Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Muscle Physiology
Muscle physiology for biomedical sciences course (for Test 2)
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/25/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
voluntarily controlled (by somatic nervous system) and striated muscle tissue made up of multinucleated cells
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
plasma membrane of muscle cells
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of muscle cells
Term
Myofibril
Definition
any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells.
Term
Epimysium
Definition
sheath of connective tissue surrounding muscle
Term
Perimysium
Definition
sheath of connective tissue that surrounds and groups individual muscle bundles
Term
Endomysium
Definition
sheath surrounding individual muscle cells
Term
Myocyte
Definition
type of cell found in muscle tissue
Term
Muscle filament
Definition
linear arrangement of contractile proteins
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle
Term
Transverse tubules
Definition
deep invagination of the sarcolemma only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell.
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
basic unit of muscle composed of long, fibrous proteins that slide past each other when muscles contract and relax
Term
Myosin
Definition
ATP-dependent motor proteins involved in muscle contracted
Term
Actin
Definition
globular protein that forms filaments in a twisted "pearls on a string" model; can be in either singular G (globular) or F (filamentous/helical) form
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
regulatory protein that overlaps binding sites on actin from myosin and inhibits interaction in the relaxed state; blocks myosin binding actin
Term
Troponin
Definition
regulatory protein with three types; C-type interacts with calcium, I-type interacts with actin, and T-type interacts with tropomyosin; binds Ca2+ to pull tropomyosin from myosin interaction sites
Term
Z-line
Definition
noncontractile protein that borders a sarcomere
Term
M-line
Definition
inside the H-zone; formed of cross-connecting elements of the cytoskeleton
Term
A-band
Definition
contains the entire length of a single thick filament
Term
I-band
Definition
surrounds the Z-line; the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments
Term
H-zone
Definition
zone of the thick filaments that is not superimposed by the thin filaments; within the A-band
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
Muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal organs and not under voluntary control
Term
Multiunit smooth muscle
Definition
sheets of smooth muscle containing few tight junctions, but richly innervated; responds as individual motor units, not as a single unit. Affected by varicosities which pass from one cell to the next through gap junctions
Term
Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle
Definition
a type of smooth muscle found in the uterus, gastro-instestinal tract; spontaneously depolarizes (myogenic activity)
Term
Varicosity
Definition
a swelling along an axon that affects the cell closest to it
Term
Myogenic
Definition
originating in muscle tissue (rather than from nerve impulses)
Term
Calmodulin
Definition
a protein that binds calcium and is involved in regulating a variety of activities in cells
Term
Neuromuscular junction
Definition
the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies; can only excite the muscle, not inhibit it; forms a one-to-one relationship
Term
Motor unit
Definition
motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber it innervates
Term
Acetylcholinesterase
Definition
an enzyme that causes rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Its action serves to stop excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histologic foundation of the heart; an intermediate between smooth and skeletal muscle with connective and fibrous tissue
Term
Cardiomyocytes
Definition
specialized muscle cells in the heart that play key roles in maintaining the heart's continuous beat in a rhythmical manner; joined with gap junctions
Term
Intercalated disc
Definition
specialized region in cardiac muscle which allows the action potential to spread to all cardiac muscle cells, causing the whole heart to contract; thickened portion of the sarcolemma that extends across a cardiac muscle fibre, indicating the boundary between cells
Term
Ryanodine receptor
Definition
calcium channels in muscle and nerve cells that open in response to changes in membrane potential
Term
Temporal summation
Definition
summation of successive postsynaptic responses in a postsynaptic cell from two or more action potentials arriving within a brief period in the same synaptic terminal
Term
Parietal pericardium
Definition
the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum
Term
Visceral pericardium
Definition
the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium
Term
Pericardial space
Definition
pericardial cavity: the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement
Term
Pericarditis
Definition
an inflammation of the pericardium
Term
Myocardium
Definition
muscular tissue of the heart
Term
Endocardium
Definition
thin, smooth membrane that lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves
Term
Right atria
Definition
the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus
Term
Left atria
Definition
the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins
Term
Right ventricle
Definition
the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk
Term
Left ventricle
Definition
the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta; main pumping chamber of the heart
Term
Superior vena cava
Definition
receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart; formed from the azygos and both brachiocephalic veins; main vein leading to the heart
Term
Inferior vena cava
Definition
receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart; formed from the union of the two iliac veins
Term
Tricuspid valve
Definition
valve with three cusps; situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts
Term
Right atrioventricular valve
Definition
tricuspid valve: valve with three cusps; situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts
Term
Chordae tendineae
Definition
heart strings; cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart
Term
Papillary musclues
Definition
any of several muscles associated with the atrioventricular valves
Term
Bicuspid valve
Definition
mitral valve: valve with two cusps; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Term
Left atrioventricular valve
Definition
mitral valve: valve with two cusps; bicuspid valve; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Term
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Definition
valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps
Term
Aortic semilunar valve
Definition
one of the valves of the heart. It is normally tricuspid (with three leaflets), although in 1% of the population it is found to be congenitally bicuspid (two leaflets). It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Term
Sino-atrial node
Definition
small body of specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium of the heart that acts as a pacemaker by producing a contractile signal at regular intervals
Term
Atrioventricular node
Definition
a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to atrioventricular bundle
Term
Bundle of His
Definition
atrioventricular bundle: a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract
Term
Purkinje fibers
Definition
specialized heart tissue that conducts the impulse for contraction to the myocardium of the ventricles
Term
Parasympathetic vagal nerves
Definition
nerves, supplying the heart, lungs, upper digestive tract, and other organs of the chest and abdomen; releases ACh which is recepted by the sinoatrial node at a muscarinic receptor; inhibits the sinoatrial node
Term
Sympathetic thoracic spinal nerves
Definition
releases norepinephrin which affects beta receptors and increases heart rate and the strength of contraction
Term
ECG
Definition
electrocardiogram: a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph
Term
Brachycardia
Definition
a slowing down of the heart rate
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
a speeding up of the heart rate
Term
Thoracic duct
Definition
the main vessel of the lymphatic system, passing upward in front of the spine and draining into the left innominate vein near the base of the neck
Term
Right lymphatic duct
Definition
short vessel that receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck, and thorax, the right arm, right lung, right side of the heart, and convex surface of the liver and that discharges it into the right subclavian vein at its junction with the right internal jugular vein
Term
Helper T-Cells
Definition
lymphocytes that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells
Term
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Definition
lymphocyte that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it
Term
B-Cells
Definition
a lymphocyte derived from bone marrow that provides humoral immunity; it recognizes free antigen molecules in solution and matures into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin (antibodies) that inactivate the antigens
Term
Cytokine
Definition
any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells
Term
Humoral immunity
Definition
the branch of the immune system in which antibodies are produced in response to a foreign antigen.
Term
Antibody
Definition
blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood
Term
Antigen
Definition
toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, esp. the production of antibodies
Term
MHC
Definition
major histocompatibility complex
Term
Plasma cells
Definition
A fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody
Term
Memory cells
Definition
long-lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production
Supporting users have an ad free experience!