Term
| Are the dendrites of sensory neurons short or long? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are the axons of sensory neurons short or long? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where are sensory nerve cell bodies housed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are the dendrites of motor neurons short or long? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are the axons of motor neurons short or long? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where and on what do motor neurons synapse |
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Definition
| motor neurons send information down spinal cord, synapse on alpha motor neuron |
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Term
| most neurons are what kind of neuron? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the function of astrocytes? |
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Definition
| secretion and absorption of neural transmitters, maintenance of the blood-brain barrier |
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Term
| astrocytes are a subtype of what type of cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do astrocytes like to be? |
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Definition
| around synapses made by neurons |
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Term
| after coming in through the dendrites, where does information in a neuron go to be integrated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| once summation of information gets to a certain point within the cell, what will happen |
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Definition
| it will generate an action potential that can go down the axon and to the terminal synapses |
|
|
Term
| what is used to transfer electrical signals through neurons? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are some important positive ions in the nervous system |
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Definition
| sodium, potassium, calcium |
|
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Term
| what is an important negative ion in the nervous system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| do proteins have + or - charge? |
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Definition
| different proteins are +, some are - |
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Term
| describe the nerve cell membrane in one word |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the resting potential of the cell? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| are the neuron's membrane's ion channels open or closed at rest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the major ion inside the neuron at rest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the major ion outside the cell at rest? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is inside the cell that gives it a negative resting charge? |
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Definition
| negatively charged proteins |
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|
Term
| what maintains the charge imbalance at rest? |
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Definition
| sodium potassium pump that actively transport ions against their concentration gradients |
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|
Term
| what do we call the places where ions are passed across the cell membrane? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what kinds of stimuli will cause the membrane potentials to change |
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Definition
| chemical or physical stimuli |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the membrane ptoentials change? |
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Definition
| the sodium and potassium channels each open, allowign sodium to enter and potassium to exit |
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Term
| what happens as a result of the change in concentrations as potassium exits the cell and sodium enters the cell following a stimulus to the neuron? |
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Definition
| the change in concentration gradient produces a local passive current that is propagated along the membrane |
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|
Term
| what causes the local passive current caused by the change in concentration gradient to decay? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean if you are farther away in the dendrite from the axon hillock? |
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Definition
| you might have less effect on the transmission of an impulse |
|
|
Term
| how does sodium entering the neuron change its potential? |
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Definition
| sodium entering the cell makes the membrane potential more positive |
|
|
Term
| what membrane potential must be reached to trigger an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the response to an action potential? |
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Definition
| all soidum channels open and rapid depolarization occurs as soidum enters the cell |
|
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Term
| what happens when the membrane potential reaches + 50 mV? |
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Definition
| sodium channels close and potassium channels open so that potassium can exit the cell and restore resting membrane potential |
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|
Term
| How is the neuron restored to its original distribution of ions? |
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Definition
| sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and potassium ions are pumped into the cell |
|
|
Term
| what is the general path of information transmission in the CNS? |
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Definition
| synapse on dendrite -> local depolarization goes through cell body -> goes into axon hillock -> travels down axon -> into terminal synapse -> into post synaptic membrane of the next target cell |
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|
Term
| is the dendrite presynaptic or postsynaptic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| will an excitatory post synaptic potential depolarie or polarize the cell? |
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Definition
| EPSP deploarizes the cell |
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|
Term
| will an inhibitor post synaptic potential depolarize or polarize the cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what if a neuron receives both EPSPs and IPSPs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| can an axon from a neuron give both IPSPs and EPSPs |
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Definition
| no, all synapses from one axon is either all EPSP or all IPSP |
|
|
Term
| what will happen if you can depolarize the cell to -55 mV? |
|
Definition
| you can generate an action potential |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism for an IPSP? |
|
Definition
| moving potassium out of the cell to make it more negative |
|
|
Term
| what ions can be added to the neuron to hyperpolarize it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many synapses can you have on each neuron? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the passive spread of current inside a neuron |
|
|
Term
| what is neural integration |
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Definition
| ability of neurons to process info, store/recall it, and make decisions. Example: you have knee pain, your CNS senses the pain, your CNS reduces the amount of work that you can do |
|
|
Term
| where in the neuron do synaptic potentials sum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| if you are a distal dendrite far from the axon hillock, are the synapses you get necessarily going to make an action potential? |
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Definition
| your synapses will have to travel farther to get to axon hillock. The EPSPs all have to sum to -55mV at the axon hillock to make an action potential |
|
|
Term
| describe the temporal strategy for summation of EPSP and IPSP |
|
Definition
| increase the frequency of signal |
|
|
Term
| describe the spatial strategy for summation of EPSP and IPSP? |
|
Definition
| increase the number of sources |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you stretch a muscle? |
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Definition
| the muscle spindle excites its own alpha motor neuron and makes it want to contract |
|
|
Term
| how does increasing frequency increase the likelihood of an excitatory response? |
|
Definition
| before the EPSP can decay, the nexxt stimulus arrives. This continues until we reach threshold |
|
|
Term
| what happens at the synapse when the action potential arrives? |
|
Definition
| local depolarization causes clacium channels ot open and to let in clacium |
|
|
Term
| when calcium enters the presynaptic nere ending, what happens? |
|
Definition
