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muscle and blood phys and anat (311)
physiology and anat of muscles and blood
281
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/09/2009

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Cards

Term
skeletal muscle structure
Definition
striated and multinucleated
Term
skeletal muscle function
Definition
movement of body, voluntary
Term
cardiac muscle structure
Definition
cylindrical, striated, single nucleus, branched
Term
cardiac muscle function
Definition
pumps blood, involuntary
Term
smooth muscle structure
Definition
tapered, non-striated, single nucleus
Term
smooth muscle function
Definition
regulates size of organ, fluid movement, pupil dilation/contraction, involuntary control
Term
epimysium
Definition

surrounds external surface of muscle

(connective tissue)

Term
perimysium
Definition

surrounds a fascicle

(connective tissue)

Term
endomysium
Definition

surrounds each muscle fiber/cell

(connective tissue)

Term

True or False:

 

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium are continuous and form tendons

Definition
true
Term

True or False:

All muscle types aid in movement.

Definition

True.

skeletal-walking/running

cardiac-movement of blood

smooth- movement of food in digestive system

Term

True or False:

myofibrils are also called muscle cells.

Definition

False:

myofibrils are structures inside of muscle cells.

muscle fibers are also called muscle cells

Term

True or False:

Myofibrils are made up of thick myofilaments and thin myofilaments

Definition
True
Term

Is this a correct association:

Thin myofilaments-myosin

Definition

No.

Thin myofilaments are composed of actin, troponin, and tropormyosin

Term
Thick myofilaments are composed of:
Definition
myosin
Term

True or False:

Myosin has two tails and one head

Definition

False:

Myosin has two heads and one tail

Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Plasma membrane that is found around a muscle cell
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
found inside a muscle cell, detoxifies and synthesizes, reabsorbs calcium after muscle contraction
Term
Terminal Cisternae
Definition
Dialated ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium for release during a muscle contraction
Term
Transverse Tubules
Definition
infoldings of sarcoplasmic reticulum which allows an action potential to reach myofibril
Term
Troponin
Definition
Part of thin myofilament that binds calcium, actin and tropomyosin
Term
tropomyosin
Definition
long strands that are bound to actin and troponin- tropomyosin covers the actin binding sites. It moves to reveal binding sites when Ca binds to troponin.
Term
Cross bridges
Definition
Formed when myosin binds to actin
Term
Sacromere
Definition
Area that extends from one Z disk(Z line) to adjacent Z disk (Z line)
Term
A band
Definition
Composed of both thick and thin myofilaments
Term
I band
Definition

Composed of only thin myofilaments

(Z lines bisect the I bands)

Term
H Zone
Definition
Composed of only thick myofilaments
Term
M line
Definition
middle of H zone
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
the synapse between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle cell
Term

True or False:

A motor neuron only inervates one muscle cell (fiber)

Definition

False:

A motor neuron can innervate one to many muscle fibers/cells

Term

True or False:

neuromuscular junction is an electrical synapse

Definition

False:

a neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse

Term
Neuromuscular junction
Definition
a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and muscle fiber
Term
motor end plate
Definition
highly excitable region of a muscle fiber
Term
contraction coupling
Definition
process by which muscle fiber excitation causes a muscle fiber to contract
Term
Explain role of ACh during muscle excitation:
Definition

ACh is released from the motor neuron.

ACh binds to the ACh receptors on the motor end plate.

ACh receptors open allowing influx of Na

Term
Excitation
Definition
action potentials produced from Na depolarizing the sarcolemma
Term
What causes release of Ca from terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
Action potentials travel down sarcolemma to transverese tubules and open calcium channels in the terminal cisternae
Term
Ca binds to what to cause tropomyosin to change position?
Definition
troponin
Term
Active sites
Definition
sites on actin that allow myosin heads to bind
Term

True or False:

ATP allows myosin heads to bind to actin

Definition

False:

ADP allows myosin heads to bind to actin but is quickly released once myosin binds

Term
ATP and muscle contraction
Definition
ATP allows myosin to detach from actin binding sites
Term
Power stroke
Definition

when thin myofilaments slide medially over thick

Caused when ADP is released from myosin head

Term
High energy state
Definition

prior to myosin attaching to actin:

