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Muscle Tissue
chapters 10-14
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/25/2010

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Cards

Term
What is a muscle?
Definition

  • Dominant tissue in hollow organs and heart
  • Nearly hald the body's mass made of muscle
  • Transforms chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy

Term
Muscle Type
Definition

  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle

Term
Skeletal Muscle Is:
Definition

  • Long, parallel cells
  • Striated
  • Voluntary

Term

  • Cardiac 

Definition

  • Striated
  • Involuntary

Term

 

  • Smooth Muscle

 

Definition

No stirations 

involutntary

hollow visceral organs

Term

functions of muscle

 

Definition

produce body movement

integrations of muscles, bones, and joints

 

stabilize body position

postural muscles contract continuously 

 

regulate organ volume

sphincter muscles control hollow organ emptying

 

movement of substances w/in the body

cardiac muscle moves blood, peristalsis

 

generate heat

(thermogenesis) up to 85% of body heat

Term

properties of muscle

 

Definition

electrical excitiability

respond to stimuli by producing action potentials

 

Contractibillity

The ability to contract when stimulated by an action potential

 

Extensibility

ability to strectch without damage and contract from a stretched state

 

Elasticity

ability to return to its natural state after contraction or stretch

Term
fascia
Definition

bandage

 

superficial, just below skin

separates muscle from skin

 

deep - lines walls and separates muscles

 

Term
epimysium
Definition

outer covering of muscle

 

Term
perimysium
Definition
tough outer cover of fascicles
Term
endomysium
Definition
covering of individual muscle cell
Term
tendon
Definition

to stretch out

 

continuation of three layers of ct covering muscle attatching to bone

 

 

Term
aponeurosis
Definition
flat sheet of collagen fibers
Term
Muscle is:
Definition

highly innervated and vascularized

 

creation of action potentials

nerurons connect to each fiber

 

nutrients and oxygen for atp synthesis

waste removal

every muscle fiber close to one or more capillaries

Term
fascicle
Definition
group of muscle cells surrounded by the perimysium
Term
muscle cell
Definition

multi nucleate

banded appearance

surrounded by endomysium

Term
myofibrils
Definition
within the muscle cell (tubes)
Term
histology
Definition
study of tissue
Term
sarcolemma
Definition

(sarco=flesh; lemma=sheath)

cell membrane of muscle cell

Term
transverse tubule
Definition

t tubule

sarcolemma tunnel in from the surface toward the center of fiber

 

b/n 2 SR's

 

lots of mitochondria where active

 

membranes of 2 SR's + T Tubule = Triad

Term
sarcoplasm
Definition

muscle cell's cytoplasm

 

contains many mitochondria and specialized SER called Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

 

contains Myoglobin; Oxygen binding pigment in muscle similar to Hemoglobin

Term
Triad
Definition
membranes of 2 SR's + T Tubule
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Definition

Elaborate fluid-filled tubules

 

in relaxed muscle store calcium

 

release of calcium into sarcoplasm triggers muscle contraction

Term
Myofibrils (histology of muscle)
Definition

long cylindrical structures that extend the entire length of muscle cell

 

contain contractile muscle elements of skeletal muscle cell

 

Contain: even smaller structures called thick filaments and thin filaments

 

thick/thin filaments:

do not extend length of muscle cell

overlap into specific pattern with compartments called sarcomeres

 

thick = myosin

thin = actin

Term
myosin
Definition

looks like been sprout

thick filament

head moves back and forth

The hinge portion of the tail allows vertical movement so that the head can bind to actin on the thin filament

Term

Thin Filament

 

Definition

made up of 3 proteins:

1.actin

two pearl necklaces wound around together

on each pearl:

active site that binds to head of myosin

 

2. Tropomyosin - usually (at rest) blocks active sites

3.Troponin - binds w/ CA++

 

Term
Muscle contraction requires:
Definition
ATP and ca++ 
Term
A single motor neuron axon and all the muscle fibers it supplies is called a:
Definition

motor unit

 

