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Midterm 3
Midterm 3
44
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
08/03/2009

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Term
What are the 12 cranial Nerves
Definition
Olfactory Nerves
Optic Nerves
Oculomotor Nerves
Trochlear Nerves
Trigeminal Nerves
Abducens
Facial Nerves
Vestibulocochlear Nerves
Glossopharyngeal Nerves
Vagus (“wanderer”) Nerves
Accessory Nerves
Hypoglossal Nerves
Term
Olfactory Nerves
Definition
Sense of smell
Term
Optic Nerves
Definition
Sense of vision
Term
Oculomotor Nerves
Definition
Control eye movement
Control pupil / lens
Term
Trochlear Nerves
Definition
Control eye movement
Term
Trigeminal Nerves
Definition
Control chewing muscles
Facial sensations
Term
Abducens Nerves
Definition
Control eye movement
Term
Facial Nerves
Definition
Sense of taste
Control facial expressions
Term
Vestibulocochlear Nerves
Definition
Sense of balance
Sense of hearing
Term
Glossopharyngeal Nerves
Definition
Sense of taste
Control of swallowing
Term
Vagus (“wanderer”) Nerves
Definition
Control autonomic organs (chest / abdomen)
Collect sensation from autonomic organs
Term
Accessory Nerves
Definition
Control speech muscles
Control neck / back muscles
Term
Hypoglossal Nerves
Definition
Control tongue
Term
Nociceptors =
Definition
pain receptors
Term
Mechanoreceptors =
Definition
these cell membranes contain mechanically regulated ion channels that respond to either: stretching, compression, twisting, or any distortion of the cell membrane.
Term
Baroreceptors=
Definition
respond to changes in pressure, blood pressure, bladder etc.
Term
Proprioceptors =
Definition
monitor position and tension of joints via tendons, ligaments and skeletal muscle contractions.
Term
Chemorecrptors =
Definition
monitor both water soluble and lipid soluble substances.
Term
Coetaneous Receptor=
Definition
– A myriad of sensory receptors in different
layers of the skin provides us with sensations of
touch and pressure (merkels discs, pacinian
corpuscles etc. )
– Each receptor is stimulated by physical
deformation of the receptor itself or the area
surrounding it (mechanorepors)
– Distribution density of sensory receptors
throughout the body is not proportional. Higher
densities in areas that perform fine motor
movements.
Term
Monosynaptic Reflex:
Definition
Sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron
Term
Polysynaptic Reflex
Definition
1 or more interneurons involved in reflex arc (slower)
Term
Somatic Stimulates
Definition
Stimulates skeletal muscle
Term
Autonomic stimulates
Definition
Stimulates cardiac / smooth muscle
Term
Sympathetic Division
Definition
(“fight or flight”)
• Revs body during stressful situations
• ↑ heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
• Non-essential activities dampened (e.g. digestion)
• Clammy skin; dilated pupils
Term
Parasympathetic Division
Definition
(‘rest and digest”)
• Conserves energy at rest
• ↓ heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
• Non-essential systems active
• Warm skin; constricted pupils
Term
In the sympathetic division ganglia lie where?
Definition
Ganglia lie close to
spinal cord
Term
Parasympathetic Division ganglia lie where?
Definition
farther from the spinal cord.
Ganglia located at visceral
effector organs
Term
3 types of Papillae
Definition
Filiform
Fungiform
Circumvallate, most numerous
Term
(4) Basic taste sensations
Definition
Sweet, salty, sour, and bitter
Term
what is Transduction
Definition
occurs when a stimulus or sensory
mechanism energy is converted from one energy
mode to another, such as chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Term
The olfactory nerve fibers arise from olfactory cells located in
olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and pass through what
Definition
cribiform
plate of the ethmoid bone.
Term
The visual pigmentation is a
deep purple pigment called
Definition
“rhodopsin”
Term
Rhodopsin absorbs light
throughout the entire visible
spectrum, it maximally
absorbs what?
Definition
Green
Term
What is the purpose of filiform
Definition
have spike-like projections which help the tongue move objects around the mouth
Term
Are there tastebuds present on the filiform
Definition
NO
Term
Fungaform papilla
Definition
Shaped like mushroom and contain five tase buds
Term
Circumvallate papilae
Definition
contain up to 100 taste buds
Term
Largest accumlation of rods is at the
Definition
fovea
Term
what is the macula lutea
Definition
focal point of the retina
Term
Describe Rods
Definition
low light receptors, visual pigments called rhodopsin (visual purple) when exposed to low levels of light energy turn on or get “bleached”
Term
Describe cones
Definition
bright light receptors, three different types, blue, green and red cones. The mechanism that triggers cones to turn on are similar to rods but need more light energy to activate them.
Term
External Ear
Definition
Everything outside the tympanic membrane
Term
What are the three ossicles
Definition
Malleus (mal’e-us)or
hammer
– Incus (ing’kus) or anvil
– Stapes (sta’pez) or stirup
Term
When the ear is subject to loud noises
Definition
tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle when activated anchor the ossicles to reduce the movement and not damage them.
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