ATP hydrolizes to ADP and P

Term
Does phosphate have to be released before mysoin heads can bind to actin?
Definition
Yes.  ADP can't bind to actin until phosphate is released
Term
The action potential must stop before:
Definition
muscle contraction ceases
Term
acetylcholinesterase
Definition

breaks down ACh into Aectic acid and choline

allows for choline to be taken back by presynaptic terminal of motor neuron

Term

True or False:

Ca is passively taken back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Definition

False:

It is actively taken back via the Ca pump

Term
What shortens during muscle contraction?
Definition
sacromere, I band and H zone
Term

Does not change during muscle contraction:

 

Definition
A band, thin filament and thick filament
Term
Optimal length of  sacromere to create greatest amount of tension?
Definition
2.0-2.25 µm
Term
If sacromere length is greater than 2.25µm....
Definition

tension is reduced because there is not as much actin/myosin overlap.

There is a larger sliding distance.

Term
If sacromere length is less than 2.0µm.....
Definition

tension is reduced because thin filaments begin to overlap.

The sliding distance is limited.

Term
Twitch of an individual muscle fiber....
Definition

All or nothing response.

single contraction of a single muscle fiber in response to a single stimulus.

Increase in stimulus strength does not increase the magnitude of the twitch

Term
Summation in a single muscle fiber
Definition
successive muscle twitches in response to successive stimuli
Term

True or False:

Lag phase but not the relaxation phase will begin to shorten and disappear with successive stimulation of a single muscle fiber.

Definition

False:

Both lag phase and relaxation phase begin to shorten and disappear

Term

True or False:

Tension generated with successive stimulation of a single muscle cell increases.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

Increase in stimulus strength causes an increase in tension in a single muscle cell.

Definition

False:

Increase in stimulus frequency will cause an increase in tension-but not an increase in stimulus strength

Term
Tetanus of a single muscle cell
Definition

Sustained contraction due to MAXIMAL frequency of stimuli

Lag phase and relaxation phase DISAPPEAR

Tension is at a peak

Term

Contractile response of a whole muscle

1: Twitch

Definition
single contraction of a whole muscle in response to a single stimulus
Term
Tension is generated by what in a whole muscle twitch?
Definition
motor units
Term
motor units
Definition

single motor neuron and the muscle fiber(s) it innervates

(potential for more than one muscle fiber)

Term

True or False:

Fewer muscle fibers in an unit are responsible for slow acting, larger muscles.

Definition

False:

fewer muscle fibers in an unit allows for finer movements (ie muscles in the fingers)

Term

True or False:

Greater muscle fibers in an unit are found in slow reacting muscles.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

Summation of a single muscle fiber is known as spatial summation.

Definition

False:

It's temporal summation

Term
Spatial summation:
Definition
In whole muscle contraction, a larger stimulus recruits greater numbers of motor units which increases tension with each twitch.
Term
Isotonic Contraction:
Definition
contraction in which muscle length changes
Term
Concentric Contraction:
Definition
Isotonic contraction in which muscle tension exceeds resistance and causes muscle to shorten
Term
Eccentric Contraction:
Definition
Isotonic contraction in which resistance exceeds tension and causes muscle to lengthen
Term

Isometric Contraction:

 

Definition

No movement of muscle.

muscle tension does not exceed resistance

tension is present

cross bridges are formed but there is no shortening or lengthening of sacromere

Term
Muscle Tone:
Definition
state of partial muscle contraction caused by nerves continually stimulating motor units
Term
Importance of muscle tone:
Definition

maintains posture/ keeps head errect

keeps muscles ready for work

Term

True or False:

 there is increased muscle tone with upper motor neuron damage

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

There is increased muscle tone with lower motor neuron damage.

Definition

False:

There is decreased muscle tone with lower motor neuron damage

Term
Muscle Cramps:
Definition
Involuntary forcible contraction of muscle with failure to relax
Term

Possible causes of muscle cramps:

(3)

Definition

1)Fatigue (low ATP)

2)Low extracellular Ca (causes greater excitation of sarcolemma)

3) Dehydration

 

Term

True or False:

Low potassium generally causes muscle cramps.

Definition

False:

Low potassium can lead to muscle weakness-not normally cramps

Term
Rigor Mortis
Definition

Muscle rigidity that occurs several hours after death.

Cause by depletion of ATP

Term

True or False:

Rigor Mortis can occur while you're alive.

