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| Russian Tsar who initiated the age of Great Reforms and emancipated the serfs in 1861. |
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| Son of Alexander II who rose to power after Alexander II died. He rejected liberal reforms and unleashed waves of oppression against religious and ethnic minorities and gave police unchecked power. |
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| Tsar of Russia who promoted anti-semitism and resisted reform in the empire. |
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| He wanted extensive industrialization in Russia. He authored the October Manifesto of 1905 he became the 1st prime minister of Industrial Russia. |
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| less radical group wanting traditional liberal reforms in Russia (civil liberties, political rights, representative institutions). Land issue-land needs to be distributed to peasants and the peasants should reap the benefits of it. |
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| Group whose objective was to politicize peasants rather than industrial workers as the foundation of a populist republic. |
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| Founded by Lenin, they were a part of the Russian Marxist party who split apart and were considered the majority and their goal was to suppress the Menshiviks. Bolsheviks eventually became the Communist party of the Soviet Union. |
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| Were the minority faction when the Marxists split up after a dispute into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. |
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| Vladimir Ilyich Ulymov = Lenin |
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| Bolshevik leader who executed the Bolshevik Revolution in the fall of 1917, took Russia out of WWI and imposed communism in Russia. |
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| On a Sunday in January 1905, a crowd gathered outside Nicholas II palace to march to make the tsar aware of the brutal conditions they suffered. However, instead of letting them march, troops shot into the crowd killing hundreds and wounding thousands. Led to Revolution of 1905. |
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| Issued by Nicholas II and pledged to grant civil liberties to the people include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, universal male suffrage. It was a precursor to the first ever Russian Constitution. |
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| The Russian Parliament set up in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905. |
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| wanted to modernize agriculture in Russia by getting land to forward-thinking farmers. Creates animosity among peasants, destabilizes countryside, and shortages begin to develop. |
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| When Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown, ending the Romanov dynasty in Russia, impact of WWI; followed by Provisional Government. |
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| Politicians from aristocracy and middle classes and old Duma came together to form new administration in March 1917 that wanted to pursue war successfully, manage internal affairs better, and set the government on a firm constitutional credibility, but with its power threatened by other groups such as the soviets, it ended up not being able to do anything for Russia. |
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| 2nd Prime minister of the provisional government who attempted to save the provisional government by winning the war for Russia, but he failed and he eventually was overthrown by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. |
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| When the Bolsheviks attacked and overthrew the Provisional Government. |
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| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918) |
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| peace treaty signed between Russia and the Central Powers that signifies Russia’s exit from WWI. |
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| War between Pro-Bolsheviks (The Reds) against an array of forces (The whites) that fought against the revolution. Civil war shaped Russian Communism. |
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| President of US during WWI who issued his Fourteen Points which based peace on settlement instead of conquest. |
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| Appoint Prime Minister of France during WWI. He was one of the major voices behind the Treaty of Versailles. |
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| British Prime Minister during WWI and was a major part of the Paris Peace Conference that reordered the world after WWI. |
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| Paris Peace Negotations (1919) |
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| Peace conference that focused on the reconstruction of a secure Europe and status of Germany. It eventually led to the Peace of Paris, which were a series of peace treaties that provided the settlement of WWI. |
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| Centerpiece of the Peace of Paris. It ended war between Germany and the allied powers. One of its most controversial provisions was requiring Germany to take sole responsibility for the war and pay extreme reparations to other countries for civilian damage during the war. |
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| Fourteen Points Speech (January 1918) |
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| Speech given by Woodrow Wilson to Congress that intended to assure the country that WWI was being fought for a moral cause and postwar peace in Europe. |
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| Written by Lenin to reorganize socialists. All parties to restructure, all parties purge ranks of wishy washy reformers, all parties support foreign policy of the Soviet Union, all parties prepare for a violent seizure of power. |
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| An attempt following WWI for Great Britain, France, and Russia to collect reparations from Germany. It provided short term economic benefits for Germany such as reducing reparations and stabilizing currency, but made German economy dependent on foreign markets and problems with US market due to Great Depression later severely hurt German recovery. |
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| Meeting of the Great powers in Locarno, Switzerland that sought to normalize relations with Germany. It divided Europe into Western and Eastern. Western Europe was guaranteed by Locarno Treaty but the Eastern borders (of Germany) were open to revision. |
