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Muscle overview
n/a
37
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/10/2012

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Term
Where do muscles develop from?
Definition
mesoderm:
-myotomes originate from somites, and somitomeres are the first seven myotomes of the head; small
-splanchnic mesoderm
Term
How are muscles organized?
Definition
into 4 groups:
musculature of visceral organs
pharyngeal arch muscles
axial muscles
limb muscles
Term
What does the musculature of the visceral organs include? Where does it develop from?
Definition
smooth cardiac muscle; develops from the splanchnic mesoderm
Term
What does the pharyngeal arch muscles include/what does it develop from?
Definition
skeletal muscles of pharynx, muscles of the head and neck.
Develops from the fourth thru seventh somitomeres
Term
examples of pharyngeal arch muscles?
Definition
pharynx-throat
larynx- voice box
chewing muscles
muscles of facial expression
trapezius
Term
Where are axial muscles?
Definition
lie anterior and posterior to the body axis
Term
what are axial muscles include?
Definition
thorax, abdomen, plevis
Term
Function of axial muscles?
Definition
move the trunk and maintain posture
Term
Explain the development of axial muscles
Definition
myotomes in trunk area split into a dorsal and a ventral mass. (epaxial mass=epimere) and (hypaxial mass= hypomere) Each epimere and hypomere divede into medial and lateral parts
Term
WHAT do the epaxial (epimere) regions of myotomes develop? What are the parts?
Definition
deep muscles of the back
-medial part: muscles that move and stabilize vertebrae
-lateral part: erector spinae muscles- extend spine
Term
what do the hypaxial (hypomere) regions of myotomes develop? What are the parts?
Definition
Muscles of the trunk and neck
-medial part include psoas major (flex spine) and quadratus lumorum (tilt spine to one side)
-Lateral part: includes respiratory muscles (intercostal muscles) Anterior abdominal wall muscles (internal/external obliques and transveres abdominus) muscles of the pelvic floor
Term
What do limb muscles arise from?
Definition
lateral parts of hypomeres of nerby myotomes (mesenchyme cells into limb buds)
Term
Muscle mass develops where (into what) for limb muscles?
Definition
Both dorsal(extensors) and ventral(flexors) to skeleton of limbs?
Term
What are three types of muscle?
Definition
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Term
Skeletal muscle tissue is packaged into- and is % of body weight
Definition
skeletal muscle 40%
Term
Where is cardiac muscle tissue?
Definition
walls of heart only
Term
Where is smooth muscle?
Definition
occupies the walls of hollow organs
Term
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
Definition
movement, maintainance of posture, joint stabilization, heat generation
Term
How is movement a function of skeletal muscle?
Definition
skeletal muscle is attached to skeleton and moves body by moving bones.
smooth muscle squeezes fluids and other substances through hollow organs
Term
How does muscle tissue maintain posture?
Definition
enables the body to remain sitting or standing
Term
How does skeleton muscle generate heat?
Definition
muscle contraction produce heat, healps maintain normal body temperature
Term
What are functional features of muscle tissue?
Definition
contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
Term
How is contractility a functional feature of muscle tissue?
Definition
long cells shorten and generate pulling force
Term
How is excitability a functional feature of muscle tissue?
Definition
electrical nerve impulse stimulates the muscle cell to contract
Term
How is Extensibility a functional feature of muscle tissue?
Definition
can be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle
Term
How is elasticity a functional feature of muscle tissue?
Definition
can recoil after being stretched
Term
Is each skeletal muscle an organ?
Definition
Yes, even though it is mostly muscle tissue, it also contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
Term
How are skeletal muscle cells arranged?
Definition
into fascicles, groups of muscle cells
Term
What binds skeletal muscles and its fibers together? What are they continuous with>
Definition
connective tissue sheaths continuous with tendons
Term
What are 3 connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle?
Definition
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
Term
What is epimysium?
Definition
dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
Term
What is perimysium?
Definition
surrounds each fascicle (group of muscle fibers)
Term
What is endomysium?
Definition
a fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell.
Term
What are features of muscle attachments?
Definition
most skeletal muscles run from one bone to another.
One bone will move--other bone remains fixed.
Origins and insertions
Term
What are origins and insertions?
Definition
origin- less movable attachment
insertion- more movable attachment
Term
How do muscles attatch to origins and insertions? What is an indirect attachment?
Definition
connective tissue.
Indirect- connective tissue forms a tendon or aponeurosis
Term
What do bone markings present? What are bone markings?
Definition
where tendons meet bones: tubercles, trochanters, and crests.
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