Definition

False:

only happens after death-due to lack of ATP

Term

True or False:

ATP is used as an immediate source of energy for muscle contraction

Definition
True
Term

Sources of Energy for muscle contraction:

 

Definition

Creatine Phosphate

Glycogen

Fat

Protein

Term

True or False:

ATP is the only form of energy that can be used in muscle contractions.

Definition

True:

Creatine phosphate, glycogen, fat, and protein can be used as sources for ATP, but can't be used directly to cause muscle contractions.

Term

Processes that yield ATP:

(3)

Definition

Phosphagen System(direct phosphorlation of ADP into ATP)

Anaerobic (only glycolysis)

Aerobic(fatty acids, amino acids, and glycerol)

Term

True or False:

Anaerobic requires oxygen to produce ATP

Definition

False

Aerobic require oxygen to produce ATP

Aerobic produces higher yield of ATP but takes longer

Term

True or False:

The phosphagen system is what is used to produce ATP while running a marathon.

Definition

False:
The phosphagen system only provides about 10-15 seconds of ATP.

Aerobic production would be used to produce ATP during a marathon.

Term
Psychological Fatigue:
Definition

Signals the brain to feel tired.

might be linked to interlueukin 6

possible defense mechanism to conserve energy

Term
Causes of Muscular Fatigue:
Definition

Depletion of ATP

Accumulation of potassium outside the muscle fiber

Accumulation of intercellular phosphate(muscle fiber

Accumulaton of lactic acid

Term
Synaptic Fatigue
Definition

Dysfunction at the neuromuscular junction

can move muscle at least once but can't repeat the movements numerous times

Term

Autoimmune causes of synaptic fatigue:

(2)

 

Definition

myasthenia gravis: autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors-muscles can't be excited-muscle tone decreases

 

Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome: Autoimmune destruction of pre-synaptic calcium channels

Term

Muscle Fiber Types:

(3)

Definition

Red, slow twitch fibers

White, fast twitch fibers

Intermediate fibers

Term
Red slow twitch fibers:
Definition

high respiratory capacity (slow oxidative)

High concentration of myoglobin

Red

More ATP produced aerobically

Suited for endurance

Marathon runners

Term
White Fast twitch fibers:
Definition

High concentration of glycogen

Very low concentration of myoglobin

more ATP produced anaerobically

fast calcium pumps

contracts rapidly

suited for power movements

(100m dash)

Term

Intermediate Fibers:

 

Definition

Fast twitch and fatigue resistant (fast oxidative-glycolytic)

Not quite as resistant to fatigue as Red, slow twitch

Do not contract as rapidly as fast/white twitch

Term

Matching:

1.)Red, slow twitch                            A.) Type IIa

2)White, fast twitch                          B.) Type IIb

3.)Intermediate                              C.) Type I

                                                            D.) Type IIx

                                                           E.) Type III

Definition

Red, slow twitch fibers- (c) Type I

White, fast twitch fibers- (b+d) Type IIb and IIx

Intermediate fibers- (a+e) IIa and III

Term
hypertrophy
Definition
enlargement of cells
Term

True or False:

Muscle cells grow by hyperplasia (cell division)

Definition

False:

Muscle cells grow via hyerptrophy

Myofibrils increase in number

Term
Myostatin:
Definition

Protein that prevents hyperplasia

Prevents cell division

Term

Smooth muscle

(location)

Definition
lines walls of organs (blood vessels, digestive tract, uterus, ureters)
Term

smooth muscle

(voluntary or involuntary)

Definition
involuntary
Term

smooth muscle types:

(2)

Definition

Single unit-unitary-visceral

Multiunit

Term
single unit, unitary, visceral smooth muscle:
Definition

most common type

digestive tract, ureters, uterus

stimulation of one cell excites adjacent cells

Term
multiunit
Definition

less organized

function independently

arrector pili, iris, some blood vessels

 

Term

True or False:

smooth muscle contains myofibrils

Definition

True:

myofibrils are more randomly organized and not striated

 

Term
myofibrils of smooth muscle:
Definition

actin anchored to dense bodies in sarcoplasm

actin anchored to dense areas attached to sarcolemma

contain calcium binding protein calmodulin

 

Term
calmodulin
Definition
calcium binding protein found in smooth muscle cells
Term

True or False:

T tubules are found in smooth muscle cells

Definition

False:

