what? It extends from where to where? |
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Definition
-aponeuroses of ext. ab. obli., int. abd. obl., and transverse abdominis
-extends from xiphoid to pubic symphysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| -tendinous CT forming caudal border of external abdominal oblique aponeuroses that extends from tuber coxae |
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Term
|
Definition
| -tendinous CT located across cranial side of pubic bones and is insertion for rectus abdominis |
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Term
| Internal Abdominal Oblique |
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Definition
-deep to external abd. obl.
-from thoracolumbar fascia, tuber coxae, and inguinal ligament to last rib and linea alba
-fibers run obliquely cranioventrally
-forms caudal border of paralumbar fossa |
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Term
|
Definition
-fibers run craniocaudally in straight line from sternum along linea alba to insert on prepubic tendon
-numerous transverse tendinous insertions |
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Term
|
Definition
-deepest of abd. muscles
-from costal cartilages, ribs, last lumbar transverse process and tuber coxae to insert on linea alba
-muscle + fascia = abdominal wall |
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Term
|
Definition
-oblique passage through caudal part of abdominal wall
-internal = deep inguinal ring
-superficial= inguinal ring
-slit-like space between aponeuroses of ext/int abd. obliques
-males: spermatic cord
-females: vaginal process of broad ligament |
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Term
| vaginal process of broad ligament |
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Definition
| fat-filled, finger-like structure passing out of external inguinal ring; not seen in all females |
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Term
| In males, the testicle is surrounded by peritoneum called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles of the pelvis and pelvic limb are usually divided into 4 categories: |
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Definition
-sublumbar
-rump
-thigh
-crus |
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Term
| Name and give the function of the sublumbar muscles: |
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Definition
-Psoas minor
-Iliopsoas
-quadratuc lumborum
-ventral surface of T/L vertebrae to os coxae/femur
-fix/flex lumbar spine, flex hip, pull hip forward when weight bearing |
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Term
| Another name for Achilles tendon: |
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Definition
| calcanean tendon (part of it made up by tensor fasciae latae) |
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Term
| Most superficial of rump muscles: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Deep rump muscle from iliac crest to greater trochanter: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, large muscle inserts on middle lateral tibia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| diffusely inserts on tibial crest and caudomedial surface of tibia |
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Term
|
Definition
| like semitendinosus, diffusely inserts on tibial crest and caudomedial surface of tibia |
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Term
| Name and describe location/function of caudal thigh muscles: |
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Definition
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
-O=ischial tuberosity
-run lateral to thigh
-wt-bearing = extend stifle; leg free = flex stifle |
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Term
| Name and describe location/function of cranial thigh muscles: |
|
Definition
-Quadriceps femoris
-tuber coxae to tibial tuberosity
-extend stifle |
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|
Term
| Name medial thigh muscles: |
|
Definition
-Sartorius
-Gracilis
-Pectineus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
digital extensors/flexors, hock extensors
-most easily recognized = gastrocnemius (extend hock) |
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|
Term
| Muscles on the medial surface of crus? |
|
Definition
| none- bone lies just under skin |
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