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MTD 215 A&P of the Body Systems A
Everest College Massage Practitioner Curriculum
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/16/2010

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Term
Endocrine system
Definition
The endocrine system works in partner with other body systems to maintain homeostasis in the body.
Term
Functions of the endocrine system
Definition
- defend against stress
- electrolyte, water, & nutrient balance
- cellular metabolism
- energy balance
Term
Major endocrine glands
Definition
- hypothalamus
- pineal
- pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenals
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
- thymus
Term
Endocrine gland and examples of
Definition
Ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. Examples:
Thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries
Term
Exocrine gland and examples of
Definition
Gland that secretes hormones through ducts into specific areas. Examples:
Salivary & sweat glands
Term
Endorphins
Definition
Peptide hormones that mainly work like morphine to suppress pain. Influence mood producing mild euphoria ("runners high").
Term
Half-life
Definition
The amount of time required for half of a hormone to be eliminated from the bloodstream.
Term
Hypersecretion
Definition
Over release of hormone
Term
Hyposecretion
Definition
Insufficient release of hormone
Term
Negative feedback system
Definition
A control mechanism that provides a stimulus to decrease a function (like a fire alarm)
Term
Tropic hormones
Definition
Hormones produced by the endocrine glands that effect other endocrine glands.
Term
Hypothyroidism
Definition
Pathology of the thyroid in which insufficient amounts of hormone are released causing low energy, weight gain, etc.
Term
Hyperthyroidism
Definition
Pathology of the thyroid in which too much hormone is released causing weight loss, high energy, etc.
Term
Define endocrine tissues and give examples
Definition
Endocrine tissues are parts of organs that produce hormones. Examples include:
-Islets of Langerhans (insulin and glucagon)
-Leydig cells and follicle cells (testosterone, estrogen, & progesterone)
-adipose stromal tissue (estrogen)
-kidney (EPO)
-heart atria and ventricles (AMP & BMP)
-liver cell (IGF-1, TPO)
Term
5 details about hormones
Definition
- derived from amino acids or steroids
- exert their effect on target organs
- work at low blood concentration
- concentration is determined by the release and speed of inactivation and removal from the body
- influence ranges from seconds to 30 minutes
Term
What is a hormone receptor?
Definition
A hormone receptor is a receptor protein on the surface of a cell or in its interior that binds to a specific hormone. The hormone causes many changes to take place in the cell.
Term
What does the binding of hormones to hormone receptors often trigger?
Definition
This often triggers the start of a biophysical signal that can lead to further signal transduction pathways, or trigger the activation or inhibition of genes.
Term
What is true of the mechanism of hormone/receptor interaction?
Definition
It is a "lock and key" mechanism.
Term
What 3 factors determine hormone/receptor complex concentrations?
Definition
1. the number of hormone molecules available for complex formation
2. the number of receptor molecules available for complex formation
3. the binding affinity between hormone and receptor
Term
What is a common cause of endocrine disease?
Definition
Endocrine disease is frequently caused when glands secrete too little or too much hormone.
Term
Define hyper-secretion, give 3 causes, and name 1 related pathology
Definition
Hyper-secretion is the secretion of too much hormone. 3 causes of hyper-secretion are tumors, auto-immunity disorders, and failure of the feedback mechanism. An example is hyperthyroidism.
Term
Define hypo-secretion, give 4 causes, and name 1 related pathology.
Definition
Hypo-secretion is when there is too little secretion of a hormone. 4 causes are tumors, gland failures, failure of feedback mechanism/loop, and auto-immune disorders.
Term
Name 3 other disorders of the endocrine system
Definition
1. tumors can produce hormone-like substances that cause endocrine syndromes.
2. An abnormal decrease in the number of hormone receptors on target cells can block hormonal action.
3. Target cells may have abnormal metabolic responses to the hormone/receptor complex
Term
Where is the pituitary gland located, and approximately how big is it?
Definition
The pituitary gland is located at about eye level, suspended below the hypothalamus. It is about the size of a peanut.
