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Mitosis, Genetics, Reproductino
Lab
94
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/24/2012

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Term
interphase
Definition
period of time between nuclear divisons
G1, S, G2 phases
Term
G1 (interphase)
Definition
part of interphase
growth and reproduction of organelles
Term
S (interphase)
Definition
replication of DNA
Term
G2 (interphase)
Definition
cell growth, protein synthesis, centriole replication
Term
chromatin
Definition
"colored material"
uncoiled DNA in nucleus during normal cell activity
Term
chromosomes
Definition
"colored bodies"
rod shaped structures of DNA present in cell during division
Term
chromatids
Definition
two identical strands of DNA which form a chromosome after DNA replication and separation
Term
haploid
Definition
number of chromosomes in egg/sperm
1/2 the normal number or diploid number
23 in humans
Term
diploid
Definition
having two sets of homologous chromosomes
number of chromosomes in regular cells (46)
Term
homologous chromosomes
Definition
chromosomes identical in size shape and have same genes.
humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Term
prophase
Definition
chromosomes condense from chromatin and nuclear membrane dissappears
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromosomes line up along cells equator
Term
anaphase
Definition
sister chromatids on each chromosome separate and begin to move towards the poles of the cells
Term
telophase
Definition
chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, begin to unwind, and assume form of chromatin
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of cytoplasm (not part of mitosis)
cell divides in half
Term
Meiosis I
Definition
separates homologous chromosomes
Term
Meiosis II
Definition
separates chromatid pairs which then differentiate into haploid eggs/sperm
Term
Prophase I
Definition
homologous chromosomes form pairs in synapsis
allows for crossover-exchange of sections of chromatids making sister chromatids not identical
nuclear envelope disappears and spindle forms
Term
Metaphase I
Definition
homologous chromosomes pair along the equatorial plane of cell so each homologue is on opposite side of the plane
Term
anaphase I
Definition
homologous chromosomes separate and are drawn to opposite poles of the cell
Term
telophase I
Definition
homologous chromosomes reach opposite poles of cell and cytokinesis occurs.
resulting cells each have haploid number still
Term
character
Definition
heritable feature of an organism that varies among individuals
(flower color or freckles)
Term
trait
Definition
variety or state of a character. something specific in a variation
White flower or no freckles
Term
trait
Definition
variety or state of a character. something specific in a variation
White flower or no freckles
Term
trait
Definition
variety or state of a character. something specific in a variation
White flower or no freckles
Term
structural gene
Definition
functional unit of heredity
particular location of the chromosome where the nucleotide sequence determines the trait
Term
allele
Definition
alternative form of a gene that occurs at the same location on a specific gene
(blood type has three alleles, A, B, and O)
Term
genotype
Definition
The actual alleles present for a given gene on a homologous chromosome. expressed in letters
Term
phenotype
Definition
the outward expression of a genotype, what a trait looks like physically
Term
homozygous
Definition
genotype with same alleles for a gene on homologous chromosomes (AA, BB)
Term
heterozygous
Definition
genotype with different alleles fora gene on homologous chromosomes (AB, AO, BO)
Term
dominant allele
Definition
allele expressed in a phenotype when the genotype is heterozygous
Term
recessive allele
Definition
a phenotype is not expressed unless the genotype is homologous for the recessive allele
Term
codominant
Definition
where neither allele is dominant, but a mixture of the phenotypes is expressed
Term
sperm
Definition
3 parts: head, midpiece, tail
the head is the body of the cell
tipped with acrosome-used to dissolve the zona pellucida
Term
acrosome
Definition
granular enzymes used to dissolve zona pellucida
Term
zona pellucida
Definition
surrounding of the secondary oocyte
Term
midpiece of sperm
Definition
contains mitochondria for energy
Term
tail of sperm
Definition
flagellum for propulsion
Term
penis
Definition
male copulatory organ with tissue for engorgement with blood
2 corpora cavernosa, and corpora spongiosum
Term
corpora cavernosa
Definition
erectile tissue that runs the length of the penis and dorsal to urethra
Term
corpora spongiosum
Definition
along the length of the penis beneath the corpora cavernosa
Term
testes
Definition
contains series of lobules that contain seminiferous tubules
lumen of tubules are lined with seminiferous epithelium
has interstitial cells for testosterone
Term
seminiferous epithelium
Definition
produces spermatids
Term
scrotum
Definition
external sac and smooth muscle that contain testes
muscles raise and lower to control temperature
Term
testes
Definition
primary reproductive organ
produces sperm and hormones
Term
epididymus
Definition
series of convoluted ducts in a comma shape on the posterior of each surface
spermatids differentiate into sperm and are stored here
Term
ductus deferens
Definition
connect epididymis with ejaculatory ducts
stores sperm and conducts sperm during ejaculation
Term
ejaculatory ducts
Definition
short ducts by merging of ducts from seminal vesicles and vas/ductus deferens
conducts sperm to urethra
Term
urethra
Definition
large tube connecting urinary bladder with distal end of penis. conducts sperm and urine
Term
seminal vesicles
Definition
sac like glands~5cm long. ducts empty into ductus deferens. produces 60% of seminal volume
Term
prostate gland
Definition
gland that surrounds urethra where it exits bladder
30% seminal volume
Term
bulbourethral glands
Definition
pair of small glands located laterally on urethra posterior to prostate
produce alkaline mucus which lubricates head of penis
Term
penis
Definition
male copulatory organ which transfers sperm into vagina
Term
primordial follicles
Definition
structure composed of the primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous cells
Term
primary follicles
Definition
larger than primordial follicles and primary oocytes.
