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midterm
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56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
07/30/2017

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The Pancreas
Definition
  • gland that lies posterior to the stomach
  • produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acid.
  • produces sodium bicarbonate which buffers stomach acid
  • empties its contents into the duodenum
Term
Histology of pancreas
Definition
  • acini
  • Pancreatic islets
Term
Composition of pancreatic juice
Definition
  • Water
  • Sodium Bicarbonate
  • several enzymes
Term
Function of Pancreas
Definition
  • Starch digesting enzymes (amylase)
  • Protein digesting enzyme (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase)
  • Enterokinase activate trypsinogen
  • Fat digesting enzyme (pancreatic lipase)
  • Nucleic acid digesting enzyme (ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease)
Term
Clinical Connection
Definition
Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
Term
The Liver and Gallblader
Definition
  • The liver makes bile (important in the emulsification of fats)
  • The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed
Term
Histology Of The Liver
Definition
The liver is composed of hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and hepatic sinusoids
Term
Functions of the Liver and Gallbladder
Definition
  • Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein, metabolism
  • processing of drugs and hormones
  • Bilirubin excretion
  • Bile salt synthesis
  • Storage
  • Phagocytosis
  • Vitamin D activation
Term
Small Intestine
Definition
  • The majority of digestion and absorption
  • Circular folds increase the surface area for digestion and absorption
Term
Intestinal Juice and Brush Border Enzymes
Definition
  • Intestinal juice provides a vehicle for absorption of substances from chyme as they come in contact with the villi
  • Brush border enzymes, found on the surface of the microvilli of absorptive cells, break down food products
Term
Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Definition
  • Segmentation (Localized contractions)
  • Peristalsis ( Propulsive contractions)
Term
Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Definition
  • Digestion of Carbohydrates (sucrase, lactase, and maltase)
  • Digestion of proteins (convert to peptides)
  • Digestion of Lipids (Tryglycerides and phospholipid to fatty acids and glycerol)
Term
Pacreas function
Definition
Delivers pancreatic juice into the doudenum via pancreatic duct to assist absorption
Term

Liver activity 

Definition
Produces bile necessary for emulsification and absorption of lipids.
Term
Gallbladder activity
Definition
Stores, concentrates, and delivers bile into the duodenum via common bike duct
Term
Small intestine activity
Definition
Major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water in gastrointestinal tract.
Term
Intestinal glands activity
Definition
Secrete intestinal juice to assist absorption
Term
Absorptive cells activity
Definition
Digest and absorb nutrients
Term
Goblet calls activity
Definition
Secrete mucous
Term
Enteroendocrine Cell (S,CCK,K) Activity
Definition
Secrete secretin, cholecystokinin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.
Term
Paneth cell activity
Definition
Secrete lysozome (bactericidal enzyme) and phagocytosis
Term
Duodenal (Brunner's) gland Activity
Definition
secrete alkaline fluid to buffer stomach acids, and mucus for protection and lubrication.
Term
Circular folds activity
Definition
Folds of the mucosa and submucosa that increase surface area for digestion and absorption.
Term
Villi Activity
Definition
Fingerlike projections of mucosa that are sites of absorption of digested food and increase surface area for digestion and absorption.
Term
Microvilli Activity
Definition
Microscopic, membrane-covered projections of absorptive epithelial cells that contain brush-border enzymes and that increase surface area for digestion and absorption.
Term
Muscularis Segmentation Activity
Definition
Type of peristalsis: alternating contractions of circular smooth muscle fibers that produce segmentation and resegmentation of sections of small intestine; mixes chyme with digestive juices and  brings food into contact with mucosa for absorption.
Term
Migrating Motility Complex (MMC)
Definition
Type of Peristalsis: waves of contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle fibers passing the length of the small intestine; moves chyme toward ileocecal sphincter.
Term
Saliva
Definition

Salivary amylase

  1. Source: salivary glands
  2. Substrates: Starches (polysaccharides)
  3. Products: Maltose (disaccharide), maltotriose (trisaccharide) and a-dextrins

Lingual Lipase

  1. Source: Lingual glands in tongue
  2. Substrates: Triglycerides (fats and oils) and other lipids.
  3. Products: fatty acids and diglycerides
Term
Gastric Juice
Definition

Pepsin ( activated from pepsinogen by pepsin and Hydrochloric acid)

  1. Source: Stomach Chief cells
  2. Substrates: Proteins
  3. Products: peptides

Gastric Lipase

  1. Source: Stomach chief cells
  2. Substrates: Triglycerides (fats and oils)
  3. Products: Fatty acids and monoglycerides
Term
Pancreatic Amylase
Definition
Term
Function of the Large Intestine
Definition
  1. Haustral Churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis drive contents of the colon into rectum
  2. Bacteria in large intestine convert proteins to amino acids and produce some B vitamins and vitamin K
  3. Absorption of some water, ions, and vitamins
  4. Formation of feces
  5. Defecation
Term
Haustral Churning
Definition
distension reaches a certain point and the walls of the haustra contract to squeeze contents onward
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
propulsive contractions
Term
Mass peristalsis
Definition
a strong peristalic wave that quickly begins in the transverse colon and quickly drives the contents of the colon into the rectum
Term
Chemical Digestion in the Colon
Definition

