Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Mo's Resp. study guide
Respiration AP II
81
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/10/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Describe Respiratoy System

Definition

Upper Resp System:  Nose and Nasal Cavity

Pharynx (throat)

 

Lower Resp. System:  Larynx - Vocie Box

Trachea - Wind Pipe

Bronchi - Airway

Lungs

Term
Minute Respiratory Volume
Definition
If rate = 12 breaths per minute & Tidal Volume = 500 ml per minute then Respiratory Minute Volume =6000 ml per min or 6l per min.
Term
Eupena
Definition
Normal breathing
Term
Spirometer
Definition
a/k/a respirometer. device used for measuring volumes and capacities
Term
Spirogram
Definition
record of measuring capacity
Term
Alveolar Pressure
Definition
Pressure inside the respiratory tract at the Alveoli
Term
Inspiration ( Inhalation)
Definition
Movement of air into the repiratory system
Term
Expiration (exhalation)
Definition
Breathing Out
Term
Intrapleural Pressure
Definition
The pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
Term
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Definition
Air inhaled in addition to tidal volume, provides more inhaled air when active
Term
Anatomic Dead Space (Vd)
Definition
*150 ml remains in conducting airways above alveoli *Air does not participate in gas exchange *mixture of fresh inhaled air and air to be exhaled.
Term
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Definition
Air exhaled in addition to tidal volume
Term
Vital Capacity (VC)
Definition
Maximum amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one respiratory cycle
Term
Residual Volume (RV)
Definition
Amount of air that cannot be exhaled. (Lungs must remain inflated)
Term
Boyles Law
Definition
*As size of container increases pressure inside decreases *As the size of container decreases, pressure inside is increased
Term
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Definition

*Innervates diaphram and external intercostal muscles.

*Neurons control basic rhythm of resting ventilation.

 *Inspiration for 2 seconds Expiration for 3 seconds

Term
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Definition

Inactive during most quiet breathing most active during forced ventilation.

*Innervatges more muscles used in forced ventilation

Term
Apnuestic
Definition
Results in prolonged inhalation
Term
Tidal Volume
Definition
Amount of air you move in or out of your lungs during a single respiraiton cycle.
Term
What are respiratory chemoreceptors?
Definition
Cranial Nerves IX & X and receptors that monitor spinal fluid. Located in the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongota
Term
How does levels of CO2 affect rate of breathing?
Definition

increased CO2 excites chemoreceptors in carotid arteries, aorta, medulla then breathing rate increases.

 

**has greatest chemical effect on breathing rate**

Term
How does pH levels effect rate of breathing?
Definition
decreased pH stimulates chemoreceptors causing increase in breathing rate
Term
How does O2 levels affect rate of breathing?
Definition
Dramatic decrease in O2 such as high altitude stimulate chemorecptors causing increased breathing rate
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition

*maintains proper posture and movement. *moement stimulates these receptors

 *Causes rapid increase in breathing rate with increased activity

Term
What are Stretch receptors in lungs?
Definition

* Inflation reflex

*deflation reflex

Term
Inflation Reflex
Definition
- Inhibits inhalation - prevents over - inflation (Hering-Bruer reflex)
Term
Deflation Reflex
Definition
- inhibits exhalation and starts inhalation. -only active during forced (active) ventilaiton
Term
How do protective reflexes work
Definition
Sneezing - dispells irritants in nasal cavity Coughing - irritants in larynx or bronchi Laryngeal spasms - invasion of foreign object - closes airway temporarily to protect airway
Term
Gas Exchange
Definition
O2 from air to blood CO2 from blood to air
Term
External respiration
Definition
Gas exchange in lung diffusion of O2 from alveolar to blood diffusion of CO2 from blood to alveolar. Across thin respiratory membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
Gas Exchange in Tissues Diffusion of O2 from blood into tissues Diffusion of CO2 from tissue into blood
Term
Which way does O2 and CO2 diffuse in the lung.
Definition
O2 diffuses from lungs to Blood CO2 diffuses from tissue to Blood
Term
Which way does O2 and CO2 diffuse in Tissue
Definition
O2 into tissue CO2 away from tissue
Term
What membrane does O2 and CO2 diffuse across in the lungs?`
Definition
Alveolus - lung capillaries
Term
Why do O2 and CO2 diffuse in these directions?
Definition
One is a transport (way O2 is carried) One is and exchange (movement in lungs)
Term
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)
Definition
A formed vital capacity test with a spirometer
Term
Ventilation at Rest?
Definition
Inhalation Active - contraction of diaphram and external intercostals, muscle expands chest and Lungs and decreases intrapulomnary pressure. Exhalation is passive - relaxation of diaphram and intercostal muscles, decrease chest volume followed by elastic recoil of lungs.
Term
Lung volume
Definition
One measure of quantity of air.
Term
Lung Capacity
Definition
Sum of 2 or more volumes. Total Volume of Lungs. Averages: 6000 ml in male 4200 ml in female Averages: 6000ml in males
Term
Forced Ventilation
Definition
Must be larger in chest and lung volumes resulting in larger changes in intrapulmonary pressure.
Term
Pnemotaxic
Definition
Inhibits apneustic center -causes passive and active exhalation -helps to prevent over inflamation of lungs.
Term
What are the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata
Definition
Dorsal Respiration Group Ventral Respiration Group
Term
What units are used to measure O2 and CO2 concentrations
Definition
measure in percentages and partial pressures
Term
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
Definition
In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the addition (sum) of theindividual gas pressure. Individual pressures are partial pressures
Term
What are the PO2 and PCO2 of Atmospheric air?
Definition
PO2 = 159 mmHg PCO2 = 0.3 mmHg
Term
What are PCO2 and PO2 of alveolar air?
Definition
PO2 = 100 mmHg PCO2 = 40 mmHg
Term
What are the percentages of PO2 & PC/O2 in Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Definition
PO2 normal range - 80 - 100 mmHg PCO2 normal range - 40-45 mmHg
Term
How does Henry's law relate to gas exchange?
Definition
Example: Soda Soda is p;ut in can under pressure the gas CO2 is in solution. When can opened pressure decreases and gas molecules come out of solutionl - will continue until equilibrium is established.
Term
Henry's law in regards to high altitude.
Definition
decreased O2, decreases alveolar pressure and decreases blood flow.
Term
How does Henry's law relate to hyperbaric oxygenation?
Definition
Ex: Divers "Bends" Put in a chamber where increased pressure in order to increase the amount of O2 above atmospheric pressure
Term
Henry's Law
Definition

