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Ms. Saldamondo's Semester 2 A/P Final Questioñes
Hi.
101
Anatomy
11th Grade
05/30/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the 3 types of neurons? What are their functions?
Definition
Sensory – takes impulses from sensory receptor to CNS
Interneurons – carries impulses within the CNS
Motor – takes impulses from the CNS to an effector (i.e. gland or muscle fiber)
Term
What are the 4 key elements to a neuron's structure?
Definition
Cell Body
Dendrite
Axon
Nodes of Ranvier
Term
What is the difference between the CNS and PNS? (Region-wise)
Definition
Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves & Ganglia (Cell Bodies)
Term
What is the myelin sheath Dr. Adone?
Definition
A lipid covering on long axons that acts to increase the speed of nerve impulse.
Term
Saltatory Conduction: go.
Definition
Conduction of the nerve impulse from node to node.
Term
What is Action Potential?
Definition
rapid change in the axon membrane that allows a nerve impulse to occur
Term
What are the major steps when action potential occurs?
Definition
1. Sodium gates open letting Na+ in.
2. Potassium gates open letting K+ out.
(1 & 2 are known ad Depolarization)
3. Repolarization when it returns negative.
Term
What is a synapse?
Definition
A small gap between the sending neuron (presynaptic membrane) and the receiving neuron (postsynaptic membrane)
Term
What makes transmission possible across the synaptic cleft?
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
Definition
Vesicles in axon terminals
Term
Both the brain and spinal cord are protected by these 3 things:
Definition
Bones, Meninges, Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Term
Name the Cerebral Lobes.
Definition
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Don't forget the Lateral and Central Sulcus, they separate the lobes.
Term
What does the Cerebellum do?
Definition
Maintains posture, balance, voluntary movements, allows learning of new motor skills.
Term
What is the midbrain known as?
Definition
The Reflex Center
Term
What does the Pons do?
Definition
Regulates breathing rate, head movements.
Term
What does the Medulla Oblongata do?
Definition
Regulates breathing. head movements, blood pressure, heartbeat.
Term
What does the limbic system do?
Definition
Connects primitive emotions such as fear or anger with higher functions such as reasoning. Can cause strong emotional reactions.
Term
What does the Amygdala do?
Definition
Emotional Overtones
Term
What does the Hippocampus do?
Definition
learning and memory
Term
The PNS is divided into these 2 systems:
Definition
Somatic & Autonomic
Term
What does the Somatic Division of the PNS do?
Definition
Serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons
Term
What does the Autonomic Division of the PNS do?
Definition
regulates the activity of involuntary muscles and glands
Term
The Autonomic Division of the PNS is divided into these 2 divisions:
Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Term
What does the Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic System of the PNS do?
Definition
Fight or Flight
Term
What does the Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic System of the PNS do?
Definition
Relaxed state that slows down metabolism, heart rate, and breathing.
Term
Path of Food: GO!
Definition
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Giggity
Term
What does the Mouth do?
Definition
Receives food, begins starch digestion
Term
What does the Pharynx do?
Definition
passageway
Term
What does/is the Esophagus?
Definition
passageway
Term
What does the Stomach do?
Definition
food storage, kills bacteria, begins protein digestion
Term
What does the small intestines do?
Definition
food digestion, nutrients absorbed
Term
What does the large intestines do?
Definition
water absorption, storage
Term
What are the salivary glands? the fuck does it DO BRUHHHH/??
Definition
SENDS SALIVA TO THE MOUTH BRUHHH
Term
What is Chyme?
Definition
Partly digested food leaves stomach to small intestines
Term
What is pepsin?
Definition
enzyme that digests protein
Term
The small intestines receives bile from what organ?
Definition
Liver
Term
What are the three major classes of nutrients that are digested in the small intestines?
Definition
Proteins, Lipids (Fat), Carbohydrates
Term
Name two things that are absorbed by passive diffusion in the small intestines.
Definition
Water & Lipids.
Term
What does the stomach mainly absorb?
Definition
Water & Amino Acids
Term
What are three things the large intestines absorbs?
Definition
water, salts, and some vitamins
Term
What does the large intestines do?
Definition
Storage of fecal material, passageway
Term
What are the three major parts of the large intestines?
Definition
(Colon) Ascending, Transverse, Descending.
Term
What does the Pancreas do?
Definition
secretes fluids (digestive enzymes), produces hormones
Term
What does the Liver do?
Definition
maintains homeostasis, produces bile.
Term
What does the Gallbladder do?
Definition
Stores excess bile.
Term
What does the nasal cavity do?
Definition
filters, warms, and moistens air
Term
What does the pharynx do? (Respiratory)
Definition
passageway where air and food cross
Term
What is the Glottis?
Definition
space between the vocal chords, opening to larynx.
Term
What is the Larynx?
Definition
Voice box, produces sound
Term
What does the Upper Respiratory Tract consist of?
Definition
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Glottis, Larynx.
Term
What does the Lower Respiratory Tract consist of?
Definition
Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchioles, Lung, Diaphragm.
Term
What is the trachea?
Definition
Windpipe, passage of air to bronchus
Term
What is the bronchus?
Definition
Passage of air to lungs
Term
What is the bronchioles?
Definition
passage of air to alveoli
Term
What are the lungs?
Definition
contains alveolis (air sacs) carries out gas exchange
Term
What is the diaphragm?
Definition
skeletal muscle, functions in ventilation.
Term
What is it in the nasal cavity that filters the air? Warms and Moistens it?
Definition
Hair and Mucus! Capillaries!
Term
What drains into the nasal cavities that can lead to a runny nose?
Definition
Tear glands
Term
What is inspiration?
Definition
Inhalation.
