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Mondays
Lecture Notes
25
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/15/2009

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Term
Steps of a Synapse
Definition
1. Electrical Signal arrives @ synaptic Ending (Ca2+ channels open)

2.Ca2+ influx facilitates binding of vesicles with pre-synaptic membrane (vesicles release stored neurotransmitter. neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane)

3.If EXCITATORY: neurotransmitter causes opening of Na+ channels - if threshold is reached, the action potential passes down the membrane.

If INHIBITORY: neurotransmitter causes the opening of Cl- and/or K+ channels which causes hyperpolarization (decreases chances of reaching the action potential.
Term
Action Potential
Definition
electrical signal that travels down the neuron cell; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves depolarization followed by repolarization
Term
"All or Nothing Response"
Definition
an action potential passes down the axon of a neuron when the threshold for a neurotransmitter is reached at the synaptic ending
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
occurs only in an inhibitory synapse: generation of an action potential is more difficult than usual because the membrane potential becomes more negative and thus even farther from threshold than in its resting state.
Term
Myelination
Definition
1. Increases speed of electrical signal transmission
2.Protects axon
3.Provided by:
a. Schwann cells in the PNS
b. Oligodendrocytes in CNS
Term
Myelinated vs. Unmeylinated
Definition
UNMEYLINATED: Schwann cell/Oligodendrocyte cell is present and protects, but is not concentrically wrapped and does not make electrical impulse efficient
MYELINATED: Concentrically wrapped Schwann/Oligodendrocyte cell. IN PNS, Schwann cell makes a NEUROLEMMA.
Term
Neurolemma
Definition
In the PNS: nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell; myelinates the axon Also called: SHEATH OF SCHWANN
Term
Cell:Axon Ratio- PNS vs. CNS
Definition
Schwann Cells in PNS: 1:1
Oligodendrocytes in CNS: 1:2+
Term
Sacral Plexus
Definition
Principle Nerves:
1. Superior Gluteal Nerve: lateral hip (tensor fascia lata, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius)
2. Inferior Gluteal Nerve: innervates your gluteus maximus
Term
3 Factors that Directly Infulence Speed of Electrical Impulse Down an Axon
Definition
1. Diameter of axon: increased speed = increased diameter
2.Myelination: increases speed
3. Temperature: increase in temp, increase speed
Term
3 Main Parts of Brain
Definition
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Term
3 Main Parts of Brainstem
Definition
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
-motor integrative center
-functions at a subconscious level
-communicates w/higher centers to help regulate conscious movements
-fine tunes movements; helps control posture and balance
-Structure:
2 hemispheres connected by vermis
white matter = arbor vitae
deep cerebellar nucei involved in
sensory-motor pathways
Term
Pons (main function)
Definition
breathing
Term
Medulla Oblongata (main function)
Definition
body regulation (sneezing, vomiting, etc.)
Term
Cerebral Sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Broca's Area of Speech
Definition
located in pre-motor area of frontal lobe; normally in the left hemisphere (BUT NOT ALWAYS)
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition
interpretive area- located in both temporal and parietal lobe; normally in the left hemisphere (BUT NOT ALWAYS)
Term
Pre-Central Gyrus
Definition
primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)
Term
Post-central Gyrus
Definition
primary sensory cortex (parietal lobe)
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
contains primary visual cortex and visual association area
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
lateral/superior region: primary auditory cortex
medial side: primary olfactory cortex
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
Posterior region = pineal gland/body; releases melatonin which increases in times of darkness
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Includes:
-olfactory nerves/bulbs
-thalamic nuclei
-hypothalamic nuclei
-singulate gyrus
-amigdala(memory, learning, recognition)
->located in tail of caudate nucleus
-parahippocampal gyrus
-hippocampus
-dentate gyrus
-fornix
-mamillary bodies
-septic nuclei
Term
Gracilis Tract
Definition
-sensory
-posterior funiculus
-carries info from legs and arms
concerning fine touch, vibration, and
stereogenosis (texture&shape
recognition), muscle stretch, muscle
tension, and joint sense.
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