T tubules are not needed because cells are smaller than skeletal muscle cells

Term
latch state
Definition
found in smooth muscle, state of sustained contraction, important in maintaining muscle tone or blood vessels and sphincters
Term

Cardiac muscle:

(Voluntary or involuntary)

(Striated or nonstriated)

(Developed sarcoplasmic reticulum or undeveloped)

Definition

striated

well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum

involuntary

Term

True or False:

Cardiac t tubules are more developed than skeletal muscle t tubules

Definition

True

Form diads with a single terminal cisternae

Term
Calcium induced calcium release:
Definition

found in cardiac muscle cells

calcium released from terminal cisterna into the sarcoplasm causes release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Term

Intercalated discs

 

Definition

found in cardiac muscle

cross bands that connect opposing ends of cardiac muscle fibers

form syncitium

Term
syncitium
Definition

sheet of cardiac muscle cells

allows all cardiac muscle cells to contract at the same time

Term

True or False:

Blood is a connective tissue

Definition
true
Term
Two components of blood:
Definition
plasma and formed elements
Term
blood plasma
Definition

liquid portion of blood

mostly (91% ) water

rest proteins

Term
plasma proteins:
Definition

approx 9% of blood plasma

includes albumin, globulins,

and fibrinogen

Term
albumin
Definition

most abundant plasma protein

 helps regulate water movement between tissues and blood

Term
globulins
Definition
plasma protein that helps form immune system and transport molecules
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
involved in blood clot formation
Term
eryt
Definition
Term
formed elements of blood plasma
Definition
erythrocytes, leukoctyes, platelets
Term
erythrocytes
Definition

RBC's

majority of formed elements

no nucleus, bioconcave

contain oxygen carrying protein-hemoglobin

Term
hematocrit (HcT)
Definition
precentage of RBC's in blood
Term
normal HcT level for men
Definition
40-50%
Term
normal HcT level for women:
Definition
35-45%
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
oxygen carrying protein of RBC's
Term
leukocytes
Definition

WBC's

less than 1% of total blood volume

have a nucleus

do not carry hemoglobin

do not carry oxygen

Term

True or False:

WBC's carry oxygen

Definition

False:

RBC's carry oxygen via hemoglobin

Term
Two categories of leukocytes:
Definition

agranulocytes

granulocytes

Term

True or False:

agranulocytes do not have granules

Definition

false:

agranulocytes do have granules, but they are two small to be seen with a light microscope

Term

True or False:

Granulocytes have granules

Definition
true
Term

Granulocytes:

3 types-

Definition

neutrophils

basophils

eosinophils

Term

neutrophils

 

Definition
granulocyte that phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances
Term
eosinophils
Definition
granulocyte that phagocytizes certain parasitic worms and responds to reduce inflammation
Term
basophils
Definition
granulocyte that releases histamine-which promotes inflammation and increases heparin-which prevents clot formation
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
agranulocyte that has multiple immune system responses (attacks tumors, produces antibodies, contributes to allergic reactions, etc)
Term
monocytes
Definition
agranulocyte that phagocytizes substances in the blood but will leave the blood and enter tissues (named macrophage in tissue-phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells,etc in tissue)
Term

platelets

(thromobcytes)

Definition
pieces of cells that seal small tears in blood vessels and release chemicals that promote blood clots
Term

functions of blood:

(7)

Definition

transport of gases

transport of nutrients

transport of waste products

regulation of pH, electrolytes, and water balance

regulation of body temp

protection against pathogens

clot formation

Term

formed elements of blood

(3)

 

Definition
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Term

True or False:

formed elements are created in the bone marrow as an adult

Definition
true
Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
production of formed elements from hemocytoblast
Term

True or False:

erythrocytes have a nucleus

Definition

False:

RBC's do not have a nucleus

Term
proerythroblasts
Definition

develope into RBC

does have nucleus at this stage

Term
Myeloblasts
Definition

daughter cell of hemocytoblast that developes into granular WBC's

(basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)

Term
Lymphoblasts
Definition
daughter cell of hemocytoblast that develops into lymphocytes
Term
monoblasts
Definition

daughter cell of hemocytoblast that develops into agranular WBC

monocytes

Term
megakaryoblasts
Definition

daughter cell of hemocytoblast that develop into megakaryocytes

these fragment to form platelets

Term

EPO

 

Definition
stimulate red blood cell development
Term
TPO
Definition

stimulates megakaryocyte development

(platelet formation)

