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| First of three phases of the Roman Empire, 700-500 BC, |
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| Second of the three phases of the Roman Empire, 500-45 BC, includes wars with Carthage, expansion of territory, civil war 45-31 BC, |
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| Third phase of the Roman civilization, 31 BC- |
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| 100 year war, Rome joined because Sicily needed protection from Carthage, included battle of Scipio vs. Hannibal (200 BC), Rome eventually destroyed Carthage, |
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| Was one of two of the first consuls of Rome with Pompey in 50 BC, crossed the Rubicon, assassinated after 5 years, |
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| 1st Century BC, the stream Julius Caesar crossed with his army (against cultural practice), staged a coup against co-counsel Pompey, later Caesar was assassinated, |
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| First Roman Emperor, son of Julius Caesar, came to power in 31 BC, got the Senate to vote him as the absolute power, "bread & circuses", used spies, policies (patriotism, piety, family), deified himself, |
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| Adopted by Augustus as son (14-37 AD), adopted Caligula as heir, |
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| Adopted by Tiberius, killed by a member of bodyguard, succeeded by uncle Claudius |
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| r. 41-54 AD, succeeded nephew Caligula (54-68 AD), succeeded by Agrippina's son Nero, |
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| a large number of soldiers (9000) stationed near Rome, unofficial "police force", became emperior's body guards, with Sejanus as leader the PG failed in overthrowing Tiberius, chose Claudius as emperor in one case, |
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| Mid 3rd Century AD, instability in imperial office, many barbarians at the time, |
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Roman poet, known for writing the "Lover's Handbook", 1st Century AD, exiled by Augustus,
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| Character in Ovid's Satyricon (written during Satirical Period, very ostentatious, references to Pompey, 1st Century AD, |
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| Roman Engineering & Buildings |
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| inferior to Greeks', Romans were very practical but mundane with their work, built aqueducts, bath houses, sewer system, Pantheon, codex book (took over scrolls), ius gentium, |
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| 300 million gallons per day, Frontinus in charge of aqueducts (wrote on aqueducts), |
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| "Law of people", said women could own property, take a man to court, and could have a will, |
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| Jews + Greeks assimilated, Gentiles = non-Jews |
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| required sacrifice & prayer, 1st Century AD, |
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| A belief of the 1st Century AD, to rise from the material to the abstract ideal via contemplation, your mind and soul is immortal, |
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| Made themselves independent of any external good or harm, only your inner mind and character count, you mind and soul is immortal, |
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| Religion of the 1st Century AD, pursued wisdom and enlightenment, seeked wise teachers, |
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| Religious followers of a religion in the 1st Century AD, lived rationally to max your health and pleasure, minimize pain and sorrow, no immortal soul, your mind/soul dies with your body, |
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Individual enlightenment or salvation (Neoplatanists, Stoics, Gnostics) + Communal practice
(Jews) = Christianity, various notions of a "messiah", |
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| Messiah (various notions) |
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| Warrior king to lead a revolution (scared higher ups), moral or spiritual leader to rekindle Jewish religion, Apocalyptic king in a new era, |
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| Writings in New Testament, c 50 AD - 150 AD, |
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Mark (around 70 AD, rebellion vs. Rome) - portrayed Jesus as warrior-king to vanquish Romans Matthew (80 AD, adds long sermons) - Jesus as moral-religious teacher Luke (80 AD, adds history of Jesus's early years) - Includes history of Jesus's early years on earth [Texts in Greek] John (80-100 AD) - Jesus as an idea (logos) Acts of Apostles - Luke's continuation of history after Jesus's death Revelations - Apocalypse |
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| Changes absorbed in a religion by another |
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| "Christians" who think they're Christians |
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| Having one nature, the term used for a possibility of Jesus' form, Romans that believed Jesus to be monophysite fled to Egypt, |
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| Roman emperor who believed there were 2 creators (good and evil) and disagreed with the idea that the Jewish God was the same as the Christian God, |
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| Archbishop of Constantinople that believed Mary was the "Mother of God", Nestorians fled to China, |
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| Followers of Donatus (who said sinful priests were nor effacacious), these followers were attacked and had their churches taken away to be changed to orthodox churches, |
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| In N. Africa, debts forgiven, no social hierarchy, the rich were mugged and the wealth was redistributed to the poor, movement eventually squashed by the military, |