Term
The Contraction Cycle:
Definition

1. Splitting ATP

Energy from ATP stored in myosin head

2.Formation of Cross bridges

mysosin heads attach to actin and release P groups

3.Power Stroke

myosin heads swiverl and release ADP, pulling actin filaments

4. Binding ATP & detaching

a new molecule of ATP binds to myosin heads releasing them from the actin

Term
Relaxation:
Definition

Acetycholine broken down

Nerve signals cease

AchE breaks down the Ach in the cleft

 

Calcium ions transported back into the SR

Lack of Ca++ concentration causes mysosin biding sites to be covered by tropomyosin

 

Filaments slide back to their resting position

Term
Hypotonic
Definition
below normal tone or tension
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
excessive, above normal tone or tension
Term
ATP
Definition

adenosine triphosphate

 

ATP broken down when energy needed

 

Energy from glucose used to change ADP back into ATP

Term
Muscle Energy
Definition

ATP

already in cell

used for first few second of activity

 

2 main sources of ATP Regeneration

1. Creatine Phosphate (CP)

2.Anaerobic cellular respiration

3.Aerobic cellular respiration

Term

Creatine Phosphate

 

Definition

Stored in muscle

 

Regenerate ATP while body adjusts to increased need of ATP

 

Instant transfer of energy and a phosphate group

 

Provide power for 10-15 seconds 

100 meter dash

 

muscles store more Creatine phosphate than ATP

 

Creatine Phosphate + ADP = Creatine + ATP

Term
Fuel for the body
Definition

Glucose

 

Stored as Glycogen in the muscles and liver

Thousands of glucose molecules joined together

 

Fat

used when glucose is running short

Term
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition

No oxygen

 

Take place around protein filaments

 

Fast pathway (glycolysis)

Produces ATP 2 1/2 times faster than aerobic

 

Lasts only 30-40 seconds of intense exercise

 

Not efficient

waste produce is lactic acid

Leads to muscle fatigue

Leaves muscle tissue with 30 mins after exercise stops

2 ATP per glucose (5% as much ATP from glucose as the aerobic pathway)

 

Mainly used for short bursts of energy

Tennis 

Soccer

100 meter swim

Term

Aerobic Respiration

 

Definition

With Oxygen

 

More efficient

Waste products are water, carbon dioxide and heat

95% ATP used for muscle activity

36 ATP produced/glucose

 

Used during moderate exercise

jogging 

marathons

 

This reaction takes place inside of mitochondria

 

Used glucose or fatty acids to build ATP

36 ATP per glucose

 

At rest

2/3 energy comes from fatty acids

1/3 from glucose

Term
Anaerobic vs Aerobic Respiration
Definition

Anaerobic

Produces ATP quickly

No Oxygen needed

Occurs in cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

Produces 2 ATP

 

Aerobic

Produces ATP more slowly

Needs Oxygen

Occurs in mitochondria

Produces 36 ATP

Term
Muscle Fatigue
Definition

When muscles are in a state of physiological inability to contract forcefully

 

Lowered release of Ca++

Depletion of CP

Limited Oxygen

Depletion of glycogen

Excess lactic acid

Depletion of Ach

 

Run out of glucose

 

ATP production cannot keep up with the use

Sodium/Potassium pumps start slowing down

Can't return ionic concentration back to original values

Decreased excitability of muscles

 

Increase of lactic acid

changes pH in cell

 

Motor Neurons use up their stores of Ach

Junctional fatigue

Term
Why do we breath heavily after exercise???
Definition

Oxygen Debt

 

The extra amount of oxygen the body must take in to restore it to its resting state

 

The difference between the amount of oxygen needed for total aerobic muscle activity and the amount used

 

Non-aerobic sources of ATP contribute to debt

Term
Newly Consumed Oxygen used to..
Definition

Replace oxygen reserves that were depleted in first few minutes of exercise

 

Increase amounts of oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin

 

