Term
|
Definition
Bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis. Resistance develops slowly. Very broad spectrum antibiotic. Metabolize by liver and undergos enterohepatic recirculation.
Most absorbed orally, on empty stomach. Don't give to pregnant animals. Can cause permanent staining of teeth in young animals.
Well distributed to many tissues, will deposit in calcified tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What metals does tetracyline not go well together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why shouldnt tetracycline be given im? |
|
Definition
| Can cause irritation and tissue damage to occur |
|
|
Term
| What is the animal version of Chlamydia? |
|
Definition
Chlymydophilia
-Bovis, felis, ovis, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Tetracycline HCL (Panmycin): for mycoplasma.
2. Chlortetracycline (Auremycin): H2O soluble.
3. Oxytetracycline (Terramycin): Injectable. For salmon poisoning disease.
4. Doxycycline + minoycline: More lipid soluble, long lasting. Less chelation. Can use in young animals. |
|
|
Term
| Tetracycline side effects |
|
Definition
Allergy, V/D, renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, staining in teeth if given to young animals.
Shock/hemolysis if mixed with propylene glycol/pvp based products if given too fast IV.
Ca binding can cause cardiac arrythmias if given too fast IV.
Dont use outdated PVP products. Can cause nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| Why must we becareful about given doxycycline capsules to cats orally? |
|
Definition
| Can cause inflammation of esophagus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True antibiotic, penicillin substitution
Cross resistant to each other, similar broad spectrum activity. |
|
|
Term
| Types of macrolides/lincosamides |
|
Definition
1. Erythromycin: Tablet
2. Lincomycin: Injectable. H2O soluble. Skin infections
3. Clindamycin (Antirove, Cleocin): Penetrates bone, toxoplasmosis, bone infections.
4. Erythromycin Lactobionate: Injectable
5. Gamitromycin (Zactram): Respiratory disease
6. Azithromycin (Zithromax): ~20% dogs/cats vomit
7. Tylocin (Tylan): Feed additive (not legal). Useful for giardia.
8. Tilmicosin (Micotil): Injectable, SQ in cattle. Very cardiotoxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mosst effective on gram + bacteria. Don't use in rodents/rabbits.
Cocci: staph, strep
Bacilli, pasturella, brucella, bordetella, campylobactor, chlamydia, mycoplasma
Side effects:Causes 20% of dogs/cats to vomit. Rxn when given IM. GI disturbance in ruminants, rodents, rabbits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dental disease. Anaerobic. Use for bone infections and Osteomyelitis
Side effects: Vomiting, local rxn when given IM, Bad GI effects in ruminants, horses (colic!), rabbits, sheep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Voluntary ban on large animal side. Use for gram - anaerobes.
Absorption: None-very little oral absorption. Retain activity in gut
Distribution: High concentrations found in renal cortex and endo/perilymph of inner ear.
Residues found in cattle 12-18 months after administration.
Dose adjustments must be made for renal failure patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Streptomycin: Very toxic, limited use
2. Gentamicin: Injectable. Toxic @ hi-levels
3. Amikacin: Least toxic. Gram - bacteria
4. Neomycin: Topical and oral use (oral use out of favor) |
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides side effects |
|
Definition
1. Ototoxicity: head tilt. Lead to progressive destruction of vestibular/cochlear sensory cells
2. Nephrotoxicity: Monitor creatinine levels
3. Neuromuscular blocking action at high doses. Stop breathing. Avoid use with GA and neuromuscular blocking agents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Banned for use in large animals. H2O soluble.
Absorption: succinate salt is H2O soluble and used for IV, IM, SC route
Distribution: readily crosses all membranes, distributes thru-out body
Significant CSF levels are achieved in normal or inflamed meninges |
|
|
Term
| Types of Chloramphenicols |
|
Definition
1. Osurnia: topical ear med. Give SID weekly
2. Florfenicol: shipping fever
3. Terbinfine
4. Bethamethesone
Long acting cortisol |
|
|
Term
| Chloramphenicol side effects |
|
Definition
Vomiting, Diarrhea.
Stem cells in rare cases may be destroyed, resulting in irreversible aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Types of fluorinated quinolones |
|
Definition
Broad spectrum. NO anaerobes.
1. Enrofloxacin (baytril): Flex dosage in dogs only.
2. Orbifloxacin (Orbax)
3. Digloxicin (Dicural)
4. Marbofloxacin (Zeniquin)
5. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro-HL)
6. Pradofloxacin (Vereflex): Mycoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
| Max dose of Enrofloxacin (baytril) in cats |
|
Definition
| 5 mg/ kg. May cause cats to go blind. |
|
|
Term
| fluorinated quinolones side effects |
|
Definition
Cautionary use in dogs during rapid growth phase (0-8 mos) or more in large breeds due to cartilage damage.
Vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Banned in food animals.
Use: Giardia
Comes in topical, ointment, spray.
Other types: Novobiocin |
|
|
Term
| Furoxone liquid kills what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tetracycline, novobiocin, and prednisolone combo. Use in kennel cough. |
|
|
Term
| Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane, Isonizid) |
|
Definition
| For real deep abcesses, TB, Leprosy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abcess on top of head. (horses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kills Gram - bacteria
Nephrotoxic and neurotoxic
Can use with Bacitracin topically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kills gram + bacteria
Nephrotoxic
Can use with Polymixins B topically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treatment of fungal infections (Dermatophytes), microbials
1. Capravet (off market)
2. I compounds
3. Chlorhexidine
4. Lime-sulfur shampoo + dips
5. Imidazoles
6. Thiabendazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broad spectrum activity against fungi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Miconazole
2. Clotrimazole (Lotramin)
3. Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
4. Enilconazole (Econazole)
5. Terbinafine (Lamisil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Labeled for ringworm, but rarely used for it. In Treasaderm |
|
|
Term
| What antitopical agents don't work on ringworm? |
|
Definition
| 1. Panalog-mystatin, neomycin, thistrepton, triamcinoline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oral med. Old. Varying dosages, long but slow acting
Fatty meals increase absorption
Teratogenic in cats and dogs, don't give to pregnant animals |
|
|
Term
| Amphotericin B and nystatin |
|
Definition
| Given IV, toxic, for bad systemic fungal infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No DTP, suppository, topical, endogenous infection.
Used orally for Candida infections which are common in FIV cats. |
|
|
Term
| Imidazoles (ketoconazole, miconazole) and Itraconazole (Sporonox) |
|
Definition
| Broad spectrum of activity against fungi, includes DTP and yeasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea.
Inhibits steroid biosynthesis. (Cortisol, good for cushings). Ketoconazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 mg/kg per day
Antifungal, broad spectrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-protozoan. Kills Giardia. Effective against anaerobic bacteria.
May be teratogenic, nausea if taken with alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Types of anti-protozoal drugs |
|
Definition
1. Metronidazole
2. Quinacrine (Atabeine)
3. Fenbendazole (Panacur)
4. Nitazoxanibe (Alinia) For cryptosporidium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-parasitic. Effective on most nematodes, Taenia tapeworm.
Not effective against tapeworms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of benzimidazole.
Used for liver flukes and giardia. |
|
|
Term
| Fenbendazole (Panacur, safegaurd) |
|
Definition
| Type of benzimidazole. Non-prescription. Kills giardia |
|
|
Term
| Types of Tetrahydropyrimidines |
|
Definition
1. Pyrantel tartrate
2. Pyrantel pamoate (OTC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sm and lg animal use. Does not work for whipworm, tapeworm.
Kills ascarids. Sensitive to light. |
|
|
Term
| Strongid C (pyrantel tatrate for horses) |
|
Definition
Use in small animals cheaper when diluted. Use in higher doses in cats unless diluted.
Fast GI tract, needs contact time with worms, have to increase dose to increase transit time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purgatives, stuns the worm, gets all over. OTC, kills all tapeworms. Can be used for nanophyetes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Drontal: removes roundworm
Drontal plus: removes roundworm, whipworms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Other tapeworm drug. Give in 1 dose, recheck for fleas 3 wks later. |
|
|
Term
| What ingredient in Profender kills ascarids (hookworms and roundworms)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ingredient in Profender kills tapeworms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ascarid drug in lg animal. OLD.
Has ability to alter immune system |
|
|
Term
| Types of Anti-coccidiosis drugs |
|
Definition
1. Amprolium
2. Sulfonamides (Albon): kills mature coccidia
3. Tetracyclines: kills mature coccidia
4. Monensin sodium: anti-coccidiosis side effect
Overlaps with feed efficiency |
|
|
Term
| Types of anti-liver fluke drugs |
|
Definition
1. Clorsulon: Ivomec plus kills ascarids.
2. Albendazole (Valbazen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Broad spectrum. Kills intestinal worms, lung worms, tapeworms, liver flukes, giardia.
Can cause liver failure. Last resort. |
|
|
Term
| Macrocyclic lactones (Avermectins) |
|
Definition
| Inhibits electrical activity of nerve cells in nematodes and muscle cells of athropods, causing paralysis and death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large and small strongyles. Ascarids too.
Dose: 200 mcg/kg. Avail as paste or liquid.