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| Saint, philosopher, and theologian, Roman, born in N. Africa, wrote about Christian topics, commentaries arguing against heresies, converted to Christianity and moved back to N. Africa to be a bishop, influenced into spirituality by Cicero, |
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| Roman emperor reigning in the 1st - 2nd Century AD, was suspicious of peoples' frequent social gatherings, known for extensive public building system, |
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c 300 AD, refusal to worship the emperor, refusal to accept his divine authority, refused to serve in the military, refusal to participate in civic religion (angering the gods, harming Rome), creation of a public spectacle of provoking martyrdom, revolt against government and destruction of government buildings, claimed emperor by the army, Pagan, made Christianity illegal,
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The last Roman polytheist emperor, rejected Christianity, sympathized with the Jews, also called Julian the Hellene, made both paganism and Christianity legal, state money went only to those churches,
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| Roman emperor, Arian Christian, first emperor to be baptized Christian, converted to Christianity in 312 AD, legalized Christianity, assembled the council of Nicaea 325 AD to define "orthodoxy", said both Christianity and paganism were legal, |
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| Nicene Creed defines "orthodoxy" |
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| Dual nature of Jesus, Mary is the "mother of God", the Trinity is one, not three, sinful priests are still effacacious, |
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| Roman emperor during the 4th Century, only Christianity was legal during him reign, state money went to churches, |
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Roman emperor during 4th Century AD, made only "orthodox" Christianity legal, state money only went to orthodox churches, declared followers of other religions insane, non-orthodox people not treated like normal citizens,
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| Roman emperor in the 4th Century, made both paganism and Christianity legal |
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| Roman Emperor, c 400, paganism made permanently illegal, |
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| Roman emperor, early 6th century, created Justininan Code of Law, closed all schools teaching classical literature, philosophy and science, ended classical culture, ended higher education in Europe for the next 700 years, began the Dark Ages, |
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| Nicene orthodoxy is the only legal religion, all other believers lose legal rights and property, copying illegal texts gets your hand chopped off, all Christians must submit to a centralized church with the emperor as its head, law courts start making people swear on the Bible, |
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| Believed that the Trinity is one, |
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| Believed that the Trinity is three separate beings, the Holy Spirit, subservient to God, |
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During Octavian's/Augustus'
rule, his policy was to feed and entertain the people, but he also had spies to control citizens, |
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| Kind of book not included in the Bible |
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| Book that is included in the Bible |
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| a dislocation of some complete and self-supporting system of belief, especially a religion |
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| Says Jesus was the Son of God |
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| "Consubstantial and Coeternal" |
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| Consubstantial (Arian, the Trinity are three separate beings, Coeternal (Athanasian, Trinity is one) |
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| Roman author and philosopher, wrote "The Natural History on the Grandeur of Rome", |
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| East Germanic tribes, divided into Visigoths and Ostrogoths, attacked the Romans, famous Visigoth = Alaric who sacked Rome, |
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| Central Asian nomads who fought against the Romans and the Goths, |
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| Region of the Indian Empire that connected China landroute to India by searoute |
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| A type of Buddhism, the Greater Vehicle, produces new sutras, emphasizes compassion, Buddha as divine being, developed as a cult, syncretic with Hinduism, fertility cults, |
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| A form of Buddhism, lesser vehicle, the OG teachings of Buddha, |
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| Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Mahayana Buddhism to China, observed both Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism in India, but found Mahayana more intriguing, |
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| Syncretic idea of Buddhism and Hinduism, meaning "the Way", translated into Chinese as "tao", |
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| The concept of action in Buddhism and Hinduism |
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| The love sutra, teaching the do's and do not's of married life, courtship, etc... |
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| Local chiefs and vassals to kings in India |
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| A massive peasant movement in China, brigand groups, armed peasants, included the ideas of communal property and food, mix of religions, healing and military activities, seized cities, |
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| Says Jesus was th son of man |
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| Says Jesus was God himself |
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| Like Matthew, he says Jesus is the son of God, |
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