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Muscles of the Lower Extremity
Origin,Insertion, Action and Nerve of Muscles
52
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/15/2006

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Term
ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (foot)
Definition
ORIGIN
Medial and lateral processes of posterior calcaneal tuberosity
INSERTION
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe and 5th metatarsal
ACTION
Flexes and abducts 5th toe. Supports lateral longitudinal arch
NERVE
Lateral plantar (S2,3)
Term
ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Medial process of posterior calcaneal tuberosity & flexor retinaculum
INSERTION
Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of big toe via medial sesamoid
ACTION
Flexes and abducts big toe. Supports medial longitudinal arch
NERVE
Medial plantar nerve (S1,2)
Term
ADDUCTOR BREVIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Inferior ramus and body of pubis
INSERTION
Upper third of linea aspera
ACTION
Adducts hip
NERVE
Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2, 3)
Term
ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Oblique head: base of 2, 3, 4 metatarsals. Transverse head: plantar metatarsal ligaments and deep transverse ligament
INSERTION
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe and lateral sesamoid.
ACTION
Adducts and flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe. Supports transverse arch
NERVE
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, 3)
Term
ADDUCTOR LONGUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Body of pubis inferior and medial to pubic tubercle
INSERTION
Lower two thirds of medial linea aspera
ACTION
Adducts and medially rotates hip
NERVE
Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2, 3)
Term
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Adductor portion: ischiopubic ramus. Hamstring portion: lower outer quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity
INSERTION
Adductor portion: lower gluteal line and linea aspera. Hamstring portion: adductor tubercle
ACTION
Adductor portion: adducts and medially rotates hip. Hamstring portion: extends hip
NERVE
Adductor portion: posterior division of obturator nerve (L2-4). Hamstring portion: tibial portion of sciatic (L4-S3)
Term
ARTICULARIS GENU
Definition
ORIGIN
Two slips from anterior femur below vastus intermedialius
INSERTION
Apex of suprapatellar bursa
ACTION
Retracts bursa as knee extends
NERVE
Posterior division of femoral nerve (L3, 4)
Term
BICEPS FEMORIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Long head: upper inner quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity. Short head:middle third of linea aspera, lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
INSERTION
Styloid process of head of fibula. lateral collateral ligament and lateral tibial condyle
ACTION
Flexes and laterally rotates knee. Long head extends hip
NERVE
Long head: tibial portion of sciatic nerve. Short head: common peroneal portion of sciatic nerve (both L5, S1)
Term
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS (foot)
Definition
ORIGIN
Superior surface of anterior calcaneus
INSERTION
Four tendon into proximal phalanx of big toe and long extensor tendons to toes 2, 3 and 4
ACTION
Extends toes when foot fully dorsiflexed
NERVE
Deep peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
Term
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Upper two thirds of anterior shaft of fibula, interosseous membrane and superior tibiofibular joint
INSERTION
Extensor expansion of lateral four toes
ACTION
Extends toes and extends foot at ankle
NERVE
Deep peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
Term
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Superior surface of anterior calcaneus
INSERTION
Proximal phalanx of big toe
ACTION
Extends great toe
NERVE
Deep peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
Term
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Middle half of anterior shaft of fibula
INSERTION
Base of distal phalanx of great toe
ACTION
Extends big toe and foot. Inverts foot and tightens subtalar joints
NERVE
Deep peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
Term
FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS (foot)
Definition
ORIGIN
Base of 5th metatarsal and sheath of peroneus longus
INSERTION
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
ACTION
Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe
NERVE
Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, 3)
Term
FLEXOR DIGITORUM BREVIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Medial process of posterior calcaneal tuberosity
INSERTION
Four tendons to four lateral toes to borders of middle phalanx.Tendons of flexor digitorum longus pass through them
ACTION
Flexes lateral four toes, Supports medial and lateral longitudinal arches
NERVE
Medial plantar nerve (S1, 2)
Term
FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Posterior shaft of tibia below soleal line and by broad aponeurosis from fibula
INSERTION
Base of distal phalanges of lateral four toes
ACTION
Flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes and foot at ankle. Supports lateral longitudinal arch
NERVE
Tibial nerve (S1, 2)
Term
FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Cuboid, lateral cuneiform and tibialis posterior insertion over the two remaining cuneiforms
INSERTION
Medial tendon to medial side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe. Lateral tendon to lateral side of same, both via sesamoids
ACTION
Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe. Supports medial longitudinal arch
NERVE
Medial plantar nerve (S2, 3)
Term
FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Lower two thirds of posterior fibula between median crest and posterior border, lower intermuscular septum and aponeurosis of flexor digitorum longus
INSERTION
Base of distal phalanx of big toe and slips to medial two tendons of flexor digitorum longus
ACTION
Flexes distal phalanx of big toe, flexes foot at ankle, supports medial longitudinal arch
NERVE
Tibial nerve (S2, 3)
Term
GASTROCNEMIUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Lateral head: posterior surface of lateral condyle of femur and highest of three facets on lateral condyle. medial head: posterior surface of femur above medial condyle
INSERTION
Tendo calcaneus to middle of three facets on posterior aspect of calcaneus
ACTION
Plantar flexes foot. Flexes knee
NERVE
Tibial nerve (S1, 2)
Term
GEMELLUS INFERIOR
Definition
ORIGIN
Upper border of ischial tuberosity
INSERTION
Middle part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
ACTION
laterally rotates and stabilizes hip
NERVE
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, 5, S1)
Term
GEMELLUS SUPERIOR
Definition
ORIGIN
Spine of ischium
INSERTION
Middle part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
ACTION
laterally rotates and stabilizes hip
NERVE
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, 2)
Term
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Outer surface of ilium behind posterior gluteal line and posterior third of iliac crest lumbar fascia, lateral mass of sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament and coccyx
INSERTION
Deepest quarter into gluteal tuberosity of femur, remaining three quarters into iliotibial tract (anterior surface of lateral condyle of tibia)
ACTION
Extends and laterally rotates hip. Maintains knee extended via iliotibial tract
NERVE
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1,2)
Term
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Outer surface of ilium between posterior and middle gluteal lines
INSERTION
Posterolateral surface of greater trocanter of femur
ACTION
Abducts and medially rotates hip. Tilts pelvis on walking
NERVE
Superior gluteal nerve (L4,5,S1)
Term
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Outer surface of ilium between middle and inferior gluteal lines
INSERTION
Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
ACTION
Abducts and medially rotates hip. Tilts pelvis on walking.