Can dilute with IV fluids for weaker infections to decrease side effects. Very lipid soluble. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kills microfilaria.
Dose: 6 mcg/kg orally every 30 days (ok for ABCD1-mutation)
Treatment of heartworm borderline with ABCD1 mutation
Can dilute with IV fluids for weaker infections to decrease side effects. Very lipid soluble. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dose: 200 mcg/kg SQ, 500 mcg/kg as pour on.
Can dilute with IV fluids for weaker infections to decrease side effects. Very lipid soluble.
Can be mixed with clorsulon to treat liver fluke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ivermectin based producted for treatment of earmites |
|
|
Term
| Milbemycin oxime (Interceptor - Novartis) |
|
Definition
Kills whipworm, ascarids, heartworm
Competitor to hartguard |
|
|
Term
| Eprinomectin (Ivomec-Merial) |
|
Definition
Cattle only. Lasts 100 days.
Kills chewing and sucking lice, maggots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kills ascarids, heartworm.
Dogs: Proheart- Fort dodge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treatment of Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM)
Sarcocystic infection. Lipid soluble, crosses blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hard to get right now. Kills L5 and adult heartworm.
Tetracycline + Ivermectin combination. Somewhat effective toward heartworm + microfilaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Old, but can be found in several products. Kills Demodex and sarcoptes.
Breakdown of product makes it more toxic overtime, 8x more for dogs. Don't keep it around after exp.
Side effects: Sedation, pruritis, below normal rectal temp, depression, ataxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Pyrethrin (natural)
2. Pyrethroids (synthetic)
3. Cypermethrin
4. Etofenprox (safer alt. for cats)
Can OD: drooling, ataxia, depression, normal dilated pupils |
|
|
Term
| Organophosphates and carbamates |
|
Definition
| Contricts pupils. Inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
|
|
Term
| Example of organophosphate insecticides |
|
Definition
| Malathion. Very toxic grass spray for fleas/bugs. Sprayed 20ft around parameter of house foundation |
|
|
Term
| Example of carbamate insecticides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rare. Cautionary use. Useful for ONLY organophosphate poisoning. Otherwise will kill animal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very first modern flea product from 1995.
Inhibits flea egg formation (chitin)
Have to give baths, lipid soluble.
Has no effect on adult fleas |
|
|
Term
| Sentinel (Milbemycin oxime + lufenuron) |
|
Definition
Use in dogs and puppies.
Lufenuron: Kills immature/larval/flea eggs
Milbemycin oxime: Kills heartworm larvae, hookworm, roundworm, whipworm
No effect in adult fleas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantage II and K9 Advantix.
Blocks insect nerve receptors. Kills adult fleas, no activity against ticks. Sometimes contains permethrin to kill ticks.
Dont use K9 advantix II on cats! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dip to treat demodectic mange. Kills ticks. In collar form.
Dont use Amitraz on cats! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Revolution.
Blocks nerve signal transmission. Protection against heartworm, fleas, mites, ticks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Capstar. Kills adult fleas within 30 min-4 hrs, good for maggots too. Use in pregnant or nursing animals. Safe in pups/kittens 4 weeks and older.
Useful for boarding, surgery, grooming or after trip to park |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Trifexis (spinosad + milbemycin) and Confortis
Derived from naturally-occuring bacterium in the soil. Fast acting insecticide. Kills adult fleas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Often self-branded. Frontline, Frontline plus, Fiproguard, Firpguard plus.
Blocks passage of chlorine thru cells in insects nervous system, causing paralysis.
Collects in sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin, released back into skin when animal is washed. Kills ticks, adult fleas. Not effective for flea larvae and flea eggs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Methoprene, pyriproxyfen (Nylar), fenoxycarb
Mimics juvenile growth hormone.
Kills immature form of flea. Does not kill adults |
|
|
Term
| Insect Development Inhibitors |
|
Definition
Lufenuron, diflubenzuron
Inhibits synthesis of chitin.
Kills immature form of flea. Does not kill adults, but can be used with an adulticide (frontline) to work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Permethrin, phenothrin, etofenprox, fenvalorate.
Many cant be used in cats! |
|
|
Term
| Which Pyrethroid is safe for cats? |
|
Definition
| Etofenprox (Bio-spot SPOT ON cats) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Piperonyl butoxide, N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboxide (MGK 264)
Helps slow degradation of pyrethrins by insect's metabolism.
Added commonly to flea and tick shampoo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kills ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, chewing lice.
Repels both immature and adult fleas, mosquitoes, ticks, biting flies
Dont use in cats! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Imadacloprid and moxidectin.