Term
Clinical uses of EPO (3):
Definition

treatment for kidney failure

chemo patients

blood doping for endurance sports

Term
Clinical uses for TPO:
Definition
Chemo patients
Term
Structure of hemoglobin:
Definition

4 individual globin protein units:

Adults- 2α and 2β globins

Fetal- 2α and 2γ(gamma) globins

each globin contains a heme which contains iron and binds an oxygen molecule

Term
Oxyhemoglobin
Definition

4 oxygens bound to Hb=100% saturation(full)

3 oxygens bound to Hb= 75% saturation

2 oxygens bound to Hb = 50% saturation

1 oxygen bound to Hb - 25% saturation

 

Term
Deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
no oxygen bound to Hb
Term
Pulse oximeter
Definition

device that measures the percent of Hb that is fully saturated

arterial blood is normally 95-99% saturated

Term

True or False:

RBC's contain mitochondria

Definition
False
Term

True or False:

a RBC does not have a nucleus to allow for greater number of Hb in the cell

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

A RBC can divide and can produce new proteins

Definition
false
Term
RBC's produce ATP via
Definition
glycolysis
Term
Number of RBC's produced per second:
Definition
2.5 million per second
Term
RBC's mature in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days?
Definition
4 days
Term
RBC production is stimulated by:
Definition

low blood oxygen levels.

Causes of low blood oxygen levels:

decreased /defective RBC's

decreased/defective Hb

lung disease

smoking

strenous exercise

high altitude

cardiovascular disease

Term
Causes of low blood oxygen levels:
Definition

decreased /defective RBC's

decreased/defective Hb

lung disease

smoking

strenous exercise

high altitude

cardiovascular disease

Term
Low blood oxygen levels stimulate:
Definition
release of EPO from the kidneys
Term
Does release of EPO stimulate the red bone marrow directly?
Definition
No
Term
How many RBC's are destroyed per second?
Definition

2.5 million

(same number as produced)

Term
What's the lifespan of an RBC?
Definition
12o days
Term
How are old RBC's removed from the blood?
Definition

removed via spleen and liver

they're phagocytized via macrophages

Term

True or False:

macrophages were once called monocytes when they were found in the blood.

Definition
true
Term

True or False:

Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin when the RBC is phagocytized.

Definition
true
Term

True or False:

Globin is broken down into amino acids when

a RBC is phagocytized.

Definition
True
Term
What is Heme broken into when an RBC is phagocytized?
Definition
iron  biliverdin, and CO
Term
Iron attaches to transferrin and most is transported to the liver when Heme is broken down?
Definition
Yes
Term
apoferritin
Definition
a protein that attaches to iron when it is stored in the liver
Term
ferritin
Definition

apoferritin and iron complex

 

Term

True or False:

Ferritin is only found in the liver.

Definition

False:

it is also found in the spleen and bone marrow

Term
What is Ferritin used for in the redbone marrow?
Definition
to make hemoglobin
Term
Heme is broken down into biliverdin?
Definition
Yes, and iron and CO
Term
Biliverdin:
Definition
part of Hb that is converted into bilirubin after hemoglobin breaks down
Term
bilirubin
Definition

fat soluable product of biliverdin.

must attach to albumin to be transported to the liver

Term
Free bilirubin
Definition
when bilirubin binds to albumin
Term
conjugated bilirubin
Definition

free bilirubin that joins to glucuronic acid in the liver and becomes water soluable and can be excreted via the kidneys and intestines.

Used to make bile

 

Term

True or False:

Bile is released into the kidneys.

Definition

False:

conjugated bilirubin forms bile and is released into the small instestine, but some conjugated bilirubin is released back into the blood and is excreted through the kidneys

Term
Jaundice
Definition
Yellowing of the skin, conjunctiva, mucous membranes, due to an inrease of free or conjugated bilirubin in the blood
Term

prehepatic jaundice

Causes and type

Definition

(bilirubin before reaches liver)

Caused by increased RBC destruction

liver can't conjugate all free bilirubin

(high levels of free bilirubin)

normal amount of conjugated bilirubin

normal stool and urine color

found in newborns due to high (70%)hematocrits

Term
Hepatic jaundice
Definition

(jaundice caused by liver)