NERVE
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, 5, S1)
Term
GRACILIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Outer surface of ischiopubic ramus
INSERTION
Upper medial shaft of tibia below sartorius
ACTION
Adducts hip. Flexes knee and medially rotates flexed knee
NERVE
Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2, 3)
Term
ILIACUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Iliac fossa within abdomen
INSERTION
Lowermost surface of lesser trochanter of femur
ACTION
Flexes medially rotates hip
NERVE
Femoral nerve in abdomen (L2,3)
Term
DORSAL INTEROSSEI (FOOT)
Definition
ORIGIN
Bipennate from inner aspects of shafts of all metatarsals
INSERTION
Bases of proximal phalanges and dorsal extensor expansions of medial side of 2nd toe and lateral sides of 2nd , 3rd and 4th toes
ACTION
Abduct 2nd , 3rd and 4th toes from axis of 2nd toe. Assist lumbricals in extending interphalangeal joints while flexing metatarsal phalangeal joints
NERVE
lateral plantar nerve (1-3: deep branch; 4: superficial branch) (S2, 3)
Term
PLANTAR INTEROSSEI
Definition
ORIGIN
Inferomedial shafts of 3rd , 4th and 5th metatarsals (single heads)
INSERTION
Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges with slips to dorsal extensor expansions of 3rd, 4th and 5th toes
ACTION
Adduct 3rd 4th and 5th toes to axis of 2nd toe, Assist lumbricals in extending interphalangeal joints while flexing metatarsal phalangeal joints
NERVE
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2,3)
Term
LUMBRICALS of foot (4)
Definition
ORIGIN
Lateral 3: bipennate origin from cleft between the four tendons of flexor digitorum longus . medial 1: unipennate origin from medial aspect of 1st tendon
INSERTION
Dorsal extensor expansion
ACTION
Extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex metatarsal phalangeal joints
NERVE
First: medial plantar nerve (L4,5). 2-4: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2,3)
Term
OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Outer obturator membrane , rim of pubis and ischium bordering it
INSERTION
Trochanteric fossa on medial surface of greater trochanter
ACTION
laterally rotates hip
NERVE
Posterior division of obturator nerve (L2,3,4)
Term
OBTURATOR INTERNUS (A)
Definition
ORIGIN
Inner surface of obturator membrane and rim of pubis and ischium bordering membrane
INSERTION
Middle part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
ACTION
laterally rotates and stabilizes hip
NERVE
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1,2)
Term
OBTURATOR INTERNUS (B)
Definition
ORIGIN
Inner surface of obturator membrane and rim of pubis and ischium bordering membrane
INSERTION
Middle part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
ACTION
Laterally rotates and stabilizes hip
NERVE
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, 2)
Term
PECTINEUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Pectineal line of pubis and narrow area of superior pubic ramus below it
INSERTION
A verticle line between spiral line and gluteal crest below lesser trochanter of femur
ACTION
Flexes, adducts and medially rotates hip
NERVE
Anterior division of femoral nerve (L2, 3). Occasional twig from obturator nerve (anterior division - L2,3)
Term
PERONEUS BREVIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Lower two thirds lateral shaft of fibula
INSERTION
Tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal
ACTION
Plantar* flexes and everts foot . Supports lateral longitudinal arch
NERVE
Superficial peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
Term
PERONEUS LONGUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Upper two thirds of lateral shaft of fibula , head of fibula and superior tibiofibular joint
INSERTION
Plantar aspect of base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform, passing deep to long plantar ligament
ACTION
Plantar flexes and everts foot. Supports lateral longitudinal and transverse arches
NERVE
Superficial peroneal nerve (L5,S1)
Term
PERONEUS TERTIUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Third quarter of anterior shaft of fibula
INSERTION
Shaft and base of 5th metatarsal
ACTION
Extends and everts foot
NERVE
Deep peroneal nerve (L5,S1)
Term
PIRIFORMIS (A)
Definition
ORIGIN
2, 3, 4 costotransverse bars of anterior sacrum, few fibers from superior border of greater sciatic notch
INSERTION
Anterior part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
ACTION
laterally rotates and stabilizes hip
NERVE
Anterior primary rami of S1, 2
Term
PIRIFORMIS (B)
Definition
ORIGIN
2, 3, 4 costotransverse bars of anterior sacrum, few fibers from superior border of greater sciatic notch
INSERTION
Anterior part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
ACTION
laterally rotates and stabilizes hip
NERVE
Anterior primary rami of S1, 2
Term
PLANTARIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius
INSERTION
Tendo calcaneus (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon)