| clacium causes vesicles filled with neurotransmitter to migrate towards the presyaptic membrane and bind with it |
|
|
Term
| what happens once the neurotransmitter binds with the presynaptic membrane? |
|
Definition
| the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the neurotransmitter is released intot he synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
| it diffuses and binds with receptors and receptor cahnenel membranes |
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|
Term
| if neurotransmitters were continually in the synaptic cleft, what would happen? |
|
Definition
| the postsynaptic channels would always be stimulated so that the membrane potential couldn't restabilize |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 ways that neurotransmitters are deactivated? |
|
Definition
| degradation, reuptake, autoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| what is degradation of a neurotransmitter/ |
|
Definition
| enzymes located int eh synaptic cleft break down the neurotransmitter so that it has no effect on the receptor/receptor channel of the postsynaptic cells |
|
|
Term
| what is neurotransmitter reuptake? |
|
Definition
| allowing the neurotransmitter to reenter the presynaptic cell through membrane channels for reuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors for specific neurotransmitters that are located on the presynaptic membrane and respond to neurotransmitter release by decreasing further release of the neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| what is long term potentiation |
|
Definition
| increase sensitivity of senapses so that a constant level of presynaptic stimulation is converted into a larger postsynaptic output |
|
|
Term
| how long can longterm potentiation last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is LTP associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how a trained person will sweat faster during exercise becaause their synapses are sensitive so that a stimulation will more quickly produce a larger postsynaptic output |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| to inhibit or excite the postsynaptic cell by changing its membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| what determines whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
| the neurotransmitter + its receptor site |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an excitatory neurotransmitter found in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter that can be either excitatory or inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| is dopamine more commonly excitatory or inhibitory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main focus of the locus coeroleous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main neurotransmitter of the locus coeroleous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the extrapyramidal pathway |
|
Definition
| projections between the cortex and striatum |
|
|
Term
| what functions is the basal ganglia associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what functions is the forebrain associated with? |
|
Definition
| cognition, reward, emotional behavior |
|
|
Term
| what functions is the tubero-infundibular system concerned with? |
|
Definition
| control of the hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitter affects the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitter affects the mesolimbic forebrain/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitter affects the tubero-infundibular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitter affects the locus coeroleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the locus coeroleus? |
|
Definition
| automatic movements: fight or flight |
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitter affects the raphe nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to what other parts of the brain does the locus coeruleus connect? |
|
Definition
| many other areas, particularly areas that bring in and process information, especially sensory information |
|
|
Term
| what does the locus coeroleus secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pacemaker of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the locus coeroleus do in times of stress? |
|
Definition
| increases arousal and vigilance and modulates action of the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| for what functions is the locus coeruleus critical? |
|
Definition
| nuermous functions including stress, attention, emotions, motivtion, decision making, or learning and memory |
|
|
Term
| what is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when you take drugs that block GABAa receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when you take drugs that activate GABAa receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocking GABA b receptors can help with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| where do we see GABAergic inhibition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about how much of the inhibitory synapses in the brain are GABA mediated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of simple circuits regulate how and if signals are transmitted? |
|
Definition
| post synaptic excitation, disfacilitation, postsynaptic inhibition, disinhibition, presyanptic inhibition |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for presynaptic inhibition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is post-synaptic inhibition |
|
Definition
| that is the regular depolarization of a cell from an excitatory synapse. It creates an excitatory post synaptic potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an inhibitory cell prevents an excitatory cell from exciting the target cell |
|
|
Term
| what is post synaptic inhibition |
|
Definition
| using an inhibitory cell on the target cell to inhibit the target cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using an inhibitory cell to inhibit the inhibitory cell on the target cell so that the inhibitory cell on the target cell is less likely to fully inhibit the target cell |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a post synaptic exicitation |
|
Definition
| a muscle spindle will activate its own alpha motor neuron through post synaptic excitation. |
|
|
Term
| what is an exaple of post synaptic inhibition |
|
Definition
| a muscle spindle will deactivate the alpha motor neuron of an antagonist muscle by using an inhibitory interneuron to create post synaptic inhibition on the antagonist muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of disfacilitation |
|
Definition
| in the direct pathway in the basal ganglia, the caudate and putamen inhibit the globus pallidus internal segment to keep it from inhibiting the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what is presynaptic inhibition/axo-axonal synapse? |
|
Definition
| Neuron A synapses on Neuron B near Neuron B's terminal ending. This partially depolarizes the terminal end of Neuron B, relasing some of Neuron B's transmitter. The result is decreased available neurotransmitter, reducing the effect of a real action potential when it comes along |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary afferent depolarization |
|
|
Term
| what is primary afferent depolarization |
|
Definition
| the CNS sends excitatory connections down the psinal cord to the terminal ending to reduce the excitatory effects of the primary afferents |
|
|
Term
| are there any inhibitory afferents? |
|
Definition
| no. all primary afferents try to have a positive efefct that make semothing happen |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary afferents |
|
Definition
| touch, smell, hearing, pain, sensory |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of presynaptic inhibition on the target cell? |
|
Definition
| decreased effect because there is not as much excitatory neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| what does MEPP stand for? |
|
Definition
| minature end plate potentials |
|
|
Term
| what is a miniature end plate potential? |
|
Definition
| A small miniature excitatory post synaptic potential in which the terminal ending is partially depolarized, resleasing small neurotransmitter packages |
|
|
Term
| describe an example of presynaptic inhibition |
|
Definition
| to reduce the incoming informaiton from primary afferents,t he CNS sends excitatory informatino down the psinal cord to the terminal ending to create miniature end plate potentials at the posts ynaptic membrane, reducing the available neurotransmitter and therefore reducing the effect of an action potential. |
|
|
Term
| what is surround or recurrent inhibhition? |
|
Definition
| when a recurrent collateral synapses with a nearby inhibitory neuron to reduce its activity and to acceentuate an excited area around an inhibitory area to sharpen contrast |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of surround or recurrent inhibition? |
|
Definition
| to sharpen tuning for finer localization by accentuating the excited area |
|
|
Term
| where is surround inhibition important? |
|
Definition
| retina, sensory cortex for 2 point discrimination |
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