Oxidize lactic acid to usable form

lactic acid leaves muscles enters the bloodstream

Goes to the liver where it is converted back to glucose and glycogen

 

Synthesize ATP

ATP then donates P to creatine to rebuild stores of CP

Term
3 Types of Muscle Cell
Definition

Slow Oxidative (SO)

Half of the fibers of most muscles

Resist fatigue, capable of prolonged contraction

Highest in postural muscles

Generate ATP through aerobic respiration

 

Fast Oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)

Contract and relax more quickly than SO fibers

Generate ATP both aerobically and anaerobically

 

Fast Glycolitic (FG)

Largest, most powerful and fastest

Mainly anaerobic generation of ATP

Term
Muscles contain all three cell types
Definition

Light color = SO cells

Mid color = FOG

Dark color = FG

Term
Contraction types
Definition

isometric = same measure

muscle contracts without changing in length

maintains posture

 

Isotonic = same tension

Muscle length changes and moves the load

The load (tension) stays constant

Term
2 types of isotonic contractions:
Definition

concentric - muscle shortens during contraction

 

Eccentric - muscle lengthens during contraction

Term
Deep knee bend
Definition

knee flexion (eccentric)

 

hold squat position (isometric)

 

knee extension (concentric)

Term
Muscle spasms 
Definition

Involuntary and often painful contractions of muscle 

Cause still a mystery, may be one or more of:

 

muscle is overused or injured

nerve irritation (disk herniation)

stress

dehydration

alcoholism

medications

reduced amounts of calcium and magnesium

Term
Proprioceptors
Definition

type of neural receptor

 

occur in skeleton muscle

tendons, joints, ligaments, connective tissue covering bones/muscles

 

advise brain about our movements

monitors degree of stretch of organs they occupy

Term
Functions of Propriocetors
Definition

Muscle Spindles:

 

abundant in areas where we need fine control

In fleshy part of musclel

Modified muscle fibers called intrafusal = within spindle enclosed in CT

Defects degree of stretch in muscle

 

Tendon Organs:

 

Located in tendons near insertion 

Work with muscle spindles to coordinate contraction

Detects degree of tension in muscle

Term
Muscle Tone
Definition

A phenomenon wherby relaxed voluntary muscles are continuously slightly contracted

 

Small number of motor units in sustained contraction

 

Spinal reflexes activate changing groups of motor units in response to stimulation of stretch receptors (muscle spindles) in the muscles and tendons (TO)

 

This process stabilizes joints and maintains posture

 

If Neurons of NMJ are damaged muscle becomes flaccid (=flabby) loss of muscle tone

Term

Effects of Exercise on Muscles

 

 

Definition

Aerobic exercise

 

Increase in capillaries surrounding muscles fibers

Increase in mitochondria in muscle fibers

More myoglobin synthesized

More efficient muscle metabolism

Greater endurance

Strength

Resistance to fatigue

 

Resistance Exercise

 

skeletal muscle hypertrophy (muscle gets bigger)

Increased size (not number) of individual muscle fibers

An increase in muscle fiber diameter

More myofibrils, mitochondria, SR, and other cytoplasmic structures

Results from forceful, repetitive muscular activity

 

Anaerobic makes muscles bigger

Aerobic builds endurance

Term
Disuse Atrophy
Definition

Results form lack of use

Loss of neural stimulation

Begins as soon as muscles become immobilized

Lose muscle strength at a rate of about 5% per day

Lost muscle tissue may be replaced by fibrous connective tissue

Term
Heat Production
Definition

60% of energy released during a contraction is released as heat

 

Begin to sweat during exercise so water can be evaporated off of the skin and cool you down

 

 

Shivering causes muscle contraction to create more heat in the body

Term
Muscle Tissue: outside to in
Definition

-Epimysium - blends into subcutaneous layer of inegument

-Fascicle - group of individual muscle cells wrapped in perimysium

-Endomysium - connective tissue surrounding individual muscle cells

-Sarcoplasm- muscle cells' membrane

-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - specialized SER for pumping of calcium ions