Kills adult adult fleas. Controls ascarids, whipworms, heartworm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Repels and kills fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, lice, sand flies, mites. Also larvae
DONT USE IN CATS |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of worms dont cats get? |
|
Definition
| Whipworm (trichuris spp.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soft chewable. Kills adult fleas, ticks (Ixodes) for one month.
Causes hyperexcitation of insect nervous system, resulting in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soft chewable. Kills adult fleas, controls ticks. Given every 3 month. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flumethrin: 4.5% repels and kills ticks (all stages)
Imidacloprid: 10% repels and kills fleas and lice
Safe for cats and dogs. Water-resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Topical formation. Dont use in cats.
6.5% Fiprinil
5.5% (S)-Methoprene
7.6% Amitraz
Kills fleas, flea eggs, larvae. Kills ticks faster |
|
|
Term
| Sentinal Spectrum (Milebemycin oxime + lufenuron + praziquantel) |
|
Definition
Chewable. Kills immature heartworms, hookworks, ascarids, whipworms.
Kills immature flea larvae, eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Topical. Bioactivation. Uses flea's enzymes to change Activyl into fully active form.
OTC.
Kills adult fleas, eggs, larvae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Topical flea control treatment for cats. Kills adult fleas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kills fleas, eggs, larvae, ticks, chewing lice on dogs and cats.
In dogs: controls mites that cause sarcoptic mange
OTC |
|
|
Term
| Why shouldnt Fipronil be used on rabbits? |
|
Definition
| Can cause delayed seizure rxn |
|
|
Term
| Thiabendazole (Tresaderm) |
|
Definition
| Store in fridge. Use for earmites and ringworm. |
|
|
Term
| Does panalog get rid of ringworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can be a stimulant or inhibiting. Received from both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic autonomic nervous system.
PNS to the heart slows it
SNS to the heart speeds it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fight or flight.
Uses epinephrine/norepinephrin (catechlamines)/ dopamine
Have to remove transmitter by diffusion or enzyme destruction to terminate action for response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rest and digest
Uses actylcholine
Have to remove transmitter by diffusion or enzyme destruction to terminate action for response. |
|
|
Term
| What do drugs do to the SNS and PNS? |
|
Definition
Either stumulate receptors or block their action, which allows opposing effect to dominate.
Ex: Block PNS = increase effect on SNS and vice versa
-Can be an actual transmitter (epinephrine)
-Interferes with enzymatic destruction of transmitter
-Inhibits transmitter biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mimicks. Denotes action similar to PNS stimulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acts against or interferes with PNS response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epinephrine, norepinephrine are mediators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dopamine is the neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases speed of heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase force of the ventricles of the heart |
|
|
Term
| Types of direct receptor activator Cholinergics |
|
Definition
1. Acetylcholine
2. Carbachol
3. Bethanechol (Urecholine)
4. Pilocarpine
5. Metoclo pramide (Reglan)
6. Cisapride (Prepulsid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Too short of half life. Slows heart via mimicking vagal stimulation. Increase GI motility and secretion. Constriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to increase urinary bladder tone in cats with bladder atony.
Orally causes salivary and lacrimal gland secretion. Used for dry-eye, KCS.
Have to be careful, can burst bladder if stones inside. Unblock cat first. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alkaloid of botanical origin. GREEN COLORED TOP
Causes miosis (pupil constriction). Used in glaucoma. Orally causes salivary and lacrimal gland secretion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensitizes upper GI smooth muscle to affects of ACh, stimulating motility. Used for parvo. Injectable, tablet, syrup
Blocks vomiting in brain.
GI+ SI causes contraction/parastalsis. Pyloric valve + SI work together. No colon/purgative activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for megacolon in the cat to stimulate motility. |
|
|
Term
| Types of indirect receptor activator Cholinergics |
|
Definition
Reversible
1. Physotigmine (Eserine)
2. Neostigmine (Stglyn)
3. Edrophontum (Tensilon)
4. Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)
Irreversible
1. Organophosphorus insecticide
2. SLUD (Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Dyspnea, Emesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reversible. Botanical alkaloid.
Causes miosis (constriction) and direct muscle stimulation.
Treats anticholinergic overdose. Also Ivermectin overdose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reversible. Synthetic used to stimulate GI motility. Purgative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reversible. Short acting drug used to diagnose myasthenia gravis and treat atrial tachycardia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies against acetylcholine. Very rare autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
| Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) |
|
Definition
| Reversible. Longer duraction, used to treat myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
| Organophosphorus insecticides |
|
Definition
Often used in flea products. Some forms are very toxic to mammals.
Ex: Malathion, nerve gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seizures, miosis.
Salivation, Urination, Defecation, Dyspnea, Emesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cholinesterase reactivators. Used to treat organophosphate, but not carbamate or pyrithrin toxicity.
