Term
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How to take a lateral skull radiograph |
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Definition
| General anesthesia. Either side down. Tympanic bullae and rami of mandibles should be superimposed. May need to place a wedge under mandible. |
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Term
| Borders that should be included in a lateral skull radiograph. |
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Definition
| Tip of nose, top of head, mandible, base of skull. |
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Term
| How to take a VD skull radiograph. |
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Definition
| In VD position, pull forelegs caudally. Place tape across maxilla. May need cotton roll under muzzle and/or neck to keep muzzle perpendicular to table. Remove trach tube to avoid superimposition. |
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Term
| Name 2 additional mandibular views |
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Definition
| Intraoral VD and open mouth lateral oblique |
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Term
| How to take an intraoral VD of the mandible. |
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Definition
| Place animal in VD position and pull forelimbs caudally. Place corner of cassette in mouth. May need to place wedges under muzzle to keep perpendicular. |
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Term
| How to take an open mouth lateral oblique radiograph of the mandible. |
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Definition
| Place animal in right lateral position, then turn skull 30 degrees toward DV and prop up with foam wedges. Prop mouth open. Aim primary beam at mandible. |
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Term
| Three additional views that can be taken to better assess the maxilla or nasal passages. |
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Definition
| Intraoral DV, open mouth VD, open mouth lateral oblique |
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Term
| How to take an intraoral DV of the maxilla |
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Definition
| Place animal in DV position, and prop head with foam. Place cassette corner in mouth. |
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Term
| How to take an open-mouth VD of the maxilla/ nasal regions. |
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Definition
| Place animal in VD position, prop open mouth. Tape maxilla to table and pull mandible open with tape or gauze (include tongue and trach tube). Maxilla should be parallel to the table. Angle the tube about 20 degrees (rostral-caudal). |
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Term
| How to take an open mouth lateral oblique of the maxilla. |
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Definition
| While in right lateral, prop open mouth. Then, oblique head about 30 degrees toward VD and prop with foam. |
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Term
| Name the one additional view of the frontal sinuses. |
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Definition
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Term
| How to take a rostrocaudal view of the frontal sinuses. |
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Definition
| With the animal in VD position, pull forelimbs caudally. Position nose so that the hard palate is perpendicular to the table (tape, gauze. etc). Center the beam on the frontal sinuses and collimate. Measure for kVp between the eyes. |
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Term
| What the rostral (15-20 degree dorsal caudoventral) view shows. |
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Definition
| The cranial vault, saggital crest, and dome of the skull. |
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Term
| How to take a rostral 15-20 degree dorsal-caudoventral view. |
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Definition
| In VD position, pull forelimbs caudally. Hard palate should be 15-20 degrees from perpendicular ("pull" muzzle caudoventrally with tape or gauze). Measure kVp at the frontal sinuses. |
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Term
| How to take a radiograph of the temporomandibular joint. |
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Definition
| Place animal in lateral recumbency.The ventral margin of mandibles should be superimposed. Elevate nose with padding to separate TMJ's. |
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Term
| Name two views that can be taken of the tympanic bullae |
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Definition
| Lateral oblique and open mouth VD |
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Term
| How to do an open mouth VD for tympanic bullae. |
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Definition
| Place animal in VD position with front limbs pulled caudally. Pull maxilla and mandible so beam is centered over the bullae. |
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Term
| How to do a lateral oblique for the tympanic bullae |
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Definition
| In the lateral position, elevate head 15-20 degrees while keeping muzzle on the table to separate bullae. |
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Term
| How to take a lateral view of the cervical vertebrae. |
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Definition
| In lateral position, extend limbs caudally but dont overextend. Pad beneath mandible to superimpose wings of atlas and beneath the neck. Collimate to base of the skull, and scapular spine. |
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Term
| How to take a VD view of the cervical spine. |
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Definition
| In VD position, extend forelimbs caudally. No padding should be used. Collimate to base of the skull and scapular spine. |
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Term
| How to take a DV view of the cervical spine. |
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Definition
| In DV, pad under the head/mandible. Keep vertebrae parallel to the table. Collimate to base of the skull and scapular spine. |
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Term
| How to take a flexed lateral view of the cervical spine. |
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Definition
| In lateral recumbency, extend forelimbs slightly caudally. Place rope or tape around muzzle to flex neck ventrally and caudally. |
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Term
| How to take a lateral view of the thoracic spine. |
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Definition
| In lateral recumbency, extend limbs cranially. Pad under sternum or spine to make spinous processes parallel to the table (superimposes ribs over one another). Collimate to scapular spine, and halfway between xyphoid and last rib. |
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Term
| How to take a lateral view of the lumbar spine. |
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Definition
| In lateral position, extend rear limbs caudally. Make sure sternum and spinous processes are parallel to the table, and wings of ilium are superimposed. Collimate to the mark halfway between xyphoid and last rib, and the wings of the ilium. |
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Term
| How to take a lateral view of the lumbosacral vertebrae |
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Definition
| May need cleansing enemas. In lateral, extend rear limbs caudally. Position so wings of ilium are superimposed by placing foam in between thighs. Center beam on wings of ilium. |
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Term
| Where to center collimation when doing a lateral thoracic view? |
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Definition
| Pull forelimbs forward and (cranial) edge should be at the caudal tip of scapula (should be at the manubrium). Center beam on heart (rib #6). Include sternum and spine. Caudal landmark is halfway between the xyphoid and last rib. |
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Term
| Where to center collimation when doing a VD thoracic view? |
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Definition
| Manubrium cranially. Caudally is halfway between the Xyphoid and last rib. Ensure sternum and vertebrae are superimposed. |
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Term
| Where to center collimation when doing a lateral abdominal view? |
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Definition
| Cranially, it is three rib spaces cranial to the xyphoid. Caudally is the greater trochanter of the femur. Should include spinous processes and sternum. |
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Term
| Where to center collimation for a VD abdominal view? |
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Definition
| Cranially, it is three rib spaces cranial to the xyphoid, and caudally, it is the greater trochanter of the femur. |
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Term
| What should be included on a lateral thoracic radiograph? |
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Definition
| Spine and sternum should be in view. Should include the entire lung field. Rib heads should overlap. |
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Term
| What should be included on a VD thoracic radiograph? |
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Definition
| Thoracic inlet and entire lung field down to caudal "tips" of lungs. Heart should be centered. Spine and sternum should be superimposed. |
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Term
| What should be included on a lateral abdominal radiograph? |
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Definition
| Should include cranial extent of the diphragmatic cupola to the hip joints. Includes the ventral body wall and dorsal spinous processes. Spine should be straight, ilial wings superimposed. |
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Term
| What should be included on a VD abdominal radiograph? |
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Definition
| Spine should be straight, with dorsal spinous processes viewed end-on. Should include most cranial extent of diphragmatic cupola to the hip joints, and include both right and left abdominal body walls. |
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