Liver's unable to conjugate free bilirubin in blood

High free bilirubin in the blood/low conjugated

Pale feces/normal urine

found with liver disorders-cirrhosis and hepatitis

Term
posthepatic jaundice/obstructive jaundice
Definition

blockage of bile drainage(gall stones)

conjugated bilirubin can't enter small instestine

increased conjugated bilirubin in blood

pale feces/dark urine

Term
kernicterus
Definition

bilirubin toxicity in the brain of infants

bilirubin moves from blood to brain

Term
Warning signs of kernicterus
Definition

jaundice below the waist

high pitched cry

lethargy

loss of muscle tone

-can lead to brain damage or death

Term

Hemoglobin concentration

(not the same as hematocrit)

1) males

2.) females

Definition

1.) 13.5-18mg/dl blood

2.) 11.5-16mg/dl blood

Term
Anemia
Definition
deficiency of hemoglobin
Term
Symptoms of anemia
Definition

fatigue

shortness of breath(dypsnia)

malaise

pale skin(pallor)

Term
Causes of anemia
Definition

genetic disorders

blood loss

lack of EPO (kidney disease)

malnutrition

cancer

autoimmune

Term
Nutritional causes of anemia
Definition

iron deficiency

inability to absorb b12

folate deficiency

Term
Iron deficiency anemia
Definition

nutritional cause

low iron

most common cause of anemia

Treated with iron supplements

Term
Pernicious anemia
Definition

-lack of intrinsic factor in stomach

can't absorb B12 from foods

- nutritional deficiency

Increase B12 via shots or nutrition

Term
Folate anemia
Definition

nutritional anemia

folate needed to mature RBC's

increase folate

Term
Aplastic anemia
Definition

Caused by damage to Red bone marrow

possibly autoimmune or therapeutic drugs

Diagnosed by bone marrow biopsy

treatment: bone marrow transplant or immunosuppressive drugs

 

Term
Thalassemia
Definition

Genetic disorder

Anemia: due to defective Hb

Type α or β

Alpha-affects alpha globin chain/Beta affects beta globin chain

Treatment: blood transfusions which can cause iron overloading which is treated by chelation therapy

Term
Sickle cell anemia
Definition

Defective beta chain on Hb

RBC's sickle due to polymerization of defective Hb

RBC's clump and block blood flow-cause vaso-occlusive crisis

Sickle cell crisis

Term
Vaso-occlusive crisis
Definition

RBC's block blood flow

cause ischemia

and pain

Term
Sickle cell crisis caused by
Definition

hypoxia

acidosis

dehydration

infection

Term
Treatment of sickle cell anemia
Definition

analgesics for pain

blood transfusion

bone marrow transplant

hydroxurea: breaks down cells prone to sickling (a chemotherapeutic agent-long term use can cause leukemia)

Term
Hemolytic anemias
Definition

Increased RBC destruction

Lifespan of RBC just a few weeks

Can cause jaundice

Term
Types of Hemolytic anemias
Definition

Pernicious

folate deficiency

thalassemia

sickle cell anemia

Ertythroblastosis fetalis

Term
Polycythemia
Definition

Increased percentage of RBC's

Caused by increased EPO

Increases viscosity of blood (thickness)

Increases blood pressure

 

Term
Causes of polycythemia
Definition

high altitude exposure

lung disease

smoking

shots of EPO

Blood doping (endurance athletes)

Term
Normal range of WBC's
Definition
5,000 to 9, 000 WBC's / µl of blood
Term
leukocytosis
Definition

Elevated WBC count

can be caused by infection (>10,000)

Term
leukopenia
Definition

Abnormally low WBC count

(<5,000)

Can be caused by AIDS

Term
Leukemia
Definition

overproduction of any one type of WBC

Crowds out RBC's and platelets

WBC's are defective non functioning

Frequent infections

More common in adults, but #1 type of children's cancer

Term
Thromobcytes/platelets
Definition

Not cells, but cell fragments

 normal range  150,000-400,000/µl of blood

Term
Thrombocytopenia
Definition

Decreased platelet counts

<50,000- can lead to uncontrolled bleeding

 

 

Term

Causes of

Thrombocytopenia:

Definition

Leukemia

autoimmune (lupus)

aplastic anemias(bone marrow doesn't function properly)

congenital

idiopathic

 

