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Muscles
Origin, insertion, and action
70
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/03/2013

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Term
Masseter
Definition
Origin: Zygomatic process

Insertion: Ramus and Angle of mandible

Action: Agoist for closing the jaw
Term
Platysma
Definition
Origin: fascia of deltoid and pecs

Insertion: lower margin of mandible and corners of mandible

Action: depresses the mandible
Term
Scalene
Definition
Origin: transverse process cervical vertebrae
Insertion: anterior lateral 1st-2nd ribs
Action: flexes, laterally flexes, rotates the cervical spine, and elevates the 1st and 2nd ribs
Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Origin: manubrium of sternum and medial 1/3 of clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
Action: Prime mover of head flexion and lateral flexion
Term
Trapzius
Definition
Origin: occipital bone, spinous process of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula
Action: aid to suspending shoulder girdle, assists with elevate and upward rotation of scapula
Term
Erector Spinae
Definition
-Iliocostalis- most lateral, extends from pelvis to neck
-Longissimus- intermediate,lumbar region to skull
-Spinalis-medial most, lumbar to cervical region
-together known as paraspinals
Term
Quadratus Lumborum
Definition
Origin: iliac crest and iliolumbar fascia

Insertion: transverse processes of upper four lumbar vertebrae and 12th rib

Action: maintains upright posture. lateral flexes lumbar spne
Term
Multifidus- extends length of column
Definition
Origin: Sacrum, erector sinae tendon

Insertion: Spinous process

Action: extends and rotate minimally
Term
Rectus Abdominis
Definition
Origin: pubic crest and adjacent ligament

Insertion: xiphoid process, carilages of ribs 5-7

Action: flexion of the lumbar spine
Term
External Oblique
Definition
Origin: Outer surface of lower eight ribs: upper 5 slips interdigiate with serratus anterior; lower 3 slips with latissimus dorsi muscle

Insertion: Crest of pubis, linea alba, iliac crest, aponeurosis

Action: rot. Laterally flex vertebral column
Term
Internal Oblique
Definition
Origin: Anterior 2/3's iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia sheaths

Insertion: Lower 3-4 ribs, pubic crest, linea alba

Action: rot. Laterally flex vertebral column
Term
Transversus Abdominis
Definition
Origin: Costal cartilage of lower six ribs, inguinal ligament, lumbodarsal fascia

Insertion: Linea albe, pubic crest

Action: flexes abdominal content
Term
Pectoralis Major
Definition
Origin: 1-6 costal cartilage, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Insertion: Crest of Greater tubercle of humerus; intertubercular groove; jt capsule

Action: Prime mover of arm flexion; internal or medial rotation
Term
Pectoralis Minor
Definition
Origin: Anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5

Insertion: coracoid process of scapula

Action: draws scapula forward and downward with ribs fixed; draws rib cage anterior
Term
Serratus Anterior
Definition
Origin: series of muscle slips from ribs 1-8

Insertion: anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula

Action: Prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall; rotates scapula- inferior angle moves laterally and upward; important role in abduction and raising arm in horizontal plane
Term
Latissimus Dorsi
Definition
Origin: Lumbodorsal fascia; spines of T6-T12, spines of lumbar and sacral vertebrae, lower 3-4 ribs, posterior iliac crest

Insertion: Floor of bottom of intertubercular groove

Action: Extends, adducts and rotates arm medially (internal rotates); draws shoulder downward and backward
Term
Deltoid
Definition
Origin: Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Action: prime mover abduction os arm; anterior fibers flex and medddially rotate humerus; posterior fibers extend and laterally (externally) rotates humerus
Term
Suprasinatus
Definition
Origin: supraspinatus fossa

Insertion: superior most part of greater tubercle of humerus

Action:abduction arm, stabilize shoulder jt, assists with preventing downward dislocation of huermus
Term
Infraspinatus
Definition
Origin: Infraspinatus fossa

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

Action: Rotates arm laterally; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity
Term
Teres Minor
Definition
Origin: Lateral border of dorsal scapular surface

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

Action: Lateral rotator of humerus; holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity
Term
Subscapularis
Definition
Origin: Subscapulatis fossa

Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus

Action: medial rotation of humerus, helps hold humerus in glenoid cavity
Term
Teres Major
Definition
Origin: Posterior/dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula

Insertion: Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus

Action: internal rot.,extend the humerus, ADductor
Term
Levator Scapulae
Definition
Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4

Insertion: Vertebral border, at the root of the spine

Action: Elevates and adducts scapula; similar to upper fibers of trapezius (synergist); when scapula fixed- flexes neck to same side

*scapula rotator
Term
Rhomboid Major
Definition
Origin: Spinous process of T2-T5

Insertion: Vertebral/medial border of scapula below the spine

Action: Retract scapula; holds scapula to chest (stabilizer); rotates glenoid cavity down.

