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ML 125 Physiology/Pathology Exam 1 Ch 4
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease - An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals - Second Edition - Colbert, Ankney, Lee - Ch 4
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/01/2014

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Term
active transport
Definition
The movement of cellular material that requires energy.
Term
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
Energy storage molecule used to power muscle contractions and other cellular reactions.
Term
anaphase
Definition
Third step in mitosis in which chromosomes split and spindles pull them apart.
Term
antibiotics
Definition
Natural and synthetic substances that either destroy a bacterial microorganism or inhibit its growth.
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
Reproduction in which sex cells are not utilized.
Term
atoms
Definition
Smallest part of an element that still retains its properties.
Term
atrophy
Definition
Loss of muscle bulk in one or more muscles. It can be caused by malnutrition or can occur in any part of the body that is paralyzed and the muscles receive no electrical impulse from the nerves.
Term
bacteria
Definition
Asexually reproducing cell capable of creating an infection.
Term
benign
Definition
Not progressive, nonmalignant.
Term
binary fission
Definition
Asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells in which the cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosomes, and creates a transverse septum, forming two identical daughter cells.
Term
biopsy
Definition
Obtaining of tissue samples for microscopic examination to help determine a diagnosis.
Term
capsid
Definition
The protein covering around a virus particle.
Term
cell cycle
Definition
The life cycle of the cell, including normal activity (interphase) and cell division (mitotic phase)
Term
cell membrane
Definition
Semipermeable barrier that surrounds a cell and holds in the cytoplasm. It allows water and some nutrients to enter and waste products to leave the cell.
Term
cellular reproduction
Definition
The cellular process in which oxygen is used to break down glucose and other nutrients for energy needed for cellular activity.
Term
centrioles
Definition
An organelle that precedes mitosis.
Term
centrosomes
Definition
Region of cytoplasm usually near the nucleus that contains 1-2 centrioles.
Term
chemotherapy
Definition
The use of chemical substances or drugs to treat a disease, usually used in reference to cancer treatment.
Term
chromatin
Definition
Genetic material found in the nucleus of a cell.
Term
cilia
Definition
Small hairs that flow in waves to move foreign particles away from the lungs toward the nose and the throat where they can be expelled. Also found inside the fallopian tube to propel an ovum toward the uterus.
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
The difference between solute concentrations of two solutions.
Term
cystic fibrosis
Definition
An inherited disease involving abnormally high sweat chloride levels, pancreatic insufficiency, and pus-producing pulmonary disease with high levels of thick tenacious mucus.
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
The division of cytoplasm during cellular division.
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
Gel-like intracellular substance. Organelles are embedded in it.
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
The framework of a cell.
Term
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Definition
Sequenced pairs of nucleotides that forma double helix. A segment of DNA makes up a gene.
Term
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Definition
Condition resulting from too little secretion of insulin leading to increased levels of blood glucose.
Term
diffusion
Definition
Process of movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration.
Term
dysplasia
Definition
Abnormal development of tissue.
Term
endocytosis
Definition
Ingestion of substances by a cell. Substances are taken into the cells after being surrounded by vesicles.
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Organelle that consists of a network of channels that transport materials within a cell. Also the site of protein, fat, and glycogen synthesis.
Term
enzyme
Definition
Molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reactions within cells. Enzymes are particularly important in the breakdown and synthesis of biological molecules.
Term
eukaryotic cell
Definition
An organism in which the cell nucleus is surrounded by a cell membrane; the cells that make up the human body, possessing a nucleus, organelles, and several chromosomes.
Term
exocytosis
Definition
Secretion. The expulsion of material from a cell using vesicles.
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
Also known as carrier mediated passive transport; the movement of substances into cells via carrier proteins.
Term
familial hypercholesterolemia
Definition
A condition in which the low-density lipoproteins are not being removed from the blood properly by the lipoprotein receptors in the liver.
Term
filtration
Definition
Process in which water and substances in the blood are pushed through pores of the glomerulus. The resulting fluid is known as filtrate.
Term
flagella
Definition
Hairlike processes on bacteria or protozoa that cause movement.
Term
flora
Definition
Microbial life that has adapted to live in the human body.
Term
fungi
Definition
A plantlike organism (includes mold and yeasts).
Term
gene
Definition
An area on a chromosome that contains all the DNA information needed to produce one type of protein molecule.
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
Organelle of the cell that packages cellular material for transport.
Term
hypercholesterolemia
Definition
High levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
Excessive growth of normal cells.
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
Greater than normal growth.
Term
insulin
Definition
Hormone secreted by the pancreas that allows for glucose to be utilized for cellular respiration.
Term
lysosomes
Definition
Organelle that consists of a small sac with digestive enzymes in it. These destroy pathogens that invade the cell.
Term
malignant
Definition
Cancerous, able to spread to distant parts of the cell.
Term
meiosis
Definition
Form of cellular division that forms gametes.
Term
metaphase
Definition
Second step in mitosis where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
Term
metaplasia
Definition
Conversion of one kinds of tissue into a form that is not normal for that tissue.
Term
metastasis
Definition
Process by which cancerous cells break off from a tumor and move through the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels to other sites in the body.
Term
metastasize
Definition
To spread throughout the body to distant sites.
Term
mitochondria
Definition
The energy organelle of the cell.
Term
mitosis
Definition
Asexual cellular reproduction that produces exact copies of the original cell.
Term
mitotic phase
Definition
The phase dedicated to actual cell division.
Term
mycelia
Definition
Cellular filaments as seen in fungal bodies.
Term
nucleolus
Definition
Round, central region within the nucleus. It makes ribosomes.
Term
nucleus
Definition
The control center or "brain" of cell.
Term
osmosis
Definition
The passage of the solvent through a semipermeable membrane to equalize concentrations.
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
The pressure that develops when there are two solutions of varying concentrations that are separated by a semipermeable membrane.
Term
passive transport
Definition
The general term for the transportation of cellular material without the use of energy.
Term
pathogen
Definition
Microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other microorganisms, as well as plant cells like fungi or yeast.
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
The process by which a phagocyte destroys a foreign cell or cellular debris; a type of endocytosis.
Term
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Definition
Inherited disease characterized by the excess of phenylketone in the urine due to an accumulation of phenylalanine in the tissues that may lead to brain injury or death.
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
Process in which a cell absorbs fluid material.
Term
prokaryotic cell
Definition
Cells that do not have a nucleus or organelles as in bacterial cells.
Term
prophase
Definition
The first step in mitosis where the nucleus disappears, chromosomes become visible and act as anchor lines, and centrioles move toward the sides of the cell.
Term
protozoa
Definition
Unicellular organisms.
Term
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Definition
Molecule contained in ribosomes and necessary for making proteins.
Term
ribosomes
Definition
Granular organelle located throughout the cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes contain RNA and proteins and are the site of protein synthesis.
Term
solute
Definition
The substance dissolved in a solution.
Term
spores
Definition
Cells that have a protective barrier to allow for future reproduction in a hostile environment.
Term
telophase
Definition
Fourth step in mitosis in which chromosomes migrate to ends of cell, spindles disappear, and the nuclei reappear.
Term
vesicle
Definition
A small bladder or blister; a membrane-bound storage sac inside a cell.
Term
virus
Definition
A parasitic microorganism that depends on other cells for its metabolic and reproductive needs.
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