Look for pinpoint pupils. Rarely stocked, can kill. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maropitant. Neurothin R blocker. Central acting antiemitic.
Motion sickness = 8 mg/kg
Vomiting = 1 mg/kg
Tablets and injectable |
|
|
Term
| Cholinergic blocking agents |
|
Definition
1. Atropine
2. Glycopyrrolate
3. Aminopentamid (Centrine)
4. Mydriacyl 1% (Tropicamide)
5. Scopalamine
6. Buscopan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wide eyes. Belladonna (night shade) alkaloid.
Competitive antagonism for cholinergic receptors. Has effect on CV, Resp, GI, and eyes
Can dilute human dose of atropine (0.4 mg/kg)
Toxin antidote: 15mg/ml injectable.
0.2-2 mg/kg |
|
|
Term
| Atropine effects on the cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
Blocks vagal effects on the heart, increasing HR and strength of contraction.
Used as pre-anesthetic to guard against reflex hypotension and bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| Atropine effects on the respiratory system |
|
Definition
Decreases mucus secretion and salivation.
Dilates bronchioles to improve air exchange. Used to diagnose COPD and asthma in horses
Inhibits sweating |
|
|
Term
| Atropine effects on the GI system |
|
Definition
Anti-diarrhea. Decrease instinal tone and motility
Decreased gastric and salivary secretions. |
|
|
Term
| Atropine effects on the eyes |
|
Definition
RED TOP
Mydriasis (pupil dialation). Relaxes cillary muscles in eyes.
Inhibits sensory receptors of skin and cornea when used locally.
Comes in eyedrops and ointment form. Good for corneal ulcers and corneal pain. |
|
|
Term
| Glycopyrrolate (Robinul V) |
|
Definition
| Alternative to Atropine. Longer lasting, 7-10 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decreases GI motility. 50% effecacy
Antimetic and antidiarrheal agent |
|
|
Term
| Mydrialyl 1% (Tropicamide) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Given IV. Spasmolytic. Used for horses with colic. 0.3mg/kg FDA approval for horses. |
|
|
Term
| Types of Adrenergics (sympathomimetics) |
|
Definition
1. Alpha-1 + 2
2. Beta-1
3. Beta-2
4. Dopaminergic-1 (Da-1)
5. Dopaminergic-2 (Da-2) |
|
|
Term
| What do alpha-1 and 2 receptors do? |
|
Definition
Constrict arteries and veins. Causes uterine contractions and slightly increases force of the heart.
Skin and viscera only! No muscle |
|
|
Term
| What do beta-1 receptors do? |
|
Definition
| Increases force of contraction and speed of the heart. Allows heart to keep regular rhythm |
|
|
Term
| What do beta-2 receptors do? |
|
Definition
| Dilates arteries and bronchioles. Relaxes GI tract and uterus |
|
|
Term
| What do dopaminergic receptors do? |
|
Definition
Dilates mesenteric, visceral, and renal arterioles (Coronary artery).
Effects muscle |
|
|
Term
| What do DA1 receptors do? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates CNS and heart. Increases blood flow. |
|
|
Term
| What do DA2 receptors do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Don't use past exp date! Doesnt work very well.
Type of chotecholamine biosynthesized from tyrosine. Stimulates all adrenergic receptors except dopamine receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does epinephrine have on the heart? |
|
Definition
| Beta-1. Increases SA node firing. Increases contractibility and makes it easier for heart to do. Used in cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrilation (spasm) |
|
|
Term
| What effect does epinephrine have on blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| Beta-2. Dilates coronary and other muscle vessels (constricts skin and visceral vessels). Alpha-effect |
|
|
Term
| What effect does epinephrine have on the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| Beta-2. Dilates bronchioles. Used for asthma attacks. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does epinephrine have on the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
| Increased cortisol production and increased blood glucose by increasing ACTH |
|
|
Term
| How is epineprhine administered/absorbed? |
|
Definition
| Avail. in 1:1,000 or 1:10,000 injectable soln. Well absorbed IM, IV, not well absorbed SQ |
|
|
Term
| Isoproterenol (Isopropylnorepinephrine, Isuprel) |
|
Definition
| Very potent vasiodilator and bronchodilator. Use for migraines in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive inotrope (increase force of contraction) and mild increase heart speed. Can cause some decrease in blood pressure due to vasodilation. Used in IV due to short half-life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar drug, very strong inotrope (b-1). No change in blood pressure. Dilates renal and Mesenteric vessels. Trauma, short term management for cardiac failure. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are bronchodilators? |
|
Definition
1. Turbutaline
2. Albuterol
3. Clenbuterol |
|
|
Term
| Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine) |
|
Definition
Potent alpha stimulator
Used as nasal decongestant and to dilate pupils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta-2 agonist. Used to dilate bronchioles in asthma therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta-2 agonist used to dilate bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| Ephendrine (Preimattine mist) |
|
Definition
Beta-agonist. Mostly alpha stimulation with some positive inotropic and chronotropic effects.