*scapula rotator
Term
Rhomboid Minor
Definition
Origin: Spinous process of C7-T1

Insertion: Vetebral/ medial border of scapula at root of spine

Action: Retract scapula; holds scapula to chest (stabilizer); rotates glenoid cavity down.

*scapula rotator
Term
Coracobrachialis
Definition
Origin:Coracoid process of scapula

Insertion: Medial surface of humerus shaft

Action: Flexion and adduction of the humerus; synergist of pectoralis major
Term
Biceps Brachii
Definition
Origin: Short head- Coracoid process. Long head- Supraglenoid tuberosity

Insertion: Radial tuberosity

Action: Flexes elbow joint; supinates hand; flexor of arm at shoulder
Term
Triceps Brachii
Definition
Origin: Long head- infraglenoid tubercle. Medial head- Posterior/lateral side humerus. Lateral head- Posterior/medial side humerus

Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna

Action: Prime mover forearm extension (med head). Lond head steadies head of abducted humerus
Term
Brachialis
Definition
Origin: Front of distal half of humerus

Insertion: Coronoid process of Ina and capsule of elbow joint

Action: Forearm flexion (lifts the ulna)
Term
Brachialioradialis
Definition
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge (distal end of humerus)

Insertion: Base of styloid process of radius

Action: Synergist in forearm flexion
Term
Anterior Muscles (forearm)
Definition
-Prontator teres: pronation synergist elbow flexion
-Flexor carpi radialis: flex wrist
-Flexor carpi ulnaris: flex wrist
-Palmaris Longus: flex wrist
-Flexor digitorum superficialis: flex proximal interphalangeal joint
-Flexor pollicis longus: flex distal interphalangeal joint
-Flexor pollicis brevis: flexes thumb
-Flexor digiti minimi: flexes
Term
Posterior Muscles (forearm)
Definition
-Extensor carpi radialis: extends and ABducts the wrist
-Extensor carpi radialis brevis: extends and ABducts the wrist
-Extensor digitorum: Prime mover of finger extension; extend wrist
-Extensor carpi ulnaris: ADducts the wrist, extend wrist
-ABductor pollicis longus: extends and ABducts the thumb
-Supinator: Assists biceps with supination of forearm
-Extensor pollicis brevis and longus: extends thumb
Term
Illiacus
Definition
Origin: Iliac fossa, iliac crest, base of sacrum

Insertion: Lesser trochanter cia iliopsoas tendon

Action: Hip flexion
Term
Psoas Minor
Definition
Origin: Sides of bodies of T12, L1

Insertion: Anterior aspect of ilium

Action: Weak hip flexor
Term
Psoas Major
Definition
Origin: Transverse processes, bodies, fibrocartilage of T23, L1-L5

Insertion: Lesser trochanger via iliopsoas tendon

Action: Hip flexion, lateral flexion of vertebral column
Term
Sartorius
Definition
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Insertion: Winds around medial aspects of knee; Pez Anserine tendon

Action: Flexes and laterally rotates the thigh
Term
Quadriceps- Rectus femoris
Definition
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine, rim of acetabulum

Insertion: Base of patella and tibial tuberosity via patella ligament

Action: flex thigh at hip, extend leg at knee
Term
Vastus Lateralis
Definition
Origin: Greater trochanter, intertrochanteris line, linea aspera

Insertion: Lateral patella and tibial tuberosity via patella ligament

Action: Extends leg at knee
Term
Vastus medials (oblique)- VMO
Definition
Origin: Intertrochanteris line, medial linea aspera

Insertion: medial patella

Action: Extends leg
Term
Vastus Intermedius
Definition
Origin: Anterior and lateral surface of proximal femur shaft