Term
Process of Inhalation:
Definition
Contraction of muscles attached to rib cage, leads to expansion of chest cavity, contraction of diaphragm, creates negative pressure which creates air flow through the mouth, nose, etc. sends air to alveolis.
Term
What is expiration?
Definition
Exhalation.
Term
Process of Exhalation:
Definition
diaphragm relaxes causes pressure on lungs shoots the air out
Term
How does gas exchange work? (Respiratory) (Giggity)
Definition
inhaled oxygen diffuses into capillaries from the alveoli, while the carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction into the alveoli. Both travel through the blood.
Term
What are the kidneys? (urinary)
Definition
primary organs of urinary system, carries out excretion of metabolic waste...peepee! maintains salt-water balance of blood, maintains acid-base balance of blood, hormone secretion
Term
What is the urinary bladder?
Definition
stores urine.
Term
what is the urethra?
Definition
exterior opening chamber that connects to the urinary bladder.
Term
Process of Peeing:
Definition
Kidneys produce urine
Ureters transport urine
Urinary Bladder stores urine
Urethra pees it awl out.
Term
The kidney contains what 3 major regions?
Definition
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
Term
What specifically in the kidney makes the urine?
Definition
Nephrons.
Term
Process of Urine Formation:
Definition
Glomerular Filtration (filters water, salts, and nutrients)
Tubular Reabsorption (reabsorbs the water, salts, and nutrients to keep)
Tubular Secretion (secretes the rest, aka pee!)
Term
What are Nephrons and what is their function? and their structure
Definition
Urine units in the kidney that create and secrete urine.
Made up of:
Glomerular Capsule (where the filtering happens)
Proximal Convoluted Tube (where the good stuff is reabsorbed)
Loop of the Nephron (reabsorption of water & salt)
distal convoluted tube (secretes pee)
Term
What is homeostasis? (in the kidneys)
Definition
maintains salt-water and acid base balance
Term
What is the basic structure of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
Heart, Arteries, Veins, Network of Capillaries, Blood
Term
The heart transports these from place to place within the body:
Definition
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, soluble waste products, antibodies
Term
The heart has 4 chambers:
Definition
2 atria (superior, above) and 2 inferior, below ventricles
Term
The right ventricle sends blood into the ___ and the left ventricle pumps blood into the ____.
Definition
Pulmonary Trunk; aorta.
Term
The Right Atrium enters into what:
Definition
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus
Term
The Left Atrium enters into what:
Definition
four pulmonary veins
Term
What are the names of the two main valves of the heart?
Definition
Bicuspid, Tricuspid.
Term
Where are the bicuspid and tricuspid located in the heart?
Definition
Between the aorta atria & ventricles
Term
Pathway of Oxygen-Poor Blood:
Definition
blood enters the right atrium which goes to the right ventricle which goes to the pulmonary trunk which goes to the lungs which eventually is transferred to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
Term
Pathway of Oxygen-Rich Blood:
Definition
blood enters the left atrium thanks to our pulmonary vein friends and goes into the left ventricle which goes to the aorta which sends the oxygen rich blood to all organs that need it. Eventually when oxygen depleted the blood will go to the right atrium.
Term
What is the difference between Diastole and Systole?
Definition
Diastole is the period of time when the heart refills w/ blood after systole occurs.
Systole is the contraction of the heart, sending all the blood out.
Term
What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
Definition
SA node
Term
What's the path of the electrical impulse?
Definition
electrical signal begins in the SA node located at the top of the right atrium, reaches AV node, atrial contraction, IV Septum, bundle branches, purkinje fibers, ventricular contraction, blood pushed to aortic and pulmonary trunks
Term
What are 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) in the small intestine absorb fats associated with proteins
Helps in defense against pathogens
Term
Structure of the Lymphatic System:
Definition
Right Lymphatic Duct
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Thoracic Duct
Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Tonsil
Red Bone Marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Term
What is the spleen?
Definition
cleanses the blood of cellular debris and bacteria
Term
What is red bone marrow?
Definition
Site for the origin of all types of blood cells
Term
1st Line of Defense: (Lymphatic)
Definition
Skin
Tears, Saliva, Urine physically flush out microbes
Mucous membranes line the organ system tracts
Oil Gland Secretion
Acidic pH of stomach and vajayjay
Term
2nd Line of Defense: (Lymphatic)
Definition
phagocytic white blood cells
inflammatory response
protective proteins
Term
Specific Defenses: (Lymphatic)
Definition
Helps protect us against pathogens when nonspecific lines of defense fail
protects from cancer
depends on the action of B and T cells (lymphocytes)
Term
Where is B Cell made and mature? T cell?
Definition
B= bone marrow
T= bone marrow made mature in thymus
Term
What are the 2 types of B Cells?
Definition
Plasma Cells- make antibodies
Memory B- stays after infection is gone
Term
What do the T Cells do in response to bacteria/infections?
Definition
produce perforins to punch holes in target cells and cause apoptosis
Term
Who are the T Cells target cells to attack?
Definition
Cancer Cells and Virus Infected Cells
Term
What do endocrine glands do?
Definition
secrete hormones into bloodstream.
Term
Hormone Secretion is often controlled by what? (Endocrine System)
Definition
Negative Feedback
Term
What does the Hypothalamus do?
Definition
regulates internal environment
controls secretions of the pituitary gland
Term
Difference between Posterior and Anterior Pituitary:
Definition
Posterior secretes 2 hormones: Antidiuretic hormone (water reabsorbs into kidney capillaries) and Oxytocin (causes uterine contraction during childbirth and milk letdown)
Anterior:many hormones.
Posterior Hormones controlled by negative feedback and positive feedback, anterior hormones controlled by hypothalamus inhibiting hormones
Term
What is negative feedback?
Definition
When the result of a process influences the process itself in such a way as to reduce changes.
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