Some bronchial dilation. Marked CNS stimulation.
Rarely used. Controlled substance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No use in food animals or race horses. FDA approved for non-race horses for asthma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Selective alpha-2 agonist. Sedative
emetic drug for cats.
Reversal: Yohimbine, Tolazine |
|
|
Term
| Phenylpropanolamine (Dexatrim) |
|
Definition
1. Alpha-1 agonist, antihistamine, decongestant
2. CNS: suppresses appetite.
3. Used in dogs for primary sphincter urinary incompetence. Better tone = better closure. Moderately effective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Estriol. Urinary metabolite. 93-95% effecacy as estrogen.
Not controlled for incontinence. Dose as low as possible.
Dog will act like in heat, attract males. |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that mimic adrenergic stimulation |
|
Definition
1. Aminophylline: short acting. Bronchodilator
2. Theophylline: Long acting. Bronchodilator
3. Caffeine: Bronchodilator |
|
|
Term
| Types of alpha-adrenergic blockers |
|
Definition
1. Ergotamine
2. Tolazoline (Priscoline)
3. Prazosin (Minipress)
4. Yohimbine (Yobine)
5. Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)
6. Phenothiazine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Derived from fungus. Non-alpha effect.
Smooth muscle contraction via direct action.
Vasocontriction, uterine contraction can cause sloughing of extremities and abortion in ergot poisoning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha-blocker. Used for vasodilation.
Reverses effects of Xylazine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha-1 antagonist.
Causes vasodilation and lowers blood pressure. Good for relaxing spasms in plugged cats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha-2 antagonist.
Reverses effects of Xylazine |
|
|
Term
| Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline) |
|
Definition
Used for as an antihypertension drug. Controls bladder sphincter. Allows animal to urinate.
Dyssynergia (functional urethral obstruction) |
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazine derivatives (Acepromazine, Chlorpromazine) |
|
Definition
1. Potent antiemetic. Depresses emesis center depression in the brain. Can be given as infuction
2. Tranquilizer
3. Hypotension due to alpha blockage (vasodilation)
4. Can cause epinephrine reversal. Vasodilation and hypotension. Antimedic action. |
|
|
Term
| Types of beta adrenergic blockers |
|
Definition
1. Propanolol (Inderal)
2. Timilol Maleate (Timoptic)
3. Atenolol (Tenormin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Inhibits response of adrenergic stimulation of B-receptors
2. B-1 and B-2 blocking prevents positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of catecholimines (epinephrine)
3. Negative inotropic effect on heart. Can be used to treat arrhythmias and cats with hyperthyroidism
4. Used to treat Digitalis toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Timilol Maleate (Timoptic) |
|
Definition
Non-selective beta-blocker used to reduce intraocular pressure. Treat glaucoma
Reduction of aqueous humor production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slows rate of heart.
Used to treat hyperthyroidism
Used for atrial and ventricular arrythmias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-infammatory
Increase capillary permeability, vasodilation with or without infection |
|
|
Term
| Vascular response of inflammation |
|
Definition
1. Dilation of blood vessels + increased capillary permeability results in leakage of protein rich fluid and blood cells. Cause local edema.
2. Leukocytes migrate from injured blood vessels to tissues via chemotactic chemical mediators released by leukocytes, damaged tissues, platlets (exudate).