Term
What two segments or lobes is the pituitary gland divided into?
Definition
The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior and posterior lobe.
Term
What are the 2 functions of the pituitary gland's anterior lobe?
Definition
The anterior lobe (1) produces all of the hormones of the pituitary gland and (2) makes many trophic hormones and is influenced by the hypothalamus
Term
What are 3 characteristics of the pituitary gland's posterior lobe?
Definition
The posterior lobe (1) is not a true endocrine gland; (2) does not make any hormones; (3) stores and releases two hormones made by the hypothalamus.
Term
What controls the anterior pituitary, and how does it do this?
Definition
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by secreting "releasing" and "inhibiting" hormones.
Term
In what order do negative feedback loops affect the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?
Definition
Negative feedback loops affect the hypothalamus and then the pituitary.
Term
Name 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
Definition
1. Growth Hormone (aka Somatostatin)
2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
3. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
4. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
7. Prolactin
Term
Growth Hormone/Somatostatin: name its target tissues (3), functions (3), and clinical relevance (2).
Definition
Target tissues are bones, muscles, and connective tissue. Functions: (1) stimulates cells to grow and/or divide; (2) release follows the circadian cycle; (3) releases stored fat and raises blood glucose levels. Clinical relevance: (1) amount released declines with age; (2) sleep and emotional disturbances can affect release
Term
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: name its type, target tissue (1) and functions (2).
Definition
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is a tropic hormone which targets the thyroid gland. Its functions are (1) to stimulate growth & development of the thyroid gland and (2) to cause the thyroid gland to release hormones
Term
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone): name its type, target tissue (1), and functions (2).
Definition
ACTH is a tropic hormone which targets the cortex portion of the adrenal glands. Its functions are (1) to stimulate growth & development of adrenal glands and (2) to cause the adrenal cortex to release its hormones.
Term
What are tropic hormones?
Definition
Tropic hormones are those produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary which target endocrine glands.
Term
Give 4 examples of tropic hormones.
Definition
Four tropic hormones are: (1) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), (2) ACTH, (3) Luteinizing hormone (LH), and (4) follicle-stimulating hormone (LSH).
Term
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone: give its target tissues (2) and function (1).
Definition
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone targets melanocytes (pigment cells in the skin and adrenal glands. Their function is possibly to increase pigmentation.
Term
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): give its type, target tissue (1), and male/female functions (3 total)
Definition
FSH is a tropic hormone that targets the Gonads. In men it (1) stimulates the production of sperm; in women it (2) stimulates ovulation and (3) stimulates secretion of estrogen.
Term
Luteinizing Hormone (LH): give its type, target tissue (1), and male/female function (3 total).
Definition
LH is a tropic hormone that targets the Gonads. In men it (1) stimulates testosterone production; in women it (2) stimulates ovulation and (3) stimulates secretion of prolactin.
Term
Prolactin hormone: what tissues does it target (2) and what are its functions (2)?
Definition
Prolactin targets the (1) mammary glands and (2) breast tissue. It (1) enables breast tissue development and (2) milk production.
Term
Oxytocin hormone: what tissues does it target (3) and what are its functions (4)?
Definition
Oxytocin (posterior pituitary gland) targets the (1) uterus, (2) breasts, and (3) brain. It does the following: (1) labor contractions (2) milk let-down (3) emotional feelings of bonding and parental behavior (3) makes massage and hugs feel good
Term
What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?
Definition
The two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland and (1) Oxytocin and (2) Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone (aka Vasopressin): name its target tissue (1) and function (1).
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone (aka Vasopressin, posterior pituitary gland) targets the kidneys and aids in the reabsorption of water which leads to decreased unine production
Term
Name 6 pathologies of the pituitary gland.
Definition
Pathologies of the pituitary gland include: (1) gigantism (2) acromegaly (3) dwarfism (4) Diabetes Insipidus (5) pituitary hypersecretion (6) pituitary hyposecretion
Term
Gigantism
Definition
Gigantism, a pathology of the pituitary gland, occurs when there is too much growth hormone present as a child.