Insertion: base of patella

Action: exstends leg at knee
Term
Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)
Definition
Origin: Anterior iliac crest; anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: Iliotibial tract/band (ITB)

Action: Flexes and ABducts the thigh; medial rotated thigh
Term
ADductor Magnus
Definition
Origin: Front of pubis near symphsis

Insertion: Linea aspera

Action: ADducts thigh; synergist of flexion, medial rot
Term
ADductor brevis
Definition
Origin:Body and inferior ramus of pubis

Insertion: Linea aspera above the longus

Action: ADducts thigh; assists with flexion and medial rot
Term
Pectineus
Definition
Origin: Pectineal line of pubis

Insertion: Inferior to lesser trochanter (posterior aspect)

Action: ADducts; assist with flexion and lateral rot
Term
Gracilis
Definition
Origin: inferior pubic ramus

Insertion: Medial surface below medial tibial condyle/ Pez anserine tendon

Action: ADducts; synergist of knee flexion
Term
Gluteus Maximus (largest)
Definition
Origin: Dorsal ilium, sacrum, coccyx

Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial band

Action: Major extensor of thigh
Term
Gluteus Medius (middle)
Definition
Origin: Outer ilium and crest

Insertion: Lateral aspect of greater trochanter

Action: ABducts and medially rotates the thigh
Term
Gluteus Minimus (smallest)
Definition
Origin: Lateral surface of illium

Insertion: Anterior border of greater trochanter

Action: ABducts and medially rotates thigh
Term
External Rotator of the hip
Definition
-Piriformis
-Superior gemellus
-Obturator internus
-Inferior gemellus
-Quadratus femoris
Term
Biceps femoris
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity; linea aspera; distal femur

Insertion: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

Action: Extends thigh and flex knee

*hamstring
Term
Semitendinosus
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: medial aspect of upper tibial shaft

Action: Extends thigh and flexes knee; medial rotates knee
Term
Semimembranosus
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia

Action: extends thigh and flexes knee; medial rotates knee
Term
Tibialis Anterior
Definition
Origin: lateral condyle and upper shaft of tibia

Insertion: Inferior surface of medial cunieform and first metatarsal bone

Action: Prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot
Term
Extensor digitorum longus
Definition
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia; interosseous membrane

Insertion: 2nd and 3rd phalanges of toes 2-5 via extensor expansion

Action: Dorsiflexion and eversion
Term
Peroneus longus
Definition
Origin: Head and upper portion of fibula

Insertion: tendon runs behind lateral malleolus, curves under foot inseritng on 1st metatarsal and medial cunieform

Action: planterflexion and eversion
Term
Gastrocnemius
Definition
Origin: medial and lateral condyles of femur

Insertion: calcaneus via calcanial tendon

Action: plantarflexes foot and flexes knee
Term
Soleus
Definition
Origin: Superior tibia and fibula; interosseous membrane

Insertion: Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Action: Plantar flexes foot; impt postural muscle
Term
Flexor digitorum longus
Definition
Origin: posterior tibia

Insertion: distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Action: Plantar flex and invert foot
Term
Tibialis Posterior
Definition
Origin: superior tibia and fibula and interosseus membrane

Insertion: several tarsals, metatarsals 2-4

Action: inversion of fott plantarflexion
Term
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Definition
Origin: inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula, lower part of interosseous membrane

Insertion: Plantar surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe

Action: Flexes great toe, helps to supinate ankle, and is a very weak plantar flexor of ankle
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 1)
Definition
Impulse- calcium release at NMJ
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 2)
Definition
Calcium stimulates Ach release
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 3)
Definition
Ach binds at the postsynaptic juntion causing sodium channels to open
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 4)
Definition
Sodium in, potassuim out. the sarcolema becomes more positive
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 5)
Definition
If threshold value then an AP along sarculema equals depolarization
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 6)
Definition
(with deporlarization) impulse to T-tubules triggers calcium release to SR
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 7)
Definition
Tropolin changes shape and tropomysin moves off of cross-bridge cite of actin
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 8)
Definition
ATP hydrolyses at myosin head, cocks head and forms bridge
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 9)
Definition
ADP released activated myosin head piviots, actin moves towards the center of sarcomere resulting in power stroke
Term
Muscle Contracion (step 10)
Definition
ATP binds to myosin head releasing cross-bridge, recocking myosin head and recross-bridges with actin
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