3. Phagocytic cells carry out function by phagocytizing or secreting chemicals (enzymes, lymphokines, histamine)
Each chemical has different source and action to facilitate inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Serotonin + HA: 2 hrs
2. Kinins: 6 hrs
3. PG's and Leukotrines: Increase for 24 hrs after insult
Pharmocologic control is aimed at preventing release of mediators and/or inhibiting their action. |
|
|
Term
| Types of mediators important for course in inflammation |
|
Definition
1. Histamine/Basophil
2. Serotonin
3. Lysosomal contents
4. Oxygen radicals
5. Elcosanoids/PG's/Leukotrienes
6. Platelet activing factor
7. Kinins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Granulocytes, Mast cells
Action: Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, Paint |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin/neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
Source: Platelets
Action: Vasodilation/constriction. Increased capillary permeability, Pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Phagocytes
Action: Increased vascular permeability. Membrane degredation,
Chemotactic factors, Degradation of collagen, fibrin, cartilate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Damaged tissues, Leukocytes
Action: Highly destructive to number of cellular constituents (lipid membrane) |
|
|
Term
| Eicosanoids/PG'/Leukotrienes |
|
Definition
Source: Most cells and cell membranes
Action: Chemotaxis, Increased vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| Platelet activating factor |
|
Definition
Source: Platelets
Action: Platelet aggregation, Chemotaxis, Oxygen radical production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Plasma
Action: Vasodilation, Increased capillary permeability, pain |
|
|
Term
| What is used to prevent blood clots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 cascades that occur at the cellular membrane level that are involved with imflammation mediators |
|
Definition
1. Cyclooxygenase cascade
2. Lipoxygenase cascades |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action for anti-inflammatory action, analgesic and antipyretic action? |
|
Definition
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors
Drugs that block cox-1, cox-2, cox-3 and lox reactions. |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in cox-1 reactions are inhibited? |
|
Definition
| Provides GI and liver protection, renal blood flow, more side effects |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in cox-2 reactions are inhibited? |
|
Definition
| Analgesia, prostaglands + fever inflammation, pain. Less side effects than cox-1 |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in cox-3 reactions are inhibited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in lox reactions are inhibited? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits production of inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandin synthesis effect on the GI tract |
|
Definition
1. Decrease secretion of HCl acid
2. Increase secretion of mucus
3. Vasodilators, increase blood flow to wall |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition effect on the GI tract |
|
Definition
1. Increase secretion of HCl acid
2. Decrease secretion of mucus
3. Blood flow reduced
This is cytotoxic, reason why ulcers are formed |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition effect on the kidney |
|
Definition
1. Inhibits synthesis of Prostaglandin that is a vasodilator
2. increases blood flow to kidney |
|
|
Term
| What happens if this vasodilator PG is reduced? |
|
Definition
Causes decreased blood flow to cells.
Hypoxia nad cell damage results, Liver damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Aspirin
2. Phenybutazone (Bute, Butizolidin)
3. Carprofen (Rimadyl)
4. Etodolac (EtoGesic, Lodine)
5. Deracoxib (Deramaxx)
6. Teposalin (Zubrin)
7. Meloxicam (Metacam)
8. Flunixin meglumide (Banamine and generics)
9. Others/misc
10. Acetaminophen (Tylenol and generics)
11. Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
12. Polysufated glycoaminoglycan (Adequan)
13. Hyaluronic acid (Legend and others)
14. Glucosamine and chondroitin (Cosequin, Cosamin, Glycoflex, Castaflex, shark cartilidge etc). |
|
|
Term
| Aspirin (salicyclic acid) |
|
Definition
1. Analgesic
2. Antipyretic
3. Anti-inflammatory (Cox-1 + Cox-2)
4. Inhibit platelet action/clotting 48 hr. Decreased serotonin level, increase vasodilation
5. Cats can't metabolize glucuronic acid. Lack glucuronyl transferase. Only give aspirin to cats for clots only.
No withdrawal time in LA |
|
|
Term
| Signs of aspirin toxicity |
|
Definition
Anorexia, vomiting
Can lead to ulceration, kidney, liver toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Phenylbutazone (Bute, Butizolidin) |
|
Definition
Super horsey/doggy aspirin
1. Similar to aspirin, relieves musculoskeletal pain in dogs and horses. IV injection (caustic)
2. Strongly bound to plasma proteins, may displace sulfa drugs or penicillin
Toxicity more severe than aspirin. Banned for extra label use in dairy cattle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diclofenac, very old NSAID
Cox-1 and Cox-2 inhibitors. LA animal approved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, inhibits PG's
2. Inhibits platelets 12 hrs
3. Use in dogs for osteoarthritis and postoperative pain
Less GI side effects, decrease damage to kidney and liver. Can give injectable to cats |
|
|
Term
| Etodolac (EtoGesic, Lodine) |
|
Definition
1. Like carprofen, used in management of pain and imflammation, associated with osteoarthritis in dogs
2. Cox-2 > Cox 1 inhibitor, decreases inflammatory PG's which decrease effect on PG's that maintain normal GI and renal/liver function.
3. Post-op pain, can be given SID. Dogs only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cox-2 inhibiting NSAID
2. For osteoarthritis and post-op pain
3. Some animals may have GI-renal, liver side-effects due to presence of fast and slow metabolizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Inhibits cox-1, cox-2 and lipoxygenase (lox) pathways
2. Used for canine osteoarthritis in dogs
3. Watch for GI, renal, and liver toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Oral liquid for control of pain, inflammation, osteoarthritis in dogs
2. Cox-2 > cox-1 effects
3. Avail. as honey flavored liquid.
4. Use in post-op pain control in cats, have to watch for GI/liver function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
For horses/dogs.
