Term
|
Definition
(1) Forebrain - Cerebral Hemispheres, Thalmus, Basal Nuclei
(2) Brainstem - Midbrain, Pons, Midulla
(3) Cerebellum
(4) Spinal Cord
(Image - CNS Slide 6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebral Hemispheres (Cortex), Thalamus, Basal Nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Hemispheres (Cortex) |
|
Definition
Thin layer of grey matter (cell bodies)
1/2 cm thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In forebrain
Relay center for ALL sensory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In forebrain
nuclei/ganglia > cluster of cell bodies
involved in motor control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have fatty insulation (myelin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Older brain structure
Simple movements (walking, gait)
Ends at foramen magnum
Communicates with cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sits on the back of the brain
lots of grey matter
Coordination of movement patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibers pass the thalamus through the midbrain and pons to the medulla
At medullospinal junction, 85-90% of fibers cross the midline at the pyramidal decussation and form the lateral cortical spinal tract
Fibers that do not cross form the anterior corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corticalspinal tract
Where crossover occurs |
|
|
Term
| Descending tracts from brainstem |
|
Definition
3 Sets of Nuclei
Rubrospinal - from red nucleus to flexors of the upper extremity
Vestibulospinal - from vestibular nuclei to extensors (balance)
Reticulospinal - from reticular nuclei to extensors (posture)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descending tract from brainstem
From red nuclei
Controls flexors of arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Descending tracts from brainstem
From vestibular nuclei
Serving extensors
balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Descending tract from brainstem
From Reticular nuclei
serving extensors
posture and sleep-wake cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
One muscle fiber is innervated by one motor neuron
One motor neuron can innervate many muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| Henneman's Size Principle |
|
Definition
When a group of motoneurons are activated, those with the smallest somas are recruited first because they have the lowest threshold for synaptic activation and respond to the weakest input.
Smaller motor units are activated before larger motor units
First > smallest, slow twitch, low threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Force in response to one action potential
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low maximal force
Long contraction time
Fatigue resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High peak force
Fast contraction time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Determined by:
The number of motor neurons recruited (Motor Unit Recruitment)
What their firing frequencies are (Motor Unit Firing Rate) |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Motor Skill |
|
Definition
the capability to coordinate limb and/or body segments to accomplish a specific goal
require voluntary body, head, and/or limb movement to achieve its goal |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Motor SKills |
|
Definition
(1) Goal directed (Purpose)
(2) Performed voluntarily (not reflexive)
(3) Require body, head, limb movement
(4) Are learned or relearned |
|
|
Term
| What classifies a motor skill? |
|
Definition
Size of primary musculature required (Fine or Gross)
Specificity of where actions begin or end (Discrete or Continuous or Serial)
Stability of the environmental context (Open or Closed) |
|
|
Term
| Size of Primary Musculature Required |
|
Definition
Classifies a motor skill
Gross or Fine |
|
|
Term
| Specificity of where actions begin or end |
|
Definition
Classifies a motor skill
Discrete, Continuous, or Serial |
|
|
Term
| Stability of the environmental context |
|
Definition
Classifies a motor skill
Open or Closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Use of small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill
Control/ More movement precision
Ex. piano playing, writing, typing, archery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Use or large muscles to achieve the goal of the skill
Less movement precision
Ex. Cycling, walking, running, jumping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has defined beginning and end points
Usually requiring a simple movement
Ex. flipping a light switch – a one-movement skill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has arbitrary beginning and end points
Involve repetitive movements
Ex. steering a car, walking, swimming, cycling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involves a series of discrete skills
Performed in a specific order
Ex. using a stick shift in an automobile, baseball pitch, triple jump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Performed in a non-stable, unpredictable environment where an object or environmental context is in motion and determines when to begin the action
(externally paced)
Ex. running a race w/other runners, batting a pitched ball, 6 on 6 volleyball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Performed in a stable or predictable environment where the performer determines when to begin the action
(self-paced)
Ex. hitting a ball off a tee, running around cones, bowling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criterion (aka – extra practice)
positive influence on retention performance for motor learning skills |
|
|
Term
| Overlearning lead to poor performance |
|
Definition
Boredom - skills were too simple to learn
Practice Varibaility - decreased capability to remember the movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of rest between practice sessions or trials is very short
Longer work period
Shorter rest interval
Fewer practice sessions
longer sessions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the amount of rest between practice sessions or trails is relatively long
Longer rest interval between trials
More practice sessions
shorter sessions |
|
|
Term
| What kind of practice leads to better learning? Why? |
|
Definition
Mass vs. Distributed
Distributed - more, shorter, practice sessions
Why??
Fatigue hypothesis, Cognitive effort hypothesis and memory consolidation hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| 3 Hypothesis about massed practice |
|
Definition
Fatigue hypothesis
Cognitive effort hypothesis - attention decreased
Memory consolidation hypothesis - it takes time to form new pathways |
|
|
Term
| Irony of practice variability |
|
Definition
Practice variability (random practice) will produce more performance errors in practice during initial learning
In retention trials better Learning has occured |
|
|
Term
| 3 Kinds of Variable Practice |
|
Definition
Blocked practice
Serial Practice
Random Practice
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10 min of one, then 10 min of next, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jump, hop, skip, jump, hop, skip
same order everytime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Do in whatever order
hop, jump, jump, run, hop, run, hop, jump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skill is low in complexity (few components)
skill high in organization (interdependent)
practice of the whole skill is best
Ex. buttoning a shirt, throwing a dart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skill is high in complexity (many components)
skill is low in organization (independent)
practice of part skill is best
Ex. tennis serve, shifting gears |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways to implement part practice of a skill |
|
Definition
Fractionalization
Segmentation
Simplification
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Way to implement part practice
practicing individual limbs first for a skill that involves asymmetric coordination of the arms and legs
Ex. playing guitar and piano, tennis serve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Way to implement part practice
separating the skill into parts and practicing the parts so that it is practiced together with the next part (progressive)
Ex. Piano, typing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Way to implement part practice
reducing the difficulty of specific parts or features of a skill
change objects, change speed, musical accompaniment |
|
|
Term
| Mental practice definition |
|
Definition
The cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements
thinking about the cognitive or procedural aspects of a motor skill
Engages in visual or kinesthetic imagery of the performance of a skill or part of a skill |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of mental imagery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actually imagines being in their own body and experiencing the sensations that occur with the performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| View themselves as and observer “watching a movie” of the performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arousal level regulation - (ie. decrease anxiety)
Build Confidence
Focus
Design Strategy
Practice Skills
|
|
|
Term
| Why is mental practice effective? |
|
Definition
Neuromusuclar hypothesis - EMG recordings show muscles involved during mental practice
AND
Cognitive hypothesis - "what to do" during first stages of learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sodium outside, more positive
Potassium inside, more negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amount of charge to stop the diffusion potential
Voltage required to stop the flow
Balance between electrical and chemical gradients (depends on charge and concentration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential energy from the concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| Equilibrium Potenital Equation |
|
Definition
Nernst Equation
to calculate EP you must know the concentration
|
|
|
Term
| How could you calculate what the voltage is inside the cell? |
|
Definition
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation
Concentration of all ions and their permeability |
|
|