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| French Prime Minister, who along with Gustav Stresemann was one of the lead negotiators of the Locarno treaty to guarantee peace between Germany and France |
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| German who along with Aristide Briand, led negotiations of the Locarno treaty to guarantee peace between Germany and France. |
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| A doctrine that emphasizes violence and glory of the state over the people and their individual or civil rights. First directed by Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy. |
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| First British Labour Prime Minister. He represented the political strength of the workers and he wanted to undo the damage caused by the Treaty of Versailles by settling reparations and coming to peace with Germany. |
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| British Conservative Politician |
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| socialist leader who supported WWI. Right wing socialists did not believe he supported the war, so they assassinated him in a cafe. Socialists believed war would bring about class revolutions |
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| To the Right of the Radicals. |
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| left wing, coalition with socialist radicals. |
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| The name of the governmental alliance between Radicalists and the French Section of Workers’ International after WWI that lasted until the end of the Popular Front. |
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| Socialist that first led the Popular Front in 1936, he worked to improve working class living standards and provided them right to vacations. |
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| An alliance of political parties initially led by Leon Blum in the 1930s that resisted fascism despite their philosophical differences. |
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| The method of making a flexible government that isolated the extremes of left and right in Italian politics after the unification but before the rise of Benito Mussolini. Giovanni Giolitti advocated Trasformismo and under his influence the liberals did not develop as a structured party but rather a series of personal groupings with no formal links to politics. |
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| Italian Prime Minister who preached Trasformismo and was elected five times as Prime minister. |
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| Leader of Italian Fascist movement and after the March of Rome in 1922, became dictator of Italy |
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| Italian electoral law passed by Italian parliament in 1924 that stated the party that gained largest share of votes gained majority of seats in parliament. |
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| Leader of opposition against Mussolini and Fascist party. He was murdered in June 1924 and most people believed Mussolini to be the cause. |
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| Parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the monarchy |
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| Chancellor of Germany who overturned democratic government, created the Third Reich, persecuted millions, and led Germany and the war into WWII |
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| “Living Space”, the land that Hitler proposed to conquer so that the true Aryans would have sufficient space to live their noble lives. |
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| Supposedly demilitarized zone bordering France that Hitler moved his troops to in a military move. Britain simply accepted this action, showing the power of Hitler and Germany. |
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| Leader of the Fascists who overthrew the democratic republic in Spain and instituted a repressive dictatorship after gaining backing from Britain and France. |
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| A German-Austrian merger in 1938 |
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| Land populated by German speakers that Hitler annexes in October 1938. |
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| Meeting amongst leaders of Germany, Britain, France, and Italy in Munich that prevented a war from breaking out through appeasement. |
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| British Prime minister at the time of the Munich Conference. |
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| French Premier at the time of the Munich Conference. |
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| Strategy of preventing a war by making concessions for legitimate grievances. |
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| Agreement reached in 1939 by Germany and Soviet Union where both agreed not to attack the other in case of war and to divide any conquered territories. |
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| Last German Emperor whose lack of a plan in dealing with foreign affairs led to him supporting Austria during the crisis of Summer 1914 that led to WWI. |
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| Francis Joseph (1898-1916) |
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| Emperor of Austria during WWI |
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| He was assassinated in Sarajevo which led to Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, causing Germany and Austria-Hungary and countries allied to Serbia to declare war on one another, causing WWI. |
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| Province Franz Ferdinand was visiting when he was assassinated, leading Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, and eventually leading to WWI. |
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| Area of unsettled Europe that many countries wanted for expansion leading to wars between countries to divide up the land. |
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| Capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina where Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated. |
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| German strategy in WWI that called for attacks on two fronts-concentrating first on France in the west and then turning east to Attack Russia |
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| Laws enacted by Nazis that deprived Jews of their citizenship and imposed many other hardships on them. |
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| Night of Broken Glass, Nazis retaliated to a Jewish teenager killing a German official by ransacking stores, attacking synagogues and throwing thousands of Jews into prisons. |
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| Hitler's program to Exterminate Jews |
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