Osteoarthritis, post-op pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
For cats.
Post-op pain control, musculoskeletal pain, 6mg tabs or injection.
Dependent on liver metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Flunixin meglumide (Banamine and generics) |
|
Definition
Large animal use.
1. Potent, analgesic, antypyretic, anti-inflammatory.
2. Controls both MS and visceral pain. Decreases GI spasms by decreasing PG's.
3. Inhibits cox-1 and cox-2 enzymes
4. Has anti-endotoxic effects in very low dosages, due to gram - bacteria. For 2ndary infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ibuprofen: Not recommeneded due to GI upset. Cox-1 and cox-2 inhibitor
Naproxen: Similar to Ibuprofen
Ketoprofren: LA approved IV
Piroxicam (Feldene): Muscle relaxant, anti-inflam, anti-cancer properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cox-3 inhibitor
1. Analgesic, Antipyretic, NO anti-inflam.
2. Very toxic in cats.
3. Hepatotoxic with long term use/high dose. Liver failure |
|
|
Term
| What does Acetominophen do to cats? |
|
Definition
| Can cause methemoglobinemia and Heinz body anemia |
|
|
Term
| Acetominophen toxicity signs |
|
Definition
1. Anorexia, vomiting, fascial edema, chocolate brown blood.
Treat with fluids, diuretics, acetylcysteins |
|
|
Term
| Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) |
|
Definition
Industrial solvent.
Passes thru skin, carries water and small molecules, like Nitrofurosone. Mixed with furizolidone topically.
Mild anti-inflam, antimicro. Binds free radicals when used IV. Antioxidant.
Used topically, orally, IV. Dont store below 65 deg. F as it will crystalize.
Avail. in 90% liquid or gel. Dont give to food animals |
|
|
Term
| Polysulfated glycoaminoglycan (Adequan) |
|
Definition
Can help with cartilidge synovial fluid and increase chondrocytes for protection.
1. Chondroprotective agent. Inhibits PG's, destructive enzymes, and oxygen radicals in joints. Not effective on bone.
2. Decreases collagen and proteoglycan loss in osteoarthritis
3. Useful for hip dyspasia
4. Useful for chronic cystitis and idiopathic cystitis. Transistional cells stretch better. |
|
|
Term
| Hyaluronic acid (Legend and others) |
|
Definition
Antioxidant and anti-inflam.
Helps cartilage heal.
Used IV, IM and IA in horses with joint disease |
|
|
Term
| Glucosamine and chondroitin (Cosequin, Cosamin, Glycoflex, Cartaflex, shark cartilidge etc) |
|
Definition
1. Glucosamine stimulates synthesis of synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid and other pts of cartilage.
2. Chondroitin inhibits destructive enzymes and protects cartilage.
Useful for joint disease, may allow lower dosages of NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
| What do fatty acid supplements do? |
|
Definition
Inhibit cox-1 and cox-2
Prevent inflammation from trauma --> cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Arachidonic acid (MORE inflam. defic.)
2. Linoleic acid (MORE inflam. defic.)
3. Gamma-linoleic (LESS inflam. defic.)
Main ones we can manipulate in cell membrane. High levels can contribute to increased imflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Alpha-linolenic (LESS inflam. defic.)
2. Eicosapentanoic acid (LESS inflam. defic.)
3. Docoshexanoic acid (LESS inflam. defic.)
Blocks cox 2 and some lox rxns. Similar to NSAID
Ratio: 2:3 3:1 for some decrease in inflammatory mediators. Only works if cell has truama |
|
|
Term
| What kind of fatty acid can dogs convert but cats cant? |
|
Definition
| Linoleic --> arachidonic acid |
|
|
Term
| What is a required fatty acid for cats? |
|
Definition
| Arachidonic acid. Unable to convert Linoleic acid to this form. |
|
|
Term
| Sources of Cis-linoleic acid (LA) |
|
Definition
Omega-6
1. Sunflower oil
2. Evening primmose oil
3. Sunflower oil
4. Corn oil
5. Soybean oil |
|
|
Term
| Sources of gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) |
|
Definition
Omega-6
1. Borage oil
2. Evening primose oil
3. Black currant seed oil |
|
|
Term
| Sources of Alpha-linleic acid (ALA) |
|
Definition
Omega-6
1. Flaxseed oil
2. Pumpkin seed oil
3. Soybean oil |
|
|
Term
| Sources of Elcosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) |
|
Definition
Omega-3
Brain growth.
Fish oils. Cold water fish, salminoids |
|
|