Term

symptoms of

Thrombocyopenia

Definition

usually asymptomatic unless platelet counts are extremely low

purpura-red or purple discolorations of skin

Petechiae-small spots

Ecchymoses- larger spots

bleeding of mouth, gums, digestive tract and brain

Term

treatment of

Thrombocyopenia

Definition

platelet transfusions

TPO injections

Term
Thrombocytosis
Definition

Increased platelet counts

asymptomatic

Term

Causes of

Thrombocytosis

Definition

primary: idiopathic

-can cause bleeding if platelets are abnormal or clotting if platelets are normal

Secondary Thromobocytosis:

- can cause inflammation and bleeding

Term
Treatment of Thrombocytosis
Definition

none needed for secondary

daily low aspirin

Term
Hemostasis
Definition
stoppage bleeding
Term

Body's mechanisms of hemostasis

(3)

Definition

Vascular spasms/Vasospasm

Platelet plug

Blood coagulation

Term

Vasospasm

 

Definition

vasoconstriction due to cut blood vessel

decreases blood flow to vessel

restricts bleeding

more effective in veins than arteries

Term
Platelet plug
Definition

works in conjunction with vasospasm

endothelial cells of blood vessels secrete vWF

Platelets bind and become activated

Platelets aggregate and form platelet plug

occurs on a daily basis

Term

Von Willebrand factor

(vWF)

 

Definition

protein that aids in the adhesion of platelets to the blood vessel.

Platelets adhere to collagen fibers of damaged blood vessel via vWF

Term
Platelet release reaction
Definition

after platelets bind to damaged vessel, platelets activate and release ADP, thromboxane,serotonin, and calcium

Causes them to become sticky

Positive feedback cycle

allows platelet plug to form

Term
Blood coagulation-extrinsic clotting mechanism
Definition

so named because it begins with substances that are outside of the plasma.

Rapid response- less than 30 sec

release tissue thromboplastin (factor III)

Term
Blood coagulation-intrinsic clotting mechanism
Definition

So named because begins with substances that are part of the plasma

relatively slow-takes minutes

more complex than extrinsic

initiated by activation of Hageman factor (XIIa)

Cause by blood being exposed to foreign surface

Term

Pathway that involves both extrinsic and intrinsic clotting mechanisms:

(combine)

 

Definition

Prothombinase converts prothrombin (factorII) into thrombin(factor IIa)

Thrombin catalyzes a reaction that fragments fibrinogen

Long threads of fibrin forms webbing of clot

Term

True or False:

Calcium and vitamin K are both needed for the synthesis of prothrombin

Definition
True
Term

Thrombin

 

Definition

Part of common pathway

catalyzes a reaction that fragments fibrinogen(factor I)

Long threads of Fibrin are formed that forms the webbing of the clot

Term
Fibrin
Definition

forms the webbing of a blood clot

Part of common pathway

Term
Clot Retraction
Definition

actin and myosin platelets pull edges of broken blood vessel together

platelets release platelet derived growth factor

Term
platelet derived growth factor
Definition
stimulates smooth muscle and fibroblasts to repair blood vessel
Term

Clot dissolution

Fibrinolysis

Definition

Occurs a few days after clot formation

plasminogen activators (enzymes) released by damaged tissue converts plasminogen into plasmin

Term
Plasminogen
Definition
synthesized into plasmin
Term
plasmin
Definition
digests fibrin clot
Term
Cause of excessive bleeding
Definition

Hemophilia's ABC

Von Willebrand disease

Vitamin K deficiency

Liver Disease

Term
Types of Hemophilia
Definition

Hemophilia A

Hemophilia B

Hemophilia C

Term
Hemophilia A
Definition

due to deficiency of factor VIII

Bleeding into joints, muscles, GI tract and brain

Most common in males

Most common form of Hemophilia

Term
treatment of Hemophilia A
Definition

Plasma transfusion

Factor VIII injection

Term
Hemophilia B
Definition

Due to deficiency of factor IX

bleeding into joints and muscles

most exclusive in males

very mild forms in females

Term
Treatment of Hemophilia B
Definition

Plasma transfusion

Factor IX injection

Term
Hemophilia C
Definition

Due to deficiency of factor XI

nosebleeds heavy menses

occurs in both males and females

no treatment is needed

Term
Von Willebrand disease
Definition

Due to deficiency  of vWF and factor VIII

most common hereditary bleeding disorder in world

nosebleeds, heavy menses, bruising

can be caused by autoimmune disorder

Term

Treatment of

Von Willebrand disease

Definition

Plasma transfusion

Factor VIII and vWF injections

 