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
Acromegaly, a pathology of the pituitary gland, occurs when too much growth hormone is present as an adult. It results in the bones becoming thick.
Term
Define dwarfism and give a treatment for the condition.
Definition
Dwarfism, a pathology of the pituitary gland that occurs when there is a hyposecretion of growth hormone. Treatment includes hormone replacement therapy.
Term
Hyposecretion
Definition
Hyposecretion means too little of a particular hormone is secreted.
Term
Hypersecretion
Definition
Hypersecretion is when too much of a particular hormone is secreted.
Term
Diabetes Insipidus
Definition
Diabetes Insipidus, a pathology of the pituitary gland, involves hyposecretion of ADH hormone leading to increased urine production (up to 20 liters per day).
Term
How is pituitary hypersecretion treated?
Definition
Pituitary hypersecretion is treated with surgery. Radiation therapy is also used if a tumor is causing the condition.
Term
How is pituitary hypersecretion treated?
Definition
Pituitary hypersecretion is treated with surgery. Radiation therapy is also used if a tumor is causing the condition.
Term
How is pituitary hyposecretion treated?
Definition
Pituitary hyposecretion is treated with hormone replacement therapy.
Term
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Definition
The thyroid gland lies on the trachea below the thyroid cartilage ("Adam's Apple")
Term
In what shape is the thyroid gland, and what does it consist of?
Definition
The thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly, and consists of a right and left lobe.
Term
What are the parathyroid glands, and where are they located?
Definition
The parathyroid glands are any of the four small endocrine glands on the lateral lobes of the thyroid that primarily regulate blood calcium levels.
Term
Name 3 hormones of the thyroid gland.
Definition
Hormones of the thyroid gland include (1) thyroxine (T4), (2) Triiodothyronine (T3), and (3) Calcitonin.
Term
Give target tissue and function (2) of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3).
Definition
T4 and T3 target all body cells, and enable (1) metabolism of body cells and (2) maintain cell oxygen consumption.
Term
Name the target tissue and functions (3) of calcitonin.
Definition
Calcitonin targets bone tissue and (1) stimulates bone/calcium reabsorption, (2) encourages storage of calcium in bones, and (3) lowers blood calcium levels as needed.
Term
What are 6 pathologies of the thyroid gland?
Definition
6 pathologies of the thyroid are (1) hyperthyroid (thyrotoxicosis), (2) Graves Disease, (3) hypothyroid, (4) Hashimoto's disease, (5) Myxedema, and (6) Cretinism
Term
Hyperthyroid (thyrotoxicosis)
Definition
Hyperthyroid (thyrotoxicosis) is a pathology of the thyroid gland that (1) mostly affects women; (2) has symptoms including increased metabolic rate, excessive sweating, weight loss, fatigue, nervousness, loose stools, tachycardia, and hand tremor; (3) is almost always associated with a goiter.
Term
Goiter
Definition
A goiter is an abnormally enlarged thyroid gland resulting from either hyposecretion, hypersecretion, or deficiency of iodine in diet. Goiters are non-cancerous.
Term
Grave's Disease (cause, most commonly affects whom, key symptom, and treatment)
Definition
Grave's Disease is a pathology of the thyroid gland caused by auto-immunity. It is most commonly seen in women ages 20-40. Its key symptom is exophthalmos (protruding eyes). Treatment includes surgery to remove the thyroid, and radioactive iodine.
Term
Hypothyroid (causes, symptoms, and most commonly seen in whom)
Definition
Hypothyroid is a pathology of the thyroid cased by treatment for hyperthyroidism, autoimmunity issues, or decreased TSH from the pituitary gland. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, decreased metabolism, sluggishness, bradycardia (abnormally slow heartbeat), dry skin. It is commonly seen in women ages 35-45.
Term
Hashimoto's disease
Definition
Hashimoto's disease is an auto-immune disorder of the thyroid gland.
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