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Muscle Physiology
Test 3
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/21/2009

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Cards

Term
Why is movement important?
Definition
movement is an essential function of all living organisms.
Term
How have muscle cells been modified to provide movement?
Definition
highly developed contracting filaments
Term
The human body is about_________% muscle.
Definition
40 - 50%
Term
List the four characteristics of muscle tissue.
Definition

Excitability; responds to stimuli

Contractility; shortens

Extensibility; it can be stretched

Elasticity; it returns to its original shape

Term
List the three types of muscle. Know traits of each.
Definition

- Skeletal muscle

Striated or voluntary

to get a contraction, skeletal muscle muscle must be stimuli by a somatic motor neuron

know more about cuz larger in size

-Cardiac muscle

1% body weight

striated, involuntary, and autorhythmis

ANS regulates rate and force

-Smooth muscle

3-5% of body weight

no straitions

involuntary

some are autorhythmic

some depend on the ANS for stimuli

Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Muscle organ

Definition
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Fasicle

Definition
bundle, each is composed of muscle cells or myofibers
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

myofibers

Definition

 

muscle cells, myo= muscle, fiber= thread

Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

myofibrils

Definition
muscle cells composed of myofiberils (little strand) composed of sarcomeres
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Sarcomeres

Definition
composed of thick filament which is a protein called myosin
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

 

thick filament

Definition
a protein called myosin
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

thin filament

Definition
Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Actin

Definition
has active sites
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

 

Troponin

Definition

Composed of three globular proteins

One has high affinity for Ca++

One has high affinity for Tropomyosin

One has high affinity for Actin

Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

 

Tropomyosin

Definition
Covers the Active Sites on actin
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Myosin

Definition
muscle enzyme
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Active Sites

Definition
Place for Cross Bridge to bind
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Cross-bridge

Definition
Bind with the active sites
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

 

Sarcolemma

Definition
muscle cell plasma membrane has electrically gated fast Na+ ch and K+ ch
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Sarcoplamic reticular system

Definition
high in Ca++, there are many Ca++ pumps in the walls of the SRS Ca++ stored in the SRS
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

transverse tubules (T-tubles)

Definition
invagination of the sarcolemma, lie over the z lines, touch the SRS, inside the T-Tubles is extracellular, APs on the sarcolemma will travel down the T-tubles and cause the SRS to release Ca++
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

A Band

Definition
Anisotropic, not turn equally
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

I Band

Definition
Isotropic, to turn equally
Term

Know skeletal muscle microscopic structures. Be able to recognize structures and know major functions of each:

 

Z line

Definition
Term

 

 

sarco-

Definition
Flesh
Term

 

 

-lemma

Definition
Term

 

 

-mere

Definition
segment
Term

 

 

syn-

Definition
Term

 

 

cyt-

Definition
Term

 

 

-ium

Definition
Term

 

 

reticulum

Definition
Term

 

 

Plasmic

Definition
Term

 

 

-ase

Definition
Term

 

 

-sin

Definition
enzyme
Term
Functions of skeletal muscle
Definition
Term
Why does only a small amount of ACh reach the ACh-R?
Definition
Term
Muscle cramps occur when? Why?
Definition

Muscle cramps are likely to occur when one is fatigued- low ATP so..

Cant break CB-AS bond

Cant pump out Ca++

Term
List sources of energy for muscles to contract/relax.  Know amount (in time).  Know how we replace ATP.  What is CP?
Definition

Creatine Phosphate (CP) - 5 sec

CP + ADP = ATP + C

 

Glycogen- muscles contain about 2hrs of stored glycogen. When glycogen levels drop we turn to fat energy- enough to supply ATPS for about 30 days. Epinephrine also activates glycogen phosphorylase, which increase ATP.

1. Glucose

2. Glycogen

3. Fats

4. Protein

 

Term
What is a motor unit?  How many cells/unit?  Why does number of cells per unit vary?
Definition

The muscle cells that are connected to one somatic motor neuron are called a motor unit.

The number of cells in a motor unit varies.

500 cells = coarse control

2 cells = fine motor control

Term
How can one hold tension on muscles, like holding your head up, for a long time with our muscles becoming fatigued?
Definition
we can hold constant tension without fatigue by alternating motor units.
Term

Define or explain:

 

 

Threshold

Definition
minimal stimuli needed to give a measurable response
Term

Define or Explain:

 

Subthreshold

Definition
all stimuli below threshold
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

Maximal

Definition
minimal stimuli to give maximal response
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

Submaximal

Definition
Stimuli between threshold and maximal
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

Supramaximal

Definition
all stimuli which are greater than maximal
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

All-or-none

Definition
when a muscle cell contracts, it contracts to its fullest extent
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

Twitch

Definition
a contraction that is due to a single stimulus
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

Latency

Definition
hidden
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

Refractory

Definition
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

Incomplete tetany

Definition
if several stimuli applied rapidly
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

Complete tetany

Definition
if the stimuli are appiled before relaxation occurs
Term

Define or Explain:

 

 

iso; toinc; metric

Definition
equal, tension, to measure
Term
Dicuss force produced by a muscle as it relates to length of the muscle
Definition

isotonic = equal tension, therefore tension remains the same but length changes

 

isometre = equal measure, equal length- thus length does not change but tension changes.

Term
What is series elastic component? How does it affect loaded and after loaded muscle work?
Definition

term given to the elasticity found in the crossbridges, myofilaments, sacrolemma, and tissues connecting muscle cells to bones.

The elasticity must be removed as the muscle begins to contract before a load can be lifted.

-Loaded muscle

The elastic component is removed before contraction begins. Therefore, the loaded muscles can do more work.

-After loaded muscle

There is no load on the muscle until it begins to contract. Therefore the 1st part of the contraction is used to remove the elastic component. Therefore, there is less distance of sacromere available to lift the load.

Term
What is muscle tone?
Definition
muscle tone is maintained by different motor untis contracting and relaxing
Term
What monitors muscle tone?
Definition
monitored by spindle fibers within the muscle
Term
Define treppe. When does treppe occur? What causes treppe?
Definition

treppe = staircase

have complete relaxtion

due to an increased Ca++ inside the muscle cells

Term
Define: isotonic and isometric.
Definition

isotonic = equal tension, therefore tension remains the same but length changes

 

isometre = equal measure, equal length- thus length does not change but tension changes.

Term
Explain isotonic and isometric muscle contractions. Which is preferred for exercises to increase muscle strength?
Definition

Tension changes as one pulls harder in an effort to move an object that is too big to move.

Isotonic is better for physical activity because it gives full range of muscles used and also increases coordination of muscles

Term
What is series elastic component? What is the source of this elasticity.
Definition

term given to the elasticity found in the crossbridges, myofilaments, sacrolemma, and tissues connecting muscle cells to bones.

some elasticity in muscle tissue and some in connective tissue

Term
Compare loaded and after load muscles as to theri efficiencies.  Why the differences?
Definition

-Loaded muscle

The elastic component is removed before contraction begins. Therefore, the loaded muscles can do more work.

-After loaded muscle

There is no load on the muscle until it begins to contract. Therefore the 1st part of the contraction is used to remove the elastic component. Therefore, there is less distance of sacromere available to lift the load.

Term
What are spindle fibers? Where are they found?  What is their Function? Explain mechanism of the function?
Definition

specialized muslce cells to detect change in length.

They are distributed throughout each skeletal muscle.

They are sensitive to changes in length

when stretched, the spindle fibers send APs to the spinal cord and to the brain to assist in coordinating body movements.

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