-Myofibrils - conctractile elements of muscle cell

Term
algia
Definition
pain
Term
Fibromyalgia
Definition

-A group of signs and symptoms:

-chronic soft tissue pain

-Often comorbid with:

-Chronic Fatigue

-IBS

-Migraines 

-Sleep disorders

 

-Affects 2-3% of US, 85-90% women

-incidences increase with age

 

Term

Fibromyalgia Symptoms:

 

Definition

Stiffness

Unrefresshing sleep

tension headaches

IBS w/ recurring diarrhea and constipation

Difficulty with concentration and related cognitive functions

Depression and mood disorders

Restless leg syndrome

Vaginal pain and dryness

Painful menstrual  periods 

Irritable bladder and urinary complaints

Term
Massage for fibromyalgia:
Definition

-increased blood circulation to the muscles, allowing for faster muscle repair

-increased flexability

-increased range of motion

-decreased stress and depression

-reduced pain

-reduced stiffness

-improved sleep patterns

Term
More on massage for fibromyalgia:
Definition

-In a 1996 study, fibromyalgia sufferers reported a 38% decrease in pain symptoms after receiving just 10 30 minute massages. They also reported a significant decline in sleep difficulties: They began sleeping for longer periods of time and were disturbed less by difficulties

-Watch those spots!

Term
Myofascial Pain Syndrome:
Definition

MPS is diagnosed when many myofascial trigger points are chronic and recurrent

-Prevelance difficult to estimate

-Affects women and men, frequency tapers off with aging

Term

MPS symptoms (mayo clinic) 

 

Definition

-Deep aching pain in a muscle

-Pain that persists or worsens

-Muscle stiffness

-Joint stiffness near the affected muscle

-Area of tension in your muscle that may feel like a knot or tight spot and may be particularly sensitive to touch

-Difficulty sleeping due to pain

Term
Risk Factors (mayo clinic)
Definition

-muscle injury. stress on your muscles can cause trigger points to form

-incactivity

-stress and anxiety, clenching muscles, a form of repeated strain, leaves muscles susceptible to trigger points

-# age. MPS is more likely in middle-aged adults

Women are more likely to experience

Term
massage on MPS
Definition

yes yes yes!

all types regularly

release and flush

Term
shin splints
Definition

-variety of lower leg problems

-medial tibial stress syndrome

periostitis

stress fractures

chronic or acute compartment syndrome 

Term
spasms, cramps
Definition

-involuntary contraction of voluntary muscle

-nutritional - mineral difeciencies

-ischemic - ischemia - pain cycle

exercise associated

splinting - supporting an area of injury

Term
Spasm and SCI
Definition

-spinal shock

-natural reflexes

-can happen do to stimulation from anything, including massage

Term
Strains
Definition

-Injury of muscle and/or tendon 

-traumatic or chronic use etiology

impaired contractility

adhesions

Term

massage for strains

 

Definition

-lymphatic drainage to support acute stage

-subacute to chronic - all forms supportive 

*deep tissue to release/rearrange scar tissue

*ROM to restore ROM

Term
Sprains
Definition

-tears to ligaments

*ripped fibers in fibrous CT

More serious than strains and tendonitis

- tend to swell more

 

Term

Sprains for massage

 

Definition

PRICEs is right

massage 

-influences direction of new fibers

reduce adhesions

reduce edema

all but lymphatic drainage must be subacute

ROM with client tolerance

Term
Genetic Musculoskeletal Disorders
Definition

-Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

-Marfan Syndrome

-Muscular Dystophy

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Term
Muscular Dystrophy
Definition

-A group of inherited muscle diseases in which muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage

-Muscles become progressively weaker

-In the late stages fat and connective tissue often replace muscle fibers

-Some types of muscular dystorphy affect heart muscles, other involuntary muscles and other organs

Term
MD and Massage
Definition

-Sensation remains so massage is safe

-Work with health care team, especially if circulatory system is compromised

-All modalities indicated

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