The amount of gas that willo dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and the solubility of the gas in liquid.

 

*More O2 in air = results in more O2 in blood.

Term
What is the abbreviation for oxyhemoglobin
Definition
HbO2
Term
What is the abbreviation for deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
Hb
Term
Describe Oxygen Transport
Definition

Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in lungs and delivers it to tissue.

*Becomes oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) when picks up O2 in lungs.

*Becomes deoxyhemoglobin when O2 delivered to tissue

Term
Give 3 factors that favor loading and unloading
Definition

1. Lower pH of tissue capillaries favors unloading. Higher pH in Lungs favor loading.

 2. Temperature - increased Temperature in tissues = unloading. Decreased temperature in lungs = loading

3. Decreased PO2 in tissues = unloading. Increased PO2 in Lungs = Loading

Term
Where does loading and unloading occur?
Definition
Loading = Lungs Unloading = Tissues
Term
Describe Loading and Unloading of O2
Definition
Higher PO2 in lungs favors loading. Lower PO2 in tissue favors unloading
Term
What part of hemoglobin binds oxygen?
Definition
Iron
Term
What is Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?
Definition
Carbon Monoxide competes with O2 molecules for binding sites on heme units. The bond with heme and CO extremely durable - so attachment makes heme unit inactive for respiratory purposes.
Term
What is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?
Definition
Administering Pure O2
Term
How is carbon monoxide transported in blood
Definition

1. 7% dissolves in plasma

2. 23% becomes HbCO2 (carbonminohemoglobin) 3. 70% converted to bicarbonate

Term
What is Chloride shift
Definition
Bicarbonate moves into plasma and is replaced by chloride ions
Term
Apnea
Definition
person has stopped breathing
Term
Hyperventilation
Definition
Rapid breathing causes an excessive loss of CO2 resulting in dizziness
Term
Dyspena
Definition
Difficulty in Breathing (hard to catch breath)
Term
Orthopena
Definition
Difficulty breathing while lying down. May be caused by respiratory or heart disease
Term
Pneumonia
Definition
Inflammation of Lung Tissue (fluid Accumulation)
Term
Lung Cancer
Definition
Melignancies of the lung airways or lung tissues
Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD
Definition
Emphysema - enlarged alveoli and loss of lung elasticity Chronic broncitis - caused by inflammation of Bronchi and obstruction of air flow
Term
Resting ventilations is called
Definition
eupnea
Term
What is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one normal breath
Definition
Tidal Volume
Term
Which lung has only two secondary bronchi
Definition
left
Term
What is the appropriate precenct of CO2 carried by hemoglobin as Carbaminohemoglobin
Definition
23%
Term
Which chemical has the most effect on the respiratory rate?
Definition
CO2
Term
What substance in the lining of the Alveoli keeps the alveoli from collapsing
Definition
Surfactant
Term
What does HbO2 stand for
Definition
Oxyhemoglobin
Term
What is the correct % of CO2 that dissolves in the plasma of the tisuue capillaries?
Definition
7%
Term
Tidal Volume + inspiratory reserve volume +expiratory reserve volume =
Definition
Vital capacity
Term
Anatomical dead space of are is?
Definition
Air that does not participate in gas exchange
Term
What would be an appropriate PO2 for arterial (oxygentated) blood?
Definition
95mmHg
Term
What are main factors of unloading O2 in the tissues?
Definition
Low tissue PO2, higher temperature and lower pH
Supporting users have an ad free experience!