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Muscles & Nerves: Clinical
pg. 30-32 Q&A's
37
Anatomy
Professional
02/11/2011

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Cards

Term
what muscles must be transected to remove the entire forelimb, including the scapula?
Definition
all the extrinsic muscles of the forelimb
Term
what is atrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles causing a prominent scapular spine called, and what causes it?
Definition
sweeney. suprascapular nerve damage
Term
what results from radial nerve paralysis of the extensors of the thoracic limb?
Definition
inability to stand (the triceps can't extend the elbow), knuckling over of the digits
Term
what is the most important layer that must be opposed when closing a paramediuan midline incision?
Definition
external rectus sheath
Term
wat is the most important structure to close in a midline incision?
Definition
linea alba
Term
how would you locate the trachea for an emergency tracheostomy?
Definition
skin incision in the ventral neck, separate the strap muscles
Term
what muscle and nerve must be functional to bear weight on the pelvic limb?
Definition
quadriceps muscle, femoral nerve
Term
what muscles are paralyzed with obturator nerve damage, resulting in lateral slipping on a slick surface?
Definition
adductor muscle
Term
why does an animal knuckle over on the pelvic limb with fibular (peroneal) nerve damage?
Definition
paralysis of the extensors of the digits
Term
what is the only laryngeal muscle which opens the glottic cleft?
Definition
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
Term
what muscles does the facial nerve innervate?
which is of clinical significance?
Definition
muscles of facial expression, including the orbicularis oculi muscle - contributed to dry eye
Term
what muscles are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
Definition
muscles of mastication
Term
what do the 3rd, 4th, and 6th cranial nerves (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens) innervate?
Definition
extrinsic muscles of the eye
Term
what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
Definition
muscles of the tongue (motor)
Term
what muscles are innervated by both cranial nerves 9 and 10 (glossopharyngeal and vagus)
Definition
muscles of the pharynx
Term
why can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis?
Definition
phrenic nerve to the diaphragm arises from the cervical and brachial plexuses
Term
what is the panniculus (cutaneous trunci) response?
Definition
contraction of the cutaneous trunci muscle in response to a pin prick of the trunk
Term
what is the reflex arch for the panniculus response?
Definition
sensation from the skin of the trunk --> the thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves --> the spinal cord --> up the cord to the lateral thoracic nerve --> cutaneous trunci muscle
Term
clinically, what is the panniculus response used to evaluate?
Definition
level of the thoracic spinal cord damage
Term
where is the spinal cord damage if the panniculus response is absent caudal to the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
level of T10
Term
for standing large animal flank surgeries, what must be blocked?
Definition
both the dorsal and ventral branches of the abdominal nerves as the dorsal branches are sensory to the top of the flank
Term
what nerve must be considered when removing the anal glands? why?
Definition
caudal rectal nerve
damage can result in paralysis of the external anal sphincter, thus, fecal incontinence
Term
why is paralysis of the orbicularis oculi and loss of lacrimation the most vital results of facial nerve paralysis?
Definition
drying of eye, animals not vain about facial paralysis
Term
describe the pathophysiology of a roarer/recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
Definition
paralysis of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, (open glottic cleft), resulting in a roaring sound when breathing
Term
what is a common serious injury of all the nerves of the forelimb?
Definition
complete avulsion (tearing) of the brachial plexus associated with HBC( hit by car)
Term
what are the signs of complete avulsion of the brachial plexus?
Definition
complete paralysis, extended falccid limb, unable to support weight and dragging dorsum of paw
Term
what is sweeney?
Definition
damage to the suprascapular nerve, resulting in paralysis of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles acutely, thus lateral instability of the shoulder joint. with time muscle atrophy corrects the instability, but results in a prominent scapular spine most common in horses
Term
what is the most common and clinically significant nerve problem of the forelimb?
Definition
radial paralysis
Term
what are the two types of radial nerve injury?
Definition
high and low radial nerve injury
Term
what are the signs of high radial nerve paralysis?
signs of low radial nerve damage?
Definition
high - inability to bear weight on the limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over on digits
low- knuckling over on digits
Term
what sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury?
Definition
loss of sensation on dorsal manus
Term
what results from femoral nerve injury and why?
Definition
can't bear weight, can't extend stifle - analgesia to medial limb (saphenous nerve)
Term
injury to which nerve causes lateral slipping on a slick surface?
Definition
obturator nerve
Term
what are the signs of fibular nerve damage?
Definition
knuckling over, analgesia of the dorsal pes
Term
how does an animal compensate for peroneal nerve damage?
Definition
by flipping the paw as advanced
Term
what is peroneal nerve paralysis similar to in the thoracic limb?
Definition
low radial nerve paralysis, knuckling over
Term
what is an iatrogenic cause of ischiatic nerve damage, what does it result in?
Definition
IM injection in the rear limb, resulting in paresis/paralysis of the rear limb
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