surrounded by several layers of cuboidal cells
Term
secondary follicles
Definition
follicles that develop fluid filled cavity called antrum that surrounds secondary oocyte
Term
antrum
Definition
fluid filled cavity around secondary oocye
Term
mature follicles
Definition
large follicles with well developed antrum
granulosa cells surround the outside of the atrum
secondary oocyte is on one side surrounded by several layers
Term
granulosa cells
Definition
cells that surround outside of antrum
Term
zona pellucida
Definition
glycoprotein gelatinous covering of oocye
Term
corona radiata
Definition
layer of cells that surrounds the zona pellucida on the inside of the antrum
Term
corpus luteum
Definition
glandular tissue that develops from mature follicle after ovulation of secondary oocyte
Term
ovaries
Definition
these are the primary reproductive organs of females
located on posterior wall of female body cavity in superior pelvic region
contains ovarian follicles that produce secondary oocytes and hormones like estrogen and progesterone
Term
uterine tubes
Definition
small ducts that open into the body cavity near each of the ovaries.
secondary oocye/zygote travels from ovaries through tubes to uterus. fertilization occurs here usually
Term
infundibulum
Definition
uterine tubes widen into funnel shaped structure that opens into body cavity next to ovary.
has long thin feather like projections called fimbriae. facilitate movement of secondary oocyte into uterine tubes
Term
uterus
Definition
this muscular organ that lies in the abdomen between ovaries and vagina
positioned behind the bladder and in front of the rectum
Term
endometrium
Definition
innermost layer of uterus and is serves as location for fetal development
Term
cervix
Definition
structure is inferior part of uterus, right above vagina
Term
vagina
Definition
tube that extends from uterus to outside of female's body.
receives males penis during copulation and for the child during birth
Term
vulva
Definition
multipart external genitalia-mons pubis, labia minora, labia majora, clitoris
Term
mons pubis
Definition
pad of fatty tissue that is superior to pubic symphysis. serves to cushion the pubic symphysis during intercourse
Term
labia majora
Definition
pair of thick folds of skin on either side of the vaginal opening
partially protect the vaginal opening and are involved in sexual arousal
Term
labia minora
Definition
pair of smaller folds of skin that are beneath the labia majora and surround urethral and vaginal openings
Term
clitoris
Definition
small projection located between the labia majora just below mons pubis. homologous to glans penis
Term
first trimester
Definition
initial period of embryo growth
all organ systems have been rudimentally developed after first trimester:cleavage, implantation, placentation, and embryogenesis
Term
cleavage
Definition
first trimester. process where zygote divides into blastomers and forms a morula. this goes down to the uterus and forms a blastocyst
Term
zygote
Definition
secondary oocyte that has been fertilized
Term
blastomeres
Definition
subdivisions of the cytoplasm of the zygote after multiple subdivisions
Term
morula
Definition
solid ball of blastomeres
Term
blastocyst
Definition
hollow ball of cells developed from morula
outer layer develops to the placenta
inner layer develops into the embryo
Term
implantation
Definition
when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium of the uterus.
outer cell layer becomes associated with maternal circulatory system
inner cell layer detaches from outer cell, creating teh amniotic cavity
blastocyst becomes a gastrula. then ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm froms, creating the embryonic disk
Term
amniotic cavity
Definition
cavity between the outer cell layer and the inner cell layer of the blastocyst
Term
gastrula
Definition
the blastocyst becomes this after a thrid cell layer develops
Term
embyronic disk
Definition
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
these then develop into the four extraembryonic membranes that support and protect the embryo
Term
embyronic disk
Definition
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
these then develop into the four extraembryonic membranes that support and protect the embryo
Term
yolk sac
Definition
a pouch formed from the endoderm and the mesoderm
initial site form blood cell formation
Term
amnion
Definition
membrane formed by ectoderm and mesoderm, lining the inner surface of the amniotic cavity
contains amniotic fluid, for embryonic protection
Term
allantois
Definition
membrane formed from the endoderm and mesoderm
gives rise to the urinary bladder
Term
chorion
Definition
membrane formed from mesoderm and outer cell layer of blastocyst
differentiates into fetal placenta
Term
placentation
Definition
development and differentiation of fetal and maternal portions of placenta
chorion develops chorionic villi
placenta creates a bulge called endometrium
blood form ruptured maternal vessels leaks through small chambers in placenta called lacunae, facilitating gas and nutrient exchange
as embryo grows, it moves away from endometrium but is always connected by umbilical cord
Term
chorionic villi
Definition
finger like projections on the chorion to contact the endometrium
Term
embryogenesis
Definition
differentiation of the body of embryo and development of organ systems
embryo emerges from the embryonic disk and develops into a bulge that has head and tail folds
Term
second/third trimesters
Definition
fetus gains weight and organ systems continue to develop
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