The last stage of digestion occur through the bacterial action

  • substances are further broken down by bacteria
  • some vitamins are synthesized by bacterial action
Term
Absorption
Definition
The colon absorbs water, electrolytes, and some vitamins
Term
Feces Formation
Definition
Consists of water, inorganic salts, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, products of bacterial decomposition, and undigested portions of food
Term
Defecation reflex
Definition
  • rectal wall distends
  • stretch receptors send sensory nerve impulses to the sacral spinal cord
  • motor impulses travel back to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
  • Longitudinal rectal muscles contract and the internal anal sphincter opens
  • If the external anal sphincter is voluntarily relaxed, defecation occurs and the feces are expelled.
Term
Lumen
Definition
  • Activity: Bacterial
  • Functions: Breaks down undigested carbohydrates , proteins, and amino acids into products that can be expelled in feces or absorbed and detoxified by the liver; synthesizes certain B vitamins and vitamin K
Term
Mucosa
Definition
  • Activity: secretes mucus, absorption
  • Function: Lubercates colon; protects mucosa. Water absorption solidifies feces and contributes to body's water balance; solutes absorbed include ions and some vitamins
Term
Muscularis
Definition
  •  Haustral churning- Moves contents from haustrum to hastrum by muscular contractions,
  • Peristalsis- moves contents along the length of colon by contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles
  • Mass peristalsis- forces contents into sigmoid colon and rectum
  • Defectaion reflex- eliminates feces by contractions in the sigmoid colon and rectum
Term
Summary of organs of the digestive system and their function
Definition

Tongue- maneuvers food for mastication, shapes food into bolus, maneuvers food for deglutition, detects sensations of taste, and initiates digestion of triglycerides.

Salivary glands- saliva produced by these glands softens, moistens, and dissolves foods; cleanses mouth and teeth; initiates digestion of starch

Teeth- cut, tear, and pulverize food to reduce solids to smaller particles for swallowing

Pancreas- pancreatic juice buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme, stops the action of pepsin from the stomach, creates the proper pH For digestion in the small intestine, and participates in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides, and nucleic acids.

 

Term
Summary of organs continued
Definition

Liver- produces bile, which is required for the emulsification and absorption of lipids in the small intestine.

Gallbladder- stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine

Pharynx- receives a bolus from the oral cavity and passes it into the esophagus

Esophagus- receives a bolus from the pharynx and moves it into the stomach; this requires relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter and secretion of mucus.

Stomach- mixing waves combine saliva, food, and gastric juices, which activates pepsin, initiates protein digestion, kills microbes in food, helps absorb vitamin b12, contracts the lower esophageal sphincter, increases stomach motility, relaxes the pyloric sphincter, and moves chyme into small intestine

 

Term
Summary of organs continued
Definition

Small intestine- segmentation mixes chyme with digestive juices; peristalsis propels chyme toward the ileocecal sphincter; digestive secretions from the small intestine, pancreas, and liver complete the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; circular folds, villi, and microvili help absorb about 90% of digested nutrients

Large intestine- Haustral churning, peristalis, and mass peristalsis drive the colon contents into the rectum; bacteria produce some B vitamins and vitamin K; absorption of some water, ions, and vitamins occur

Term
Cephalic Phase of digestion
Definition
stimulates gastric secretion and motility
Term
Gastric phase of digestion
Definition
neural and hormonal mechanisms
Term
Intestinal phase of digestion
Definition
neural and hormonal mechanisms
Term
Gastrin
Definition

Distension of stomach, partially digested proteins and caffeine in stomach, and high pH of stomach chyme stimulates gastrin secretion by enteroendocrine G cells, located mainly in the mucosa of the pyloric antrum of the stomach

Major effects- promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases gastric motility, promotes growth of gastric mucosa

minor effects: constricts lower esophageal sphincter, relaxes pyloric sphincter

Term
Secretin
Definition

Acidic chyme that enters small intestine stimulates secretion of secretin by enteroendocrine S cells in the mucosa of duodenum

Major effects- stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile that are rich in HCO

Minor effects: inhibits secretion of gastric juice, promoted normal growth and maintenance of pancreas, enhances effects of CCK.

 

Term
Aging in the digestive system 
Definition
  • decreased secretory mechanisms and motility 
  • loss of strength and tone of digestive muscular tissue 
  • changes in neurosecertory feedback 
  • disminished response to pain and internal sensation. 
Term
Digestive system disorders
Definition
  • tooth decay
  • peridontal diseases 
  • ulcers
  • tumors 
  • diverticula
  • hepititis
  • anorexia 
Term
Gastrointestinal tract
Definition

Long tube that is open at both ended for the transit of food during processing 

 

Term
  • Accessory structures 
Definition

not part of the GI tract, but contribute to food processing 

  • teeth
  • tounge 
  • salivary glands 
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
Term
Metabolism
Definition
sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Term
Catabolism
Definition
  • decomposiition
  • Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones. They produce more energy than they consume (exergonic)
Term
Anabolism
Definition
Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex molecules. they consume more energy than they produce (endergonic)
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