ACTION
Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee
NERVE
Tibial nerve (S1, 2)
Term
POPLITEUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Posterior shaft of tibia above soleal line and below tibial condyles
INSERTION
Middle of three facets on lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur. Tendon passes into capsule of knee to posterior part of lateral meniscus
ACTION
Unlocks extended knee by lateral rotation of femur on tibia. Pulls back lateral meniscus
NERVE
Tibial nerve (L5,S1)
Term
QUADRATUS FEMORIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
INSERTION
Quadrate tubercle of femur and a vertical line below this to the level of lesser trocanter
ACTION
laterally rotates and stabilizes hip
NERVE
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, 5, S1)
Term
QUADRATUS PLANTAE
Definition
ORIGIN
Lateral head-tuberosity of calcaneus, medial head-medial side of calcaneus
INSERTION
Lateral border long flexor tendons
ACTION
Flexes toes
NERVE
Lateral plantar (S2,S3)
Term
RECTUS FEMORIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Straight head: anterior inferior iliac spine. Reflected head: ilium above acetabulum
INSERTION
Quadriceps tendon to patella , via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia
ACTION
Extends leg at knee. Flexes thigh at hip
NERVE
Posterior division of femoral nerve (L3, 4)
Term
SARTORIUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Immediately below anterior superior iliac spine
INSERTION
Upper medial surface of shaft of tibia
ACTION
Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh at hip. Flexes, medially rotates leg at knee
NERVE
Anterior division of femoral nerve (L3, 4)
Term
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Upper outer quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity
INSERTION
Medial condyle of tibia below articular margin, fascia over popliteus and oblique popliteal ligament
ACTION
Flexes and medially rotates knee. Extends hip
NERVE
Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L5, S1)
Term
SEMITENDINOSUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Upper inner quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity
INSERTION
Upper medial shaft of tibia below gracilis
ACTION
Flexes and medially rotates knee. Extends hip
NERVE
Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L5, S1)
Term
SOLEUS
Definition
ORIGIN
Soleal line and middle third of posterior border of tibia and upper quarter of posterior shaft of fibula including neck
INSERTION
Tendo calcaneus to middle of three facets on posterior surface of calcaneus
ACTION
Plantar flexes foot (aids venous return)
NERVE
Tibial nerve (S1, 2)
Term
TENSOR FASCIA LATA
Definition
ORIGIN
Outer surface of anterior iliac crest between tubercle of the iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine
INSERTION
Iliotibial tract (anterior surface of lateral condyle of tibia)
ACTION
Maintains knee extended (assists gluteus maximus) and abducts hip
NERVE
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, 5, S1)
Term
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
Definition
ORIGIN
Upper half of lateral shaft of tibia and interosseous membrane
INSERTION
Inferomedial aspect of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
ACTION
Extends and inverts foot at ankle. Holds up medial longitudinal arch of foot
NERVE
Deep peroneal nerve (L4, 5)
Term
TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
Definition
ORIGIN
Upper half of posterior shaft of tibia and upper half of fibula between medial nerve crest and interosseous border, and interosseous membrane
INSERTION
Tuberosity of navicular bone and all tarsal bones (except talus) and spring ligament
ACTION
Plantar flexes and inverts foot. Supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
NERVE
Tibial nerve (L4, 5)
Term
VASTUS INTERMEDIALIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Anterior and lateral shaft of femur
INSERTION
Quadriceps tendon to patella, via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia
ACTION
Extends knee
NERVE
Posterior division of femoral nerve (L3, 4)
Term
VASTUS LATERALIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Upper intertrochanteric line, base of greater trochanter, lateral linea aspera, lateral supracondylar ridge and lateral intermuscular septum
INSERTION
Lateral quadriceps tendon to patella, via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia
ACTION
Extends knee
NERVE
Posterior division of femoral nerve (L3,4)
Term
VASTUS MEDIALIS
Definition
ORIGIN
Lower intertrochanteric line, spiral line, medial linea aspera and medial intermuscular septum
INSERTION
Medial quadriceps tendon to patella and directly into medial patella, via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia
ACTION
Extends knee. Stabilizes patella
NERVE
Posterior division of femoral nerve (L3,4)
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