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Muscles
anatomy of muscles
48
Anatomy
10th Grade
03/06/2013

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Cards

Term

Myopathy: causes, symptoms, and treatments

Definition

.general term for muscle disease or disorder

.Causes: injury, genetics, nervous system disorders, medication, cellular abnormalities

. symptoms: weakness, cramping, stiffness, and spasm

. treatment depends on cause

Term
Skeletal Muscles
Definition

attached to bones, provide movement for body

. voluntary muscle

.responsible for movement and maintaing posture

. also generate heat

Term
Tendons
Definition
fibrous tissues that attach skeletal muscles to bones
Term
Ligaments
Definition

attach bone to bone

. some muscles attach directly to bone or soft tissue w/o tendon

Term
Voluntary Muscles
Definition
movement controlled by concious thought
Term
Strains or Tears
Definition

strains caused by overstretching tendons or muscles

. severity of injury can range from mild to severe

-mild: pulled muscle

-severe: complete muscle tear or complete tenedon rupture

Term
Acute and Chronic injuries
Definition

. acute: usually resulting from trauma

. chronic: usually resulting from overuse or disease

Term
Signs and Symptoms of Strains or tears
Definition

vary depending on severity of injury

-mild:mild pain and  possible stiffness

-moderate: moe intense pain

-severe- severe pain, swelling, extensive bruising and often complete loss of movement

Term
Diagnosis and treatments of strains or tears
Definition

diagnosis: medical history, physical examination, imaging

Treatment vearies with severity of injury

Term
P.R. I. C. E.
Definition
protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation
Term
healing of strains or tears
Definition

skeletal muscle and dense regular connective tissue have only moderate ability to repair

. strains are slow to heal

Term
5 properties of skeletal muscles
Definition

Contractility: fibers will thicken and shorten

elasticity: when pulled goes back to original shape

Extensibility: change set point of muscle

Irritability

Tonus: partial state of contraction

Term
4 parts of Irritability
Definition

electric shoot

change in temp.

ph and ion concentration

certain chemicals

Term
Tendinitis/Tendinosis
Definition

degenerative disease leading to breakdown and scarring of tendons

. appears to be caused by failure of tendons to repair themselves after injury

. commonly seen related to overuse/ repitive motion or untreatd acute injuries

Term
muscles at risk of tendinosis
Definition

- some tendons more prone to tendinosis

-achilles tendon

-tibialis posterior tendon

-tendons of lateral elbow

 

Term
Risk factors for tendenosis
Definition

age

gender

skeletal anatomy

types of occupational equipment used

sytematic disease( diabetes mellitus)

Term
Signs and symptoms of tendenosis
Definition

pain

tenderness

stiffness

Term
Treatment types
Definition

price

physical therapy

ultrasound/ exta corporeal shock wave therapy

sugery is a last resort

steroids

lasers

Term
FASCIA
Definition

covers the muscles

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

. bundles of muscle fibers covered by perimysium

Term
Shin Splints
Definition

common inflammatory injury of lower leg extensor muscles and surrounding tissues

.related to running

.can be treated w/ rest, reduction of excercise intensity, antinflammatory medication and modification of footwear

Term

Myalgia

Fibromyalgia

Epidemiology

Definition

1. pain or tenderness in muscle

2. chronic pain syndrome

3. more common in women

Term

Charateristics

Cause

Definition

1. pain of 3 months duration

bilateral tenderness

fatigue

sleep disorders

depressions

anxiety

excercise intolerance

CAUSE: unknown

Term
Cause cont'd
Definition

may be caused by hyperactive stress response

. may also be caused by increased sensitivity to pain

Term
Diagnosis and examples/ fibromyalgia
Definition

pain in 11 of 18 designated tender points for fibromyalgia

.next to hip

.medial of knee

.backof neck

.2nd rib

.outside of elbow

.low back

Term
Treatment
Definition

no definitive treatment

symptoms can be managed w/ antidepressants, antiepileptics, exercise, and/or pain relievers

. symptom management often indequates of relieving pain completely

Term
Contration and Relaxtion
Definition
movement of body is result of contraction (shortening) of certain muscles while there is relaxtion of others
Term
Primary Mover or Agonist
Definition
chief muscle causing movement; as muscle contacts it pulls bone, causing movement
Term
Point of Origin
Definition
muscle end attached to stationary bone
Term
Point of Insertion
Definition
muscle end attached to moving bone
Term
Synergistic muscles
Definition
assists primary mover
Term
Antagonist
Definition
muscles casue movement in opposite direction of agonist
Term
Random thing about contraction
Definition
all movement is result of contraction of primary movers relaxtion of opposing muscles
Term
Functional unit of a muscle
Definition

each muscle cell is elongated fiber known as muscle fiber, can be up to 12in in length 

. several muscle fibers can be bundled together to form specific muscle segment

. each muscle fiber composed of several myofibirils

Term
Sacromeres
Definition

functional contractile units of each fiber

. each has two types of threadlike structures called thick and thin myofilaments

 

Term
Thick Myofilaments
Definition
made up of protein myosin
Term
Thin myofilaments
Definition
made up of protein actin
Term
How are sacromeres arranged?
Definition
sacromeres has actina nd myosin filaments arranged in repeating units separated from each other by dark bands called Z lines which give striated appearance to skeletal muscle
Term
Z lines
Definition
are borders fo each sacromere
Term

What happens when a contraction happens?

 

Definition
causes two types of myofilaments to slide toward each other and shorten each sacromere and therefore entire muscle
Term
what does a contraction require
Definition
temporary connections of cross-bridges formed b/w myosin head and actin; these pull sacromere together
Term
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Definition

genetic, incurable myopathy

. caused by erro in dystophin potein gene

. dystrophins function is to hold muscle fibers together during contraction

. w/o functional dystrophin muscle fibers degenerate

. all types of muscle affected

carried on x chromosome, seen more offten in young males

Term
Signs and symptoms of dmd
Definition

muscle weakness

. as disease progresses, more muscle fibers dissapear, muscle becomes progressively weaker, scarred and filled with fatty deposits

. smooth muscle and cardiac abnormalities often develop

Term
Disease course of dmd
Definition

progressive disease

usually diagnosed around age 4

by age 10 child usually wheelchair bound

average life span is 17

death usually due to respiratory or cardiac failure

Term
Diagnosis of dmd
Definition

physical examination, including evaluation for gait abnormality and pseudohypertrophy of the claves

.biochemical tests for muscular enzymes

.genetic testing

.electromyogram( test where muscle triggers muscle contraction; strength of contraction measured)

Term
Treatment of dmd
Definition

no effective treatment, focuses on symptom management, assistive devices and palliative care

 . no physical thereapy

. experimented treatments and research still on going

Term
ATP and calcium
Definition

atp: energy needed for contraction and relaxtion; which helps myosin head form and break cross-bridges with actin

. calcium stored away from actin and myosin in sacroplasmic reticulum during relaxtion fo muscle

Term
Atp and calcium cont'd
Definition
during contraction calcium relased rom sr and causes actin, myosin, and atp to interact which causes contraction. when calcium leaves muscle and returns to sr, cross bridge atttacments are broken and muscle relaxes
Term

Tetanus

 

Definition

also called lock jaw, caused by untreated bacterial wound infection

. bacteria responsible is clostridum tetnai, which lives in soil

.bacteria produces toxin that causes disease

.likes to feed on dead tissue

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