Term
Vitamin K deficiency
Definition

Can lead to excessive bleeding

Vitamin K is needed to synthesize factors II, VII, IX, and X

Excessive antibiotic use b/c ecoli makes Vit K

Malabsorption (Crohn's)

Newborns (lack intestinal flora)

Term

Treatment of

Vitamin K deficiency

Definition
replace lost vitamin K with diet or injections
Term
Liver disease
Definition
causes bleeding disorder because liver makes most clotting factors
Term
Causes of Abnormal Clot formation
Definition

Stasis

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Term

Risk factors for

 Abnormal Clot formation

Definition

Pregnancy

being overweight

smoking

supplemental estrogen therapy (birthcontrol)

Term
Stasis
Definition

slowed or halted blood flow due to:

inactivity

congestive heart failure

aneurysms

 

Term
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Definition

Massive clotting of blood in body leads to massive bleeding

 

Term

Causes of

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Definition

1)Obstetrical complications (most common cause):

-toxemia

-chemicals for uterus

2)Sepsis

3)Tissue Trauma

Term

Treatment of

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Definition

transfuse platelets

transfuse plasma

anitcoagulants (if caught early)

Term
Natural Anticoagulants:
Definition

Antithrombin (protein that inactivates number of clotting factors)

Heparin-activates antithrombin-produced by basophils and endothelial cells

Prostacyclin-inhibits  platelets from releasing coagulation factors-prevents aggregation of platelets

Term
Antithrombin
Definition
body's natural protein that inactivates number of clotting factors
Term
Heparin
Definition
 body's natural anticoagulant that activates antithrombin-produced by basophils and endothelial cells
Term
Prostacyclin-
Definition
body's natural anticoagulant that inhibits  platelets from releasing coagulation factors-prevents aggregation of platelets
Term
Blood thinners:
Definition

Heparin

Coumadin/Warfarin

Plavix

Aspirin

 

Term
Coumadin/Warfarin
Definition

Blood thinner

competes with vit K

prevents synthesis of vit K dependent clotting factors

Term
Plavix
Definition

stops platelets from sticking together

blocks ADP receptors

Platelets can't be activated and can not aggregate

Term
Aspirin
Definition

(81mg/day)

inhibits cyclooxygenase

inhibits thromboxane A2 secreted by platelets

prevents platelet aggregation

Lasts for days

Term

Clot busting drugs

 

Definition

Streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

activates plasminogen to produce plasmin

Plasmin digests fibrin

Hirudin-leeches

Term
Streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Definition

Clot busting drugs:

activates plasminogen to produce plasmin

Plasmin digests fibrin

Term
Hirudin
Definition

clot busting drug

protein from saliva of leeches

Hirudotherapy-use of leeches for medicinal purposes-help with healing

Term

Type A blood

(RBC/Plasma)

Definition

RBC contains antigen A

Plasma contains antibodies to antigen B

AA or AO

Term
Type B Blood
Definition

RBC contains B antigen

Plasma contains A antibody

Genotype:

BB or Bo

Term
Type AB blood
Definition

RBC contains A and B antigen

Plasma contains-NO antibodies

Genotype: AB

Term
Type O blood
Definition

RBC contains no antigens

Plasma contains antibodies to A and B

Genotype: oo

Term
Rh system
Definition

five Rh antigens, but D is most important

Rh Postive has D antigen(DD) or (Dd)

Rh negative no D antigen (dd)

Term
Rh negative
Definition

Genotype: dd

Plasma has no D antibodies present

RBC does not have D antigen present

15% of population

Term
Rh positive
Definition

Genotype: DD or Dd

85% of population

Plasma  has no antibodies to antigen D

RBC does have D antigen present

Term

Blood Type Distribution:

Most Common to Least

Definition
O+, A+, B+, O-, A-, AB+, B-, AB-
Term
Universal plasma recipient
Definition

Type O Blood

No antigens

Term
Universal Plasma Donor
Definition

Type AB plasma

No antibodies

Term
Universal Cell donor
Definition

Type O-

No antigens present of surface of RBC

Term
Universal Cell Recipient
Definition

Type AB+

has no antibodies in plasma because

Has A, B, and D antigens on surface

Term
How does Botox impact muscles?
Definition
inhibits the release of ACh, thus paralyzing the muscle
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