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Endocrine Review
review sheet
54
Anatomy
11th Grade
02/27/2016

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Term
Exocrine glands secrete their products onto epithelia by way of what?
Definition
ducts
Term
What are the chemical messengers that endocrine glands called?
Definition
hormones
Term
Where do endocrine glands that secrete hormones transport them after releasing them in one tissue to alter the activities of specific ells in other tissues?
Definition
bloodstream
Term
specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and read the hormonal message when it arrives
Definition
target cells
Term
What kind of hormones contain more than 200 amino acids and have a carbohydrate side?
Definition
glycoprotein
Term
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Definition
amino acids
Term
What are activated white blood cells called?
Definition
leukocytes
Term
Eicosanoids released by activate white blood cells or leukocytes are important in coordinating tissue responses to injury or disease are termed?
Definition
leukotrienes
Term
What are steroid hormones called?
Definition
lipids
Term
What is structurally similar to the steroid hormone lipid?
Definition
cholesterol
Term
Steroid hormones are bound specifically to what in blood plasma and remaining circulation longer than peptides?
Definition
transport proteins
Term
What gradually absorbs these and converts them to soluble forms that can be exerted in bile or urine?
Definition
liver
Term
What causes cells to become sensitive to the hormone because hormone levels are low?
Definition
up regulation
Term
When blood glucose levels rise, which hormone does the pancreas secrete to allow absorption and utilization of glucose?
Definition
insulin
Term
appearance of numerous second messengers in a cell that magnifies the effect of a hormone on the target cell
Definition
amplification
Term
What causes cells to become less sensitive to a hormone because levels of that hormone are high?
Definition
down regulation
Term
What is the area above the pituitary gland in the brain?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What kind of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete to affect the secretions from the anterior pituitary?
Definition
releasing or inhibiting hormones
Term
What is another term for the anterior pituitary?
Definition
adnohypophysis
Term
What do steroid hormones diffuse across and bid to receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus and activate or deactivate specific genes?
Definition
phospholipid cell membrane
Term
What might steroid hormones alter the rate of?
Definition
DNA transcription
Term
What might steroid hormones change the patter of?
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
Where are the receptors for catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids?
Definition
cell membrane of the target cell
Term
What is the hormone from the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas?
Definition
glucagon
Term
Glucagon encourages what reserves to release contents?
Definition
lipid
Term
Glucagon elevates what?
Definition
blood glucose concentrations
Term
What has the opposite affect of glucagon?
Definition
insulin
Term
presence of glucose in urine
Definition
glycosuria
Term
damages many organ systems and is characterized by blood glucose levels that are high enough to overwhelm the kidney's reabsorption capabilities
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
low blood sugar
Definition
hypoglycemia
Term
high blood sugar
Definition
hyperglycemia
Term
maturity onset diabetes
Definition
type 2
Term
insulin dependent diabetes
Definition
type 1
Term
What hormone do the kidneys secrete in response to PTH and it helps form vitamin D and inhibits PTH secretions?
Definition
calcitriol
Term
What is another hormone that the kidneys secrete that acts on red bone marrow to stimulate production of RBC and increases blood volume?
Definition
erythropoeitin (EPO)
Term
What does the heart secrete?
Definition
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Term
What does the brain secrete to increase water and salt loss at kidneys and lower blood pressure?
Definition
brain natriuretic peptide
Term
Where is the thymus gland?
Definition
mediastinum
Term
What does the thymus gland produce?
Definition
thymosin hormones
Term
What does the hormone thymosin from the thymus gland promote the development of that help fight infection and disease?
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
What enzyme does the kidneys secrete?
Definition
renin
Term
What does the enzyme renin convert that is a plasma protein produced by the liver to angiotensin 1 and in lungs is modified to the hormone angiotensin 2?
Definition
angiotensin
Term
Angiotensin 2 stimulates the secretion of what by adrenal cortex and ADH of the posterior pituitary?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
What kind of cells of the testes secrete the androgen testosterone to help sperm mature, male sex characteristics, etc?
Definition
interstitial
Term
What hormone does the corpus lute secrete?
Definition
progesterone
Term
What can progesterone be referred to because it prepares the uterus for implantation?
Definition
hormone of pregnancy
Term
What can excess thyroid hormones cause?
Definition
Grave's Disease or hyperthyroidism
Term
What does Grave's Disease or hyperthyroidism cause?
Definition
high metabolic rates and increased body temps and bulging of the eyes
Term
What is a term for the bugling of the eyes?
Definition
exopthalmus
Term
What can hypo secretion of thyroid hormones in adults cause with subcutaneous swelling, hair loss, dry skin, low body temp, muscle weakness and slowed reflexes?
Definition
myexedema
Term
enlargement of the thyroid gland
Definition
goiter
Term
hypo secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and one cannot mobilize energy reserves nor maintain normal glucose levels
Definition
Addison's Disease
Term
low secretions of thyroid hormone at birth or infancy where skeletal and nervous development is impeded and metabolic rates are possibly 40% below normal
Definition
cretinism or congenital hypothyroidism
Term
hyper secretion of glucocorticoids and causes excessive breakdown and relocation of lipid reserves and proteins forming moonfaced and buffalo hump